bigoas utilization and comprehensive development in china submitted by the government of china
TRANSCRIPT
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•
A
EAST-WEST CENTER
ETODLULUMAWAHS6844.9
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR S y m b o l num ber : DP/ EDRS/ 33ASIA AND THE PACIF IC
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT:
REGIONAL SEMINAR ON ALTERNATIVE PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENTAND LIFE-STYLES I N AS IA AND THE PACIF IC
BIOGAS U TIL IZ ATIO N AND COMPREHENSIVEDEVELOPMENT I N CHINA
SUBMITTED BY
THE GOVERNMENT OF CHINA
D i s t r i b u t i o n : F o r p a r t i c i p a n t s O nl y
15 Aug us t 1979
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
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o f C h in a . T h e v ie ws e xp re ss ed i n i t d o n o t n e c e s s n r i l y r e f l e c t t h o s e o ft h e U n i t e d N o t i o n s .
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To u t i l i z e b io g as o n a b i g s c a l e s o as t o s o l v e t h e e n e rg y
probl em i n t h e r u r a l a r e as i s a n i m p o r t a n t me as ur e t a k e n f o r d e v e l o p i n g .
a g r i c ul t u r e i n o u r c o u n t r y. I n i t i a l p ro g re s s h as b ee n made u n de r t h e a c t i v e
gui dance o f t h e c e n t r a l g ov er nm en t a nd t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s . B y t h e e n d
o f 1 97 8, o v e r 7, 0 00 , 00 0 b i o ga s -d i g es t er s h a d b ee n b u i l t . B i o g a s u t i l i z a t i o n
was i n t h e m a i n p o p u l a r i z e d i n 2 1 c o u n t r i e s a r id o v e r 1 , 3 0 0 commu nes.
bo re t h a n 70 0 b io ga s p ow er s t a t i o n s a n d s m a l l - s i z e d b i o g a s e l e c t r i c i t y -
g en er at i ng s t a t i o n s h ad a l s o be en b u i l t . B i o g a s u t i l i z a t i o n i s b e g i nn i n g
t o s pr ea d f r o m ho us eh ol d u s e t o t h e r e a l m o f p r o d u c t i o n . T h e p e o p l e i n
the r u r a l a r ea s s a i d i n a p p r e c ia t i o n: " T h e b e n e f i t s o f bi og aS u t i l i z a t i o n
a re g r e a t i n d ee d . T h e a bu nda nc e o f b i o ga s a n d f e r t i l i z e r s l e a d s t o gOod
c ro ps . B e s i d e s , b i o g a s c a n a l s o b e u se d t o p r o p e l e n g i n e s . "
Biogas U t i l i z a t i o n i s b e n e f i c i a l b o t h t o t h e S t a t e a nd t h e p e o p l e .
T h at ' s w hy t h e g o ve rn me nt h a s p a i d g r e a t a t t e n t i o n t o i t s d e ve l op m en t a n d
the p eo pl e i n t h e r u r a l a r ea s a r e v e r y e n t h u s i a s t i c ab o ut i t . B e s i d e s
me eti ng t h e p e o p l e ' s n e ed f o r h o u se h ol d f u e l , b i o g a s c a n s e r v e a s a n
i ne xp en si ve s o ur c e o f e ne rg y f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l m ec h an i za t io n , r u r a l e l e c -
t r i f i c a t i o n an d t h e de ve lo pm en t o f commune-run e n t e r p r i s e s . I t c a n g i v e
a g r i c ul t ur e a b oo st b y p r ov i d in g ad d i t i o na l o r g an i c f e r t i l i z e r s . I t c a n
be h e l p f u l t o a n i m al h us ba nd ry as i t c a n b e u se d t o i n c r e a s e t h e p r o d u c t i o n
o f c a t t l e f o dd e r. B i o g a s u t i l i z a t i o n i s b e n e f i c i a l t o t h e c on se rv a t io n o f
f o re s ts a nd w oo ds . I t a l s o h e l p s t o i m pr ov e e n vi rO nm en ta l s a n i t a t i o n b y a
b e t t e r d i s p o sa l o f human a nd an i m a l e xc re me n t. I n a w o rd , b i g - s c a l e b i o g a s
u t i l i z a t i o n h as b ro u gh t a bo u t a n advance i n a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n an d
t he c om pr eh en si ve d e ve l op m en t i n t h e r u r a l a r e a s .
