bingham andrew[1]

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Interstellar Exploration Interstellar Exploration Through Repeated External Through Repeated External Acceleration Acceleration Andrew Bingham Andrew Bingham NIAC Student Fellows Prize NIAC Student Fellows Prize Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University University NIAC Fellows Meeting, March 7th NIAC Fellows Meeting, March 7th - - 8th, 2006 8th, 2006

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Page 1: Bingham andrew[1]

Interstellar Exploration Interstellar Exploration Through Repeated External Through Repeated External

AccelerationAcceleration

Andrew BinghamAndrew BinghamNIAC Student Fellows PrizeNIAC Student Fellows PrizeDepartment of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson UniversityUniversity

NIAC Fellows Meeting, March 7thNIAC Fellows Meeting, March 7th--8th, 20068th, 2006

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AgendaAgenda

Introduction/BackgroundIntroduction/BackgroundRepeated External Acceleration ConceptRepeated External Acceleration ConceptCurrent StudyCurrent StudyFuture WorkFuture WorkAcknowledgements/ReferencesAcknowledgements/References

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The HeliosphereThe Heliosphere

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Current MissionsCurrent Missions

•Voyager 1 & 2

•Launched in 1977

•Extended Interstellar mission

•Passing Termination Shock

•Communications until 2020 and approximately 120 AU

•Pluto New Horizons

•Launched December 2005

•Extended mission to visit Kuiper Belt Objects

•Communications until 2020 and approximately 50 AU

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Future Scientific ObjectivesFuture Scientific Objectives

Investigate physical properties and Investigate physical properties and composition of local interstellar medium composition of local interstellar medium for comparison to solar system and for comparison to solar system and galactic abundance.galactic abundance.

Measure cosmic ray nuclei and electrons Measure cosmic ray nuclei and electrons without the interference of the without the interference of the heliosphere.heliosphere.

Gather data on astrophysical processes Gather data on astrophysical processes such as acceleration by supernova such as acceleration by supernova shockwaves, interstellar radio and xshockwaves, interstellar radio and x--ray ray emissions, emissions, nucleosynthesisnucleosynthesis, and the , and the dynamics of interstellar medium.dynamics of interstellar medium.

Perform direct measurements of the Perform direct measurements of the size and structure of the heliosphere.size and structure of the heliosphere.

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AgendaAgenda

Introduction/BackgroundIntroduction/BackgroundRepeated External Acceleration ConceptRepeated External Acceleration ConceptCurrent StudyCurrent StudyFuture WorkFuture WorkAcknowledgements/ReferencesAcknowledgements/References

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Repeated External AccelerationRepeated External Acceleration

Acceleration stations Acceleration stations external to the external to the spacecraft provide spacecraft provide primary propulsion.primary propulsion.Stations are positioned Stations are positioned throughout the solar throughout the solar system.system.Form a ‘solar system Form a ‘solar system sized slingshot’sized slingshot’

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Repeated External AccelerationRepeated External Acceleration

Architecture is reusable and expandable.Architecture is reusable and expandable.Stations can carry out other functions inStations can carry out other functions in--situ.situ.Major issues include trajectory planning, station Major issues include trajectory planning, station and probe hardware configurationsand probe hardware configurations

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AgendaAgenda

Introduction/BackgroundIntroduction/BackgroundRepeated External Acceleration ConceptRepeated External Acceleration ConceptCurrent StudyCurrent Study

Trajectory AnalysisTrajectory AnalysisStation ConfigurationStation ConfigurationProbe ConfigurationProbe Configuration

Future WorkFuture WorkAcknowledgements/ReferencesAcknowledgements/References

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Trajectory AnalysisTrajectory Analysis

Critical Trajectory FeaturesCritical Trajectory FeaturesReach 200AU in 10Reach 200AU in 10--15 years15 yearsExit heliosphere in direction of Exit heliosphere in direction of bow shockbow shock

