bin-mac: a hybrid mac for ultra-compact wireless sensor nodes
DESCRIPTION
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes. Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou Center for Embedded Computer Systems Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California, Irvine May 17, 2012. Outline. Problem Statement Bin-MAC Design - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MACfor Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou
Center for Embedded Computer SystemsDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer
ScienceUniversity of California, Irvine
May 17, 2012
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Outline
• Problem Statement• Bin-MAC Design
• Contention Resolution
• Binary Tree Collision Resolution
• Slot Consolidation
• Duty Cycle Adjustment
• Performance• Conclusions
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
![Page 3: Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813ae3550346895da339bc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Problem Definition
• Ultra-compact wireless nodes
• Infant Monitoring
• Predicting cerebral palsy in pre-term infants
• Small Memory (4KB)
• No complex protocol
• Limited data buffer
• Bounded transmission delay, or collected samples will be lost
• Clock drift
• Hard or impossible to achieve precise time synchronization
• Limited battery
• No carrier sensing hardware on sensors
• Single-hop, star topology
• most of the real-world deployments have been single-hop [1]
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
Eco node
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Problem Definition
• Need a “simple” hybrid MAC
• Minimal overhead
• Majority of existing MACs are not applicable:
• Tight clock synchronization
• Too complex (large footprint)
• B-MAC, X-MAC, or SCP: at least 18 KB [5]
• Z-MAC: even more complex [6]
• Light-weight Protocols
• CSMA/CA
• Carrier Sensing
• Round Robin
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
![Page 5: Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813ae3550346895da339bc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Bin-MAC Design
• Binary Medium Access Control
• Receiver initiated
• Base station (BS) broadcasts query messages
• Nodes reply to them
• Most of the burden is placed on the BS
• To keep the nodes as simple as possible
• Reservation-based
• Round-robin style
• No scheduling phase
• Analogous to the scheduled contention scheme
• query messages contains a range of node IDs instead of a single node ID
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
![Page 6: Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813ae3550346895da339bc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Bin-MAC Design
• Components:• Contention Resolution
• Binary Tree Collision Resolution
• Slot Consolidation
• Duty Cycle Adjustment
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
![Page 7: Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813ae3550346895da339bc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Contention Resolution
• Nodes do not perform carrier-sensing
• Scheduled contention
• Each time slot is assigned to a range of nodes e.g. [0 : 10]• A rang has one active transmitter
• Inactive nodes in the range are allowed to transmit in the slot
• If more than one node transmit in the slot• A collision occurs which needs to be resolved
• All colliding nodes will acquire their own time slot
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
![Page 8: Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813ae3550346895da339bc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Possible Cases for a Time Slot
• Three cases may happen in response to the BS’s query:• Reception: a data message is successfully received
• Idle: there is no response, so the slot is unused
• Collision: detected at the BS using an RCD technique
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
![Page 9: Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813ae3550346895da339bc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Binary Tree Collision Resolution
• Performed when the BS detects a collision to assign new time slots
• Two or more nodes in the range have transmitted simultaneously
• The range is split in half and a new query is issued for each half
• This will continue until the collision is resolved
• We keep track of the new slots as contention is resolved
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
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Slot Consolidation
• Idle slots are removed to save bandwidth
• The range of idle slots is merged the adjacent non-idle slots
• BS can keep an idle counter for slots to remove those that are idle for a number of consecutive rounds
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
![Page 11: Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813ae3550346895da339bc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Duty Cycle Adjustment
• Conserving energy by keeping the nodes in sleep mode until they are really being pulled
• Nodes need to know the number of slots in the round
• Query messages contain the current number of slots
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
![Page 12: Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813ae3550346895da339bc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Implementation
• Embedded constraints
• No recursion
• No dynamic memory allocation
• Emulated a linked list of slots using an array
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
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Flowchart for Base Station
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
Performed in each time slot after transmitting the
query
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Bin-MAC Features
• One of the most light-weight hybrid protocols ever designed
• Deterministic contention resolution enables bounded latency on data transmissions
• Worst case: O(lgn)
• Can be applied to delay-sensitive applications with real-time constraints
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
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Performance
• Simulated the Telos platform (CC2420) with auto-acknowledgement
• Compare Bin-MAC with:
• CSMA/CA (best performance under low contention)
• Round Robin (best performance under high contention)
• Z-MAC* (simplified version of Z-MAC for star topology)
• Network: Star topology, 20 sensor nodes and a base station
• Event period: from 112 ms to 16 ms
• Event size: 1100 bytes i.e.10 successful transmissions
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
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Throughput
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
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Latency
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
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Success rate
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
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Duty cycle
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
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Energy efficiency
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
Throughput
Duty cycle
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Scalability
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
• Event period is fixed at 48 ms
• Network size: from 10 to 150 nodes
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Bin-MAC vs. RR
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
• Event period is fixed at 48 ms
• Network size: from 10 to 150 nodes
Round Robin Bin-MAC
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Conclusions
• Bin-MAC• very light-weight hybrid MAC protocol
• designed for ultra-compact wireless sensor nodes
• adaptive to the contention level
• able to handle larger scales
• Deterministic, binary tree-like contention resolution
• Suited for applications with real-time constraints
• No clock synchronization is required
• No carrier sensing hardware on sensor nodes
Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
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Bin-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes
Vahid Salmani and Pai H. Chou, University of California, Irvine
Thank You!
Questions?