1. B i n g e s u t i l i z a t i o n i s a n im p or ta n t u nd e rt ak i ng i n• t h e d ev el op me nt o f e n e r y r e s o u r c e s
r an ki nd h as a n a l l - t i m e r e l i a n c e o n en er g y r e s ou r c es i n p r o d u c t i o n
and d a i l y l i f e . D e p o s i t s o f f o s s i l e ne rg y r es ou rc es s uc h a s c o a l , o i l a nd
n a tu r al g as , h ow ev er a bu nd an t, a r e l i m i t e d a n d d a i l y d e p l e t i n g , w h i l e m a n 's
consumption o f e n er gy r e so u rc e s h a s n o l i m i t a nd i s d a i l y i n c r e a s i n g . T h i s
gap between s u p pl y an d demand i s d a i l y w i d e n i n g . E v e n i f e x p l o i t a b l e d e p o s i
' o r
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7
o f f o s s i l e ne rg y r eso ur ce s d o e x i s t , t h e r e s t i l l w i l l b e t h e h a r d - t o -s o lv e
p rob lems o f e q ui pm en t, l a b o u r , t e c h n o l o g y an d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . T h e g l o b a l
s c a r c i t y o f e n e r g y becomes e v e r mo re a c u t e i n r e c e n t y e a r s . P e o p l e c o nc e rn e d
w i t h t h e e n e r g y p r o b l em a r e c o n c e i v i n g , e x p e r i m e n t i n g a nd e x p l o r i n g w ay s
t o ha rn es s a nd u t i l i z e n ew s ou rc es o f e ne rg y s uc h a s s o l a r , b i o l o g i c a l ,
w in d, o ce a n , go o - t h er m a l a nd ma g n et i c f l u i d e n e r g y. A t t h e p r e s e n t moment,
t he s i m p l e s t a nd m os t p r a c t i c a l among t h em i s t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f b i o l o g i c a l
energy w h ic h i s a l s o l o w i n c o s t an d i n e , :h a u s t ib l y re ne wa bl e. M o s e s i s
a k i n d o f b i o l o g i c a l e n e rg y. I n t h e p la c es i n o u r c o un t r y w he re b i og a s
i s b e i ng de ve lo pe d, i t i s w i d e l y u se d f o r l i g h t i n g , c o ok i n g , h e a t i n g ,
e l e c t r i c i t y - g e n e r a t i n g , e n g i n e - p r o pe l l i n g and s t o v i n g an d d ry i n g o f a g r i -
c u l t u r a l p ro du ce a nd s i d e - l i n e p r o d u c t s . T h u s , b i o ga s ha s s ho wn a b r i g h t
f u t u r e f o r i t s e l f a s a new s ou rc e o f e n er g y.
A t p r e s e nt , a b o u t 7 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n i n o u r
c o un t r y s u f f e r f r o m a s h or t ag e o f f u e l s u p pl y t o v a r y i n g de gr e es . T h i s h u ge
gap i n t h e f u e l s u pp ly ca n h a r d l y b e f i l l e d i n a s h o r t t i m e b y i n c re a s i ng
t he c o a l p ro d u ct i o n b y t h e s t a t e . I t i s much e a s i e r t o s o l v e t h e r u r a l
energy pr o bl e m t hr ou gh t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f b i o l o g i c a l e n er gy r es o ur c es
untapped s o f a r . F i e l d a p p l i c a t i o n shows t h a t t h e n o rm al te mp e ra tu r e
f e r m en t a t i o n b i o g a s -d i g e s t e rs g e n e r a l l y a do pt ed i n o u r c o u n t r y h a s a w o r k in g
l i f e o f s ev en t o e i g h t months e ac h y e a r, i f i t i s w e l l m ai n ta i ne d . T h e
h e at o u t p u t o f a ho us eh ol d b i o g a s - d i g e s t e r o f 8 t o 1 0 c u b i c m et re s i n s i z e
equal s t o t h a t o f o ne t o n o f c o a l e ac h y e a r . T h e r u r a l demand f o r e n er gy
w i l l i n c r e a s e a s a g r i c u l t u r a l m o de r ni z at i on a dv an ce s. I t i s u nr ea so na bl e
t o r e l y s o l e l y o n t h e s t a t e f o r t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e p ro bl em . T h e e ne rg y
s h or t ag e i n a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n an d t h e commune-run e n t e r p r i s e s c a n
be made u p i f b i o ga s i s u s ed t o p o we r i n t e r n a l - c o m b u s t i o n e n g in e s . M i x e d
use o f b i og a s a nd d i e s e l o i l c a n r ed u ce t h e c on su mp ti on o f t h e l a t t e r b y
70 t o 3 0 pe r c en t . C a l c u l a t e d o n t h i s b a s i s , s i x m i l l i o n t o ns o f d i e s e l
o i l c a n be sa ve d i f h a l f c f t h e p r o d uc t i o n teams i n t h e c o un t ry b u i l d u p
b i og a s- d i ge s te rs o f t h e i r o wn . F e r t i l i z e r s f r o m t he d i g es t e rs re du ce t h e
need f o r c h em i ca l f e r t i l i z e r s , t h u s r ed u c i n g t h e e n e r u c on su mp ti on i n •
t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n . T h e r e a r e no w o v e r s ev en m i l l i o n b i o g a s - di g e s te r s i n
o p e ra t i o n i n o u r c o u n t r y . T h e n i t r o g e n o u s e l em en ts c o n t a i n e d i n t h e b i o ga s
f e r t i l i z e r s f r o m a l l t h e s e d i g e s t e r s e q u a l t o 5 0 0, 00 0 t o n s o f ammonium
/ ca r bona t e
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c ar bo na te . T h i s means t h a t 2 0 0 , 00 0 t o n s o f c o a l c a n b e s a ve d f r o m b e i n g
used f o r t h e p r o d u c t i on o f t h a t a mo un t o f ammonium c a rb o na t e. I f , i n
a d d i t i on t o t h i s , h a l f o f t h e r u r a l h ou se ho ld s b u r n b io ga s f o r f u e l a n d
h a l f o f t h e p r o du c t i on teams g en e ra te s e l e c t r i c i t y w i t h b i o g a s, 1 0 7 ,0 0 0 , 00 0
t o 1 0 8, 0 00 , 00 0 t o n s o f c o a l c a n be s a ve d i n t h e w h o l e c o u n t r y e a c h y e a r .