Problem Space SimplificationProblem Space SimplificationNo station at Mars due to small No station at Mars due to small gravity assist availablegravity assist availableStations at multiple outer Stations at multiple outer planets avoided due to long planets avoided due to long orbital periodsorbital periodsTwo main cases Two main cases

Single station in Earth orbitSingle station in Earth orbitDual stations in Earth and Dual stations in Earth and Jupiter orbitsJupiter orbits

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Basic CalculationsBasic Calculations

Based on travel to 200AU in 15 years:Based on travel to 200AU in 15 years:Single station at Earth requires Single station at Earth requires VinfVinf = 63.2 km/s= 63.2 km/s

Dual 40 km/s stations at Earth & Jupiter

10 20 30 40 50 60 700

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Delta Vinf Earth

Del

ta V

inf J

upite

r

Delta Vinf at Jupiter vs Delta Vinf at Earth, 200AU in 15 years

Dual 40 km/s stations at Earth & Jupiter

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Requested SoftwareRequested Software

SNAP SNAP –– NASA GlennNASA GlennSpacecraft NSpacecraft N--Body Analysis ProgramBody Analysis ProgramPropagates using 8Propagates using 8thth order order RungeRunge--KuttaKutta FehlbergFehlberg routineroutine

MIDAS MIDAS –– Jet Propulsion LaboratoryJet Propulsion LaboratoryPatched conic trajectory optimization programPatched conic trajectory optimization programCapable of automatically varying, adding, deleting mission Capable of automatically varying, adding, deleting mission phasesphases

Satellite ToolkitSatellite ToolkitIndustry standard trajectory planning toolIndustry standard trajectory planning tool

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SNAP SNAP

SNAP runs in Linux and SNAP runs in Linux and other UNIX/BSD other UNIX/BSD environments.environments.Input and output are in Input and output are in the form of formatted the form of formatted text.text.Fortran source code is Fortran source code is available for custom available for custom applications.applications.Does not perform Does not perform optimization.optimization.

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SNAPSNAP

Input files for the two Input files for the two cases of station cases of station configuration are being configuration are being created.created.

Case 1 Case 1 –– Single station in Single station in LEOLEOCase 2 Case 2 –– Dual stations in Dual stations in LEO and Jupiter orbitsLEO and Jupiter orbits

Station accelerations Station accelerations currently modeled as currently modeled as impulsive.impulsive.

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Further OptimizationFurther Optimization

By wrapping an optimization code around By wrapping an optimization code around SNAP, more efficient trajectories can be found.SNAP, more efficient trajectories can be found.

Currently, a simple optimizer is being written Currently, a simple optimizer is being written using GNU/Octave.using GNU/Octave.

Capable of varying parameters within the Capable of varying parameters within the representative input files and comparing resulting representative input files and comparing resulting output for mission success based on critical output for mission success based on critical trajectory limitations.trajectory limitations.

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Station ConfigurationStation Configuration

Linear Accelerator

TetherMagBeam

MagBeamMagBeam Station SelectedStation SelectedScaleable system.Scaleable system.Does not require large space structure.Does not require large space structure.Longer interaction times reduce spacecraft loading.Longer interaction times reduce spacecraft loading.Hardware currently being demonstrated.Hardware currently being demonstrated.

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Probe ConfigurationProbe Configuration

Pluto New Horizons spacecraft Pluto New Horizons spacecraft shares many characteristics with shares many characteristics with interstellar probes.interstellar probes.

LongLong--duration deep space mission.duration deep space mission.Mass minimized (~500kg) to Mass minimized (~500kg) to achieve high velocity.achieve high velocity.Some instruments designed to Some instruments designed to measure plasma and solar wind measure plasma and solar wind interactions.interactions.

Further reducing the payload Further reducing the payload mass through miniaturization mass through miniaturization could allow the use of a PNHcould allow the use of a PNH--derived spacecraft for an derived spacecraft for an externally accelerated mission to externally accelerated mission to bow shock.bow shock.