F ur th er mo re , a n i n v e s t m e n t o f RUB 2 2 t o 2 3 b i l l i o n y u an an d 5 0 6 , 0 0 0 w o r k er s
can b e s av ed f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n an d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f t h a t a mo un t o f c o a l .
These a r e n o d o ub t c o n s i d er a b l e f i g u r e s . H e r e i s a n ex am pl e. T h e
H o r t i c u l t u r e S t a t i o n o f Deyang C o u nt y, S i c hu a n P ro v i n ce , h a s a s t a f f
o f 20 0. S i n c e 1 97 4, t h e y ha ve b u i l t i n s u c ce s si o n e i g h t l a r g e - s i z e d b i o g a s -
d i ge s te r s w i t h a t o t a l c a p a c i t y . o f 1, 56 5 c u b i c me t re s . F o r f e r m e n t a t i o n
r aw m a t e r i a l s t h e y u se d m an ur e o f 1 6 7 m i l k i n g c o w s. T h e G as g e n e r a t e d h a v e
been u sed f o r c o ok in g i n t h e p u b l i c c a n te e n a s w e l l a s e l e c t r i c i t y - g e n e r a t i n g
f o r a 6 8 k i l o w a t t g e n er a t i ng s e t . T h e e l e c t r i c i t y m e t th e po we r ne ed s
i n pumping w a t e r, s p r a y i r r i g a t i o n , r i c e m i l l i n g and f o d d e r p r o ce s s i n g .
Each y e a r , t h e s t a t i o n s a ve s o n i t s c o n su m pt i on o f c o a l b y 1 2 0 t o n s ,
f i rewood b y 3 . f t o n s , d i e s e l o i l b y 2 . 2 t o n s a nd e l e c t r i c i t y b y o v e r
10,000 k i l o w a t t - h o ur s . I n f a c t , t h e s t a t i o n no l o n ge r u se s c o a l e i t h e r i n
p r o d uc t i o n o r i n h ou se ho ld c o n su m p ti o n . I t s d a i r y . fa r m a l o n e s a v e s
RMB 2 ,7 62 yu a n o n i t s e x p e n d i t u re o n c o a l a n d e l e c t r i c i t y e a ch y e a r .
2. B i n g o s u t i l i z a t i o n p r o v i d e S a n i mp o r t a n t so ur ce o f o r g a n i c f e r t i l i z e r
F e r t i l i z e r s a r e e s s e n t i a l t o t h e e xp an si on o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n
and t h e g r o w t h i n f a r m o u t p u t . T h e r e a r e t w o w ays o f e x p an d in g t h e s o u r c e
o f f e r t i l i z e r s . O n e i s t o i n cr ea se t h e p r o d uc t i o n o f ch em i ca l f e r t i l i z e r s .
T hi s w o ul d e n t a i l t h e c on su mp ti on o f l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f e n e r gy r e s o u r c e s .
Cont inued u se o f c he mi ca l f e r t i l i z e r s f o r a l o n g p e r i o d o f t i m e wo ul d
a l s o b e b ad f o r t h e s o i l . T h e o t h e r wa y i s t o m ak e' a c om pr eh en si ve u s e o f
b i o l o g i c a l en er gy re s ou r ce s . T h i s c o u l d p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l am ou nt o f o r g a n i c
m a n u r e
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D ur in g t h e p a s t t w o o r t h r e e de ca de s, a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n h a s
made r a p i d ad va nc es i n t h e w o r l d . A s m u l t i p l e c r o p i n d e x i n c r e a s e s a nd
sown a re a e yp an ds , s o i l f e r t i l i t y d w i n dl e s a c c o r d i n g l y . E x c e s s a p p l i c a t i o n
o f c he mi ca l f e r t i l i z e r s ag gr av at es t h e wo rs en in g o f s o i l f e r t i l i t y .
T he re fo re , t h e a gr on om is ts a pp ea l f o r r e t u r n i n g c r o p s t a l k s t o t h e s o i l .
I n t h e h i g h l y i n d u s t r i a l i z e d c o u n t r i e s , a s t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n i s smn11
hand
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. • I t
and t h e ho us eho ld need f o r f u e l i s m e t w i t h o i l , g a s o r e l e c t r i c i t y , c r o p
s t a l k s g o d i r e c t l y bacic t o t h e s o i l s o t h a t t h e o r g a n i c c o n te n t o f t h e
s o i l a nd t he s o i l f e r t i l i t y a r e i n cr ea se d . I n C hi na , w he re th e r e ' is a '
l ar ge r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n , s t r a w and c r o p s t a l k s a r e s t i l l t h e v a i n s ou rc e
o f h ou se ho ld f u e l . I t i s n o t no w p r a c t i ca b l e t o r e t u r n t h e c r o p s t a l k s
t o t h e s o i l . T h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f b i og cs n o t on l y makes i t p o ss i b l e t o
r e t ur n t h e c ro p s t a l k s t o t h e s o i l b u t a l s o f u r n i s he s a s ou rc e o f a d d i t i o n a l
o r g an i c m an ur e. S t a l k s , w e e ds , o r g a n i c t r a s h e s a s w e l l a s human a n d
a ni mal e xc re me nt a r e p u t i n t o t h e d i g e s t e r s f o r f e r m e n t a t i on . A f t e r
b iogas i s g e ne ra te d, t h e r e s i d u e f e r t i l i z e r s a r e r e t u rn e d t o t h e f i e l d s
i n t h e f o r m o f f l u i d o r d r e g s. C om pa re d w i t h t h e d i r e c t r e t u r n i n g o f c r op
s t a l k s t o t h e s o i l , t h i s f o r m o f u t i l i a a t i o n a vo id s t h e wa st e o f e ne rg y
and t h e v y i ng f o r O i t r i c n u t r i e n t s i n t h e s o i l w i t h t h e cr op s b y t h e
s t a l k s w he n t h e y decompose. I t a l s o a v o i ds t h e h a r m f u l e f f e c t t o t h e
crops b y t h e o g a n i c a c i d s a nd t h e h yd ro ge n s u l p h i d e co mi ng f r o m t h e f i r s t
s ta ge o f d e co mp o si t i o n o f t h e r e t u r n e d s t a l k s . R e s e a r c h a nd e x p er i e n ce --
prove t h a t b i og as f e r t i l i z e r s a r e q u i c k - a c t i n g and h as gr e a t e r f e r t i l i t y '
t ha n s u ch f ar my a rd ma nu re a s o p e n - p i t m an ure o r c o mp os t. B i o g a s f e r t i l i z e r s
can a dd t o t h e o r g a ni c c o nt e n t a nd h uv us i n t h e s o i l a nd f a c i l i t a t e t h e
a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e mi cr ob es t h e r e i n . C r o p y i e l d h as h ad a marked i n c r e as e
i n p l a ce s w he re p o p u l a r i z a t i o n o f b i og a s u t i l i z a t i o n i s a c hi e ve d a s t h e
cont inuous a p p l i c a t i o n o f b io ga s f e r t i l i z e r s l o os e s t h e s o i l , c au se s i t
t o b e mo re p o ro u s. and r a i s e s i t s c a p a c i t y t o h o l d w a t e r a n d r e t a i n
f e r t i l i t y . E x pe r i me n t s show t h a t , w i t h t h e u se o f b i og as f e r t i l i z e r s , r i c e
and w i n t e r w h e at y i e l d s h a v e h ad a y e a r l y a v er ag e i n c r e a s e o f 1 0 t o 1 3
p er c e n t , m a i ze 1 4 p e r c e n t a n d c o t t o n 1 5 . 7 p e r c e n t .