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Probe PayloadProbe PayloadInstruments:•Magnetometer•Plasma and Radio Wave Sensor•Solar Wind/Interstellar Plasma/Electron Spectrometer•Pickup and Interstellar Ion Isotope Spectrometer•Interstellar Neutral Atom Spectrometer•Suprathermal Ion/Electron Sensor•Cosmic Ray H, He, Electron, Positron, Gamma-Ray Burst Instrument•Anomalous & Galactic Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer•Dust Composition Instrument•Infrared Instrument•Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) Imager•UV Photometer

Resource Requirements:•Power – 20W•Communications – 25bps•Mass – 25kg

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Technology ReadinessTechnology Readiness

Architecture ComponentArchitecture Component TRLTRL

Space Nuclear Power SupplySpace Nuclear Power Supply TRL 6TRL 6

Autonomous RendezvousAutonomous Rendezvous TRL 9TRL 9

Advanced Deep Space VehicleAdvanced Deep Space Vehicle TRL 9TRL 9

MagBeamMagBeam SystemSystem TRL 4TRL 4

Miniaturized Instrument SuiteMiniaturized Instrument Suite TRL 3TRL 3

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AgendaAgenda

Introduction/BackgroundIntroduction/BackgroundRepeated External Acceleration ConceptRepeated External Acceleration ConceptCurrent StudyCurrent StudyFuture Work/OutreachFuture Work/OutreachAcknowledgements/References Acknowledgements/References

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Continuing Work & OutreachContinuing Work & Outreach

Complete trajectory analysisComplete trajectory analysisPotential Case 3 Potential Case 3 –– LEO + Mars StationsLEO + Mars Stations

Publish Web Site Publish Web Site Present at AIAA Region IPresent at AIAA Region I--NE Student NE Student Conference, March 30Conference, March 30thth--April 1April 1stst

Present at Clarkson University Symposium for Present at Clarkson University Symposium for Undergraduate Research, April 7Undergraduate Research, April 7thth

Final ReportFinal Report

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AgendaAgenda

Introduction/BackgroundIntroduction/BackgroundRepeated External Acceleration ConceptRepeated External Acceleration ConceptCurrent StudyCurrent StudyFuture Work/OutreachFuture Work/OutreachAcknowledgements/References Acknowledgements/References

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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

NIAC, for providing the resources to continue NIAC, for providing the resources to continue working on this project.working on this project.Dr. Kenneth Dr. Kenneth VisserVisser, for advising me throughout , for advising me throughout the process.the process.NASA Glenn for providing SNAP.NASA Glenn for providing SNAP.AGI for providing STK.AGI for providing STK.Family, friends, and everyone else who Family, friends, and everyone else who supported me throughout the last year.supported me throughout the last year.

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ReferencesReferences

Analytical Graphics, Inc, Satellite Toolkit, v.6.2.Hoyt, et. al, A Modular Momentum-Exchange/Electrodynamic-Reboost Tether System

Architecture, AIAA-2003-2514.Interstellar Boundary Explorer Science Strategy.

http://www.ibex.swri.edu/mission/strategy.shtmlMartini, Michael. Spacecraft N-Body Analysis Program 2.3 Users Guide. Analex

Corperation, NASA Glenn Research Center, 2005.Mewaldt, R. A., and Liewar, P. C., An Interstellar Probe Mission to the Boundaries of the

Heliosphere and Nearby Interstellar Space, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1999.

Pluto New Horizons Science Payload, http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/spacecraft/sciencePay.html

Riehl, Phil. Tools Used By Analysis & Integration Group – MIDAS. http://trajectory.grc.nasa.gov/tools/midas.shtml

Vallado, David A, Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications, Microcosm, 2001.

Winglee, et. al, Magnetized Beam Propulsion, NIAC Fellows Meeting 2005.

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Questions?Questions?