Mianyang M u n i c i p a l i t y o f S i ch u an P r o vi n c e i s C h i n a ' s f i r s t p r e f e c t u r e
where b i og a s u t i l i z a t i o n i s ' p o p ul a r i z ed . I n t h e t h r e e ye a r s s i n c e -1 9 7 5 .
when b i o ga s p o p u l a r i z a t i o n was a c h i ev e d , 1 , 8 3 0 , 0 0 0 t o n s o f h um ic a c i d f e r t i -
l i z e r s
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t o a n a l l - r o u n d de ve lo pm en t o f p r o d u c t i o n i n a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , a n i m a l
hu sba nd ry, f i s h e r y a nd s i d e o cc up a ti o ns i n t h e m u n i c i p a l i t y . T o t a l o u t p u t
o f g r a i n i n c r e as e d f r o m 1 9 , 0 0 0 t o n s i n 1 9 75 t o 2 5 0, 11 5 t o n s i n 1 9 7 8, a n
average y e a r l y i n c r e a s e o f 1 2 p e r c e n t .
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3 . P o p u l a r i z a t i o . e o f b io ga s c o n t r i b u t e s g r e a t l y t o e n vi r o nm e nt a l
- - p r i l l
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As s o c i c i p r o e u c t i o n a nd s c i e n c e a nd t e c h n o l o g y d e v e l o p , t h e
p o l l u t i o n an d t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e e n v i ro n me n t h as i n c r e a s i n g l y b ecome
a m at te r o f m aj or co nc er n t o many p e op l e . B i o g a s u t i l i z a t i o n f a c i l i t a t e s
the c om pr eh en si ve u t i l i z a t i o n o f f a r m w as te s. I t c a n r ed uc e t h e w a nt on
f e l l i n g o f t r e e s an d a v o i d t h e s i d e - e f f e c t s f r o m e x te n si v e u se o f c h e m ic a l
f e r t i l i z e r s a nd i n s e c t i c i d e s . B i o g a s i s a l s o a c l e a n s ou rc e o r e n er g y.
U nl ik e ' co al , o i l o r n uc l ea r e ne rg y, i t ca use s l i t t l e p o l l u t i o n . T h e u r b a n
a r e a ' ca n a l s o make u s e o f t h e f e r m e n t a t i o n t e c hn i q u e o n t h e d i s p o s a l o f
manure, t r a s h , s l u d g e a nd i n d u s t r i a l l i q u i d w a s te . S o t h e p o p u l a r i z a t i o n
o f b io ga s i s b e n e f i c i a l t o e nv ir on me nt al p r o t e c t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y t o
th e c o n s er v a t i on o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l e c o - s ys t em .
To u t i l i z e b io ga s i n t h e r u r a l a re a s o pe ns a n ew way f o r a s c i e n t i f i c
d i sp o sa l o f ma nu re a nd t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f d i s e a se s . M a n u r e i s a m a j o r s o u r c e
o f s p re a d i ng o f s c h i s t o s o m i a s i s , ho ok wo rm d i s e as e ( a n c y l o s t o m i a s i s ) a n d o t h e r
d is ea se s. A p r o p e r d i s p o s al o f manure, t h e r e f o r e , i s a n i mp o r ta n t l i n k i n,
the f i g h t t o c u t o f f t h e s ou rc e o f i n f e c t i o n an d c o n t r o l t h e s p re ad in g o f
• d i s e a s e s . I n t h e p a s t , t h e h e a l t h d e pa r tm e nt s c o nc e rn e d s u gg e st e d m an y w ay s
t o do w e l l t h e managemen t o f m anur e and w a t e r ; t o m ake im provemen t s on t h e
cooking s t ov e , t h e p i g s t y , t h e l a v a t o r y , t h e w a te r w e l l a nd p u b l i c s a n i t a t i o n
But t h e y f a i l e d t o h o l d o n i n many p l a c e s a s t h e y d i d n e t c o nc e r n c l o s e l y
w i th a g r i c u l t u r a l p r od u ct i on and t h e d a i l y l i f e o f t h e pe as an ts . T h e y d i d
n ot o f f e r a p r o p e r s o l u f : i o n o f t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n b e t we en management, a n d
u t i l i z a t i o n . T h e b io g as -d i ge s te rs , e s p e c i a l l y t h e " t h r e e - i n -o n e " p i t
combini ng t h e l a v a t o r y a nd , c a t t l e s he d w i t h t h e b l o g as - g e ne r a t in g p i t ,
makes i t p o s s i b l e f o r t h e manure t o g o d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e d i g e s t e r s .
This n o t o n l y i mp rov es p u b l i c s a n i t a t i o n b u t a l s o e f f e c t i v e l y k i l l e s
o f f t h e eg gs o f p a r a s i t e s a nd c e r t a i n p a t h og e ni c b a c t e r i a . A c c o r d i n g ,
t o t h e e x pe r i m en ts made b y h e a l t h r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e s , b i o g a s f e r m e n t a -
t i o n sp eed s u p t h e d e a t h o f e gg s o f s u ch p a r a s i t e s a s b l o o d f l u k e s
and hookwo rms. C e r t a i n k i n d s o f p a th o g en i c b a c t e r i a s u ch a s f l e x n e r a n d
l e pt os p ir os i s w i l l d i e s oo n i n t h e a i r - t i g h t b i og a s -d i g es t er s . T h e p a r a s i t e
eggs a nd b a c t e r i a t h a t s u r v i v e d i n t h e r e s i d u e c a n b e k i l l e d b y a d d i n g .
n i t rogenous f e r t i l i . i . e r t o t h e r es i du e t o make i t i n t o h umic a c i d f e r t i l i z e r
o r b y t h e me th od o f h i g h - t e m p er a t u r e c o mp o st -m a ki n g. T h u s , t h e d i s p o s a l o f
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manure t o t h e b i o g a s
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di sease s a nd t o t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e h e a l t h o f man a nd c a t t l e . I n
r i an ya n s M u n i c i p a l i t y o f S i c hu a n P r o v in c e , w o r k f o r c e h a s b e en e f f e c t i v e l y
p r o t e c t e d , t h a n k s t o d i s p o s a l o f m an ur e a n d t h e c o m pr e he n si v e m ea su re s o f
p re ve nt io n and c o n t r o l t a k e n a l on g w i t h t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f b i og a s. T h e
i n ci d en c e o f s c h i s t o s o m i a s i s , - h o o k w o r
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s h a r p l y. ' H ou s eh o ld t r a s h , l i q u i d a nd s o l i d w as te s a n d t r e e l e a v es a r e
t i me l y g at he re d a nd p u t i n t o t h e d i g e s t e r s . O p e n l a t r i n e s a nd wa st e w at e r
d i tc he s a r e f i l l e d u p , t h u s d o i n g away w i t h t h e b r e e di n g g ro un d o f f l i e s
and m o sq u i to e s .. C oo k i n g w i t h b i o g as i s c l e a n a n d s a n i t a r y a s i t g e ne r at e s
no smoke o r d i r t . T h e . u t i l i z a t i o n o f b io ga s h a s b r o u g ht a bo u t .
a t r e a tchange i n p u b l i c s a n i t a t i o n i n t h e r u r a l a re as a nd h as e f f e c t e d t h e
management o n m an ur e a n d im p ro v em e nt s o n t h e c o o k i n g s t o v e , p i g s t y , l a v a t o r ya n d p u b l i c s a n i t a t i o n ,
4 . T h e p o p u l a r i z a t io n o f b io ga s u t i l i z a t i o n g i v e s a b oo s t t o t h e
d eve lop me nt o f f o r e s t r y
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l i ne p r o du c t io n . I t a l s o a ss i s t s i n t h e t h e i n d u s t r i a l c o n s t r uc -t i on i n t h e c i t i e s
A b o o st t o f o r e s t r y . H e n t s h a n D i s t r i c t o f S u i n i n g C ou nt y,
Si chuan P r o vi n c e, h a s a p o p u l a t i o n o f o v e r 1 00 , 00 0 . I t u se d t o h av e a n
a cu te sh or ta g e o f f i r e w o od . r 3 e f o r e b i og a s u t i l i z a t i o n w as p op u l a r i z e d ,
f o r es t d e p l e t i o n ha d a l l a l o n g be en v e r y s e r i o u s . T r e e s p l a n t e d w er e
soon c u t . S i n c e b io sa s u t i l i z a t i o n began i n 1 97 2, w i t h t h e s o l u t i o n o f
th e f u e l p ro bl em , a f f o r e s t a t i o n ha s shown r e s u l t s . I n t h e se f i v e y e a r s ,
3 8, 87 0, 60 0 t r e e s h av e b ee n p l a n t e d i n t h e h o us e s i d e , v i l l a g e s i d e , r o a d -
s id e a nd wa t e rs i d e, f i v e t i m e s t h e t r e e s p l a n t e d i n t h e 2 0 y ea rs b e f o r e
biogas p o p u l a r i z a t i o n . 6 9 . 4 p e r c e n t o f t h e m ou nt ai n- s i de s s u i t a b l e f o r
a f f o re s t a t i o n i n
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Siosas u t i l i z a t i o n c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e g ro w t h o f a n i ma l h u sb a nd r y.
Sangahuans Peo p l e ' s Commune i n Dengx ian C ount y , Henan Pro v i nc e, ach ie ve d
p op u la r i z at i on o f b io ga s u t i l i z a t i o n o f b i os as ' u t i l i z a t i o n i n t h e m ai n
t ow ar ds t h e e n d o f 1 9 7f .. A l l t h e p r o d u c t i o n b r i g a d e s o f t h e commune h a ve
e st ab l i sh ed t h e i r own c o l l e c t i v e p i g f a rm s a s f o d de r i n c re a s ed , p r o v i d i n g
th e c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e d e ve lo p me nt o f a n i m a l hu s b a n dr y. C o m p a r ed w i t h
w i t h 1 97 6 , d r a u g h t a n i m a l i n c r e a s e d b y 1 5 . 8 p e r c e n t a n d t h e am ou nt o f
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p ig s b y 5 4 . 2 p e r c e n t i n 1 2 7 8 . I n Ta i h eg u an p r o d u c t i o n Te am o f Ho uy u
P eo pl e' s Com..lune, W t l i n C o u n t y, J i a n g s u P r o v i n c e , 4 0 h o u s e ho l d s b u i l t u p
i r b i o g a s - d i g e s t e r s . S t r a w a n d w eed s s a v e d a r e n ow u s ed a s c o a r s e f o d d e r
f or p i g s . O n e y e a r a f t e r p o p u l a r i z a t i on o f b io ga s u t i l i z a t i o n , p i g s r ai se d,
by t h e p e a sa n ts a t home i n c r e a s e d b y 1 5 0 p e r c e n t a nd p i g s i n t h e c o l l e c -
t i v e p i g f a r m i nc re as ed b y 42 0 p e r c e n t . I n 1 97 7i 4 6 3 p i g s w er e s o l d ,
an a ve ra ge o f 1 1 . 5 p i g s f o r e a ch h o us e ho l d. T h i s g r e a t l y s t re n gt h e ne d
t he c o l l e c t i v e econom y and r a i se d t h e incom e o f t h e commune me.o lebers.
Income f r om t h e c o l l e c t i v e p i g f a r m a lone amoun ted t o ov e r R113 CO yuan
per cduimune member.
Diogas u t i l i z a t i o n h e l ps d ev e lo p i ng s i d e - p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e
p ro du ct io n b r i g a d e s . I n Red F l a g P r o d u c t i o n B r i ga d e o f J i n g b i a n P e o p le ' s• - ;
Commune, Q u x i a n C o u n t y, S i c h u a n P r o v i n c e , 1 4 l a r g e - s i z e d b i o g a s - d i g e s t e r s
were b u i l t f r o m 19 76 t o 1 9 7 7 . T h e b i o g a s ge n e r a te d w e re u s ed m i x e d l y w i t h
d i es e l o i l o r g a s o le n e t o p r o p e l f o u r d i e s e l e n g i ne s a n d t w o ga s ol e ne
engines f o r w at er -p um pi n g, s p r a y i r r i g a t i o n , t h r e s h i n g a nd s h e l l i n g ,
f o d de r - gr i n d in g , r i c e a n d w h e a t - m i l l i n g a s w e l l a s p o w e r- g e n er a t i ng .
D uri ng t h e p a s t t w o y e a r s , t h e b r i g a d e r ed uc ed i t s e x p e n d i t u r e o n o i l
by RMB 2,060 yuan and earn ed an income o f R1113 7 ,n 70 yuan o f p ro ces s i ng
fee, t h u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e ac cu mu la t i on f u n d o f t h e b r i g a d e . I n t h e r u r a l
areas i n S i c h u a n a n d A n h u i p r o v i n c e s , p e o p l e u s e b i b g a s o n b a k i n g t i l e s ,c ur in g t ob ac co a nd d r y i n g farL1 and s i d e - l i n e p r o d u c t s . T h i s n o t o n l y f i l l e d
the g ap o f t h e s h o r t a g e o f c o a l a nd f i r e w o o d , b u t a l s o r ed uc ed t h e c o s t
i n l a b o ur a nd f u e l . T h e q u a l i t y o f t h e p r o du c ts w er e g e n e r a l l y i mp ro ve d,
p r od u ct i on c o s t l o w e r e d a n d t h e c o l l e c t i v e i ncome. i n c r e a s e d .
Siogac h e l p s i n t h e d ev el op me nt o f f i s h e r y . I n t h e r u r a l a r ea s
i n S i ch ua n a nd S ue og do ng p r o v i n c e s , b i n g e s r e s i d u e i s a l s o u s e d a s f i s h
f ee d. C o m p a re d w i t h t h o s e p l a c e s wh e re r a w m anu re i s u s ed a s f i s h f e e d ,
s ur v i va l r a t e o f f i s h f r y r i s e s b y 1 p e r c e n t , s pe ed o f g ro wt h i s i n c re a se d
by 2 5 p e r c e n t a n d f i s h d i s e as e s a r c r e du ce d b y u nd e r 5 0 p e r c e n t . A s
a r e s u l t , o u t p u t o f fi :;11 r i s e s w h i l e p r o d u c t i o n c o s t s d r o p . O u t p u t o f
s i l v e r c a r p p e r h ec t a r e her; a n Gwerage i n cr ea se o f p e r c e nt w h i l e
p r o du c t i on c o s t s a r e r e d u c ed b y ' ; f
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i n t h e b io g as r e s i d u e, r i s k s o f i n f e c t i o n t o w or ke rs w o r ki n g i n t h e wa t e r
a re r ed uc ed . R a t e . o f w or k a t t en da nc e r i s e s a s a r e s u l t . A l l t h i s
c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e d ev el op me nt o f f i s h i n g e n t e r p r i s e s .
Biogas g i v e s a i d t o u rb a n i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n . A s b i o ga s i s
i n t ro d u ce d i n t o p r o d u c t i o n a nd t h e h ou se ho l d i n t h e r u r a l a r e a s , t h e c o a l ,
o i l a n d e l e c t r i c i t y s av ed up ca n b e u se d o n ur ba n i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n
and t h e c r o p s t a l k s a n d s t r a w s a ve d u p c a n b e u s ed a s e x t r a r a w m a t e r i a l s
f o r i n d u s t r y . T a k e L i a n g 2
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) o v e r 1 , 3 0 0 b i o g a s -
d i g e s t e r sere b u i l t i n t h e commune. L a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f c r o p s t a l k s a n d s t r a w we re s av ed
u p. T h e commune o v e r f u l f i l l e d i t s q u o t a o f s a l e o f r i c e a nd w he at s t ra w b y
224 p e r c e n t . I n t h e f i r s t s i x months o f 1 97 8, 1 , 2 0 0 b i og a s -d i g es t e rs w e re
b u i l t w i t h t h e a s s i s ta n c e o f H ua fe ng P ap er M i l l o f Hangzh ou. T h i s e n ab l e d
o ve r 7 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e r u r a l h o us eh o ld s t o make u se o f b i o g a s . M o r e t h a n
5 , 0 0 0 t o n s o f s t r a w was s a ve d u p a n d t h i s w as a b o o s t t o t h e p a p e r -m a ki n g i n d u s t r y .
5 . P o p u l a r i z a t i o n o f b i og as u t i l i z a t i o n -e n r ic h e s t h e c u l t u r a l l i f e o ft he peasan t s
W it h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f b i o g as , r u r a l c h i l d r e n o f s ch oo l -a g e
can a l l n ow g o t o s c h o ol a s t h e r e i s n o w n o n ee d f o r t h e m t o w a s te t i m e
on g a t he r i ng f i r ew oo d o r c r o p s t a l k s f o r f u e l . I t i s a l s o now p o ss i b le
f o r t h e p ea sa nt s t o r e a d a nd w r i t e u n d er b r i g h t b io ga s l i g h t s . B i o g a s -
powered e l e c t r i c i t y - g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n s p r o v i d e l o w - c o s t a nd s t a b l e s o ur c es
o f e l e c t r i c i t y f o r f i l m p r o je c t or s an d r a d i o and Te l e v i s i o n b r oa dc as t i ng
s t a t i o n s i n t h e r u r a l a r e a s . Y i l o n g C ou nt y o f S ic hu an P r ov i n ce i s o f
mou nta in ous t e r r a i n . P e o p l e t h e r e be ga n t o ch ang e t o e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e ra t ed
by m ix ed u s e o f b i o ga s a nd d i e s e l o i l i n t h e i r b r o ad c a st i n g s ys te ms i n
1 97 6. N o w i t h a s s p r e a d t o 3 8 c ommu nes . I n U n h u a P e o p l e ' s Commune,
a f t e r t h e c ha ng e- ov er, t h e y b r oa d ca s t t w i c e a d a y . T h e t o t a l b r oa d ca s t i n g
t im e h a v e i n c r e a s ed b y 1 7 0 p e r c e n t w h i l e t h e c o s t b a a d r op p ed b y R I M
350 yuan.
The masses o f t h e p e o p l e l o o k o n t h e b i o g a s - d i g e s t e r s a s a t r e a s u r e
house, c a l l i n g i t a f u e l d e p o t, a f e r t i l i z e r s t or eh ou se , a f o d d e r p r oc e s si n g -
p l a n t , a s m a l l w a t e r r e s e r v o i r a n d a p ha rm ac y.
I n v i e w o f t h e i m p o r t a n t r o l e w h i c h b io g as c a n p l a y , o u r g ov er nm en t
i s a c t i v e l y w or k i ng f o r i t s p o p u l a r i z a t i o n i n C h in a ' s r u r a l a r e as as a m aj or
measure f o r a c h i e v i n g t h e f o u r m o d e r n i z a t i o n s , °
p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e
m o d e r n i z a t i o n
of. c u r a g r i c u l t u r e .