Big Brother Has Always Been Watching: A look at domestic surveillance through 1978

Big Brother Has Always Been Watching:A look at domestic surveillance through 1978OverviewBirth of surveillance stateWWIPost WWIWWIIPost WWII

2PhilippinesPhilippine-American War, 1899-1902American control over the islandsWilliam TaftRalph Van DemanBirth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII 3Ralph Van DemanThe Father of American Military IntelligenceOrganized counter-intelligence in PhilippinesMilitary Intelligence SectionRetired as Major-General, 19294Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII

Began career as Army surgeonBegan working for War DEpt's Military Information Division in June 1897Organized counterintelligence group in the Phillipines using locally-recruited agentsOnce the MID folded, he convinced the War DEpartment to accept his idea of an intelligence dept for US forces.Helped create the Miltiary Intelligence Section, which he headed. WWIRetired as Major-General in September 1929 after 38 years of service.After retirement, he and his wife continued to privately compile files on suspected subversives and foreign agentsServed as intelligence consultant during WWII.Wrote defense of Japanese-American citizens as a non-threat to President Roosevelt.4Military Intelligence SectionBritish Army Intelligence12 departmentsMI-10, NewsMI-11, TravelMI-12, FraudPrevent sabotage and subversion

5Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII Modeled after the BRitish Army Intelligence, with three departments of interest (of 12):MI-10 - News (censorship)MI-11 - Travel (passport and port control)MI-12 - FraudAlso tasked with preventing sabotage and subversion by enemy agents or German sympathizers on US soil5American Protective LeaguePrivate citizensFormal approval by Attorney GeneralWorked with Bureau of Investigation52 millionRaids and surveillanceDissolved post Armistice

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Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII Created a field organization in 8 US cities which employed civilian policement to perform security investigationsOrganized private groups into the American Protective LeaguePrivate citizens during WWI who worked with Federal law enforcement to identify suspected German sympathizers and counteract the activities of radicals, anarchists, anti-war activists, and left-wing labor and political organizationsThe group received the formal approval from Attorney General Thomas Gregory, who authorized the APL to carry on its letterhead the words "Organized with the Approval and Operating under the Direction of the United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Investigation."Worked with Bureau of Investigation (precursor of FBI)Help welcomed by understaffed BOIClaimed to cover over half of the US population (52 million) Americans at its most active point. 250,000 in 600 citiesConducted raids and surveillance activities against those who refused to register for draft or were suspect of sympathizing with the GErmansAccused of vigilantism and violation of civil rightsDissolved a few months after ARmistice, when new Attorny General refused to work with APL

6Black ChamberThe Cipher Bureau of MIBFounded 1919Child of MI-8Forerunner of NSAClosed in 1929Henry L. Stimson7Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII

The Cipher Bureau of the Military Inteligence Bureau continued on after the war.First peacetime cryptanalytic organization. Forerunner of the NSA.Founded in May 191 following WWI.Came from MI-8, which was disbanded after the war.Mainly to break foreign diplomatic corresspondance.Closed in 1929 when the State Dept withdrew funding.Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson : "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail."7First Red ScareFocus on radicals and dissentersLack of foreign intelligencePearl HarborFBI given control on home frontWorked with Counter Intelligence Corps

8Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII

Bolshevism and anarchists8Counter Intelligence CorpsCorps of Intelligence PoliceSabotage, subversion, and disloyaltyInternal informantsCease and destroy

9Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII Origins in Corps of Intelligence Police (founded by Ralph Van DEman)Assisted in investigations of possible sabotage or subversion and allegations of disloyalty during WWIIHad to curtail activity after their use of informants within the Army became controversialIn particular, they were ordered to cease domestic investigations, destroy records, and send their agents to overseas theaters\Possibly due to the wrath of the President when they mistakenly bugged the room of Eleanor Roosevelt.Order to destroy information was disobeyed by 8/9 Corp Area CommandersFDR also approved wiretapping9UKUSA AgreementFive Eyes (FVEY)March 1946Canada, Australia, and New ZealandSecretSIGINT sharing

10Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII Kept secret from Australian Prime Ministers until 1973Intelligence Sharing, specifically sigintDuring the 2013 NSA leaks cyber spying scandal, the surveillance agencies have been accused of intentionally spying on one another's citizens and willingly sharing the collected information with each other, allegedly circumventing laws preventing each agency from spying on its own citizens.

10Project SHAMROCKTelegraphic dataPassed amongst organizationsNo authorizationMay 197511Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII Collected all telegraphic data entering and exiting USMaterial of interest would be passed from NSA (operational organization) to concerned organizations in the USNo court authorization and no warrantsCongress began to look into the program in May 1975, and the NSA director ended the program as a result11Project MINARETSister projectElectronic communicationsPredesignated citizensPassed amongst organizationsNo authorization12Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII COINTELPROCounter INTELigence PROgramDomestic political organizations1956 to 1971Communist Party USATacticsMethods13Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII The intended effect of the FBI's COINTELPRO was to "expose, disrupt, misdirect, or otherwise neutralize" groups that the FBI believed were "subversive"[29] by instructing FBI field operatives to:[30] create a negative public image for target groups (e.g. by surveiling activists, and then releasing negative personal information to the public) break down internal organization create dissension between groups restrict access to public resources restrict the ability to organize protests restrict the ability of individuals to participate in group activities

Methods used: Infilatraion Psychological Warfare Legal harassment Illegal force13COINTELPRO BLACK HATESouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceMartin Luther King, JrRiot responsePoor Peoples CampaignFred Hampton, 196914Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII A particular target was the Poor People's Campaign, a national effort organized by King and the SCLC to occupy Washington, D.C.The FBI monitored and disrupted the campaign on a national level, while using targeted smear tactics locally to undermine support for the march14COINTELPRO NEW LEFT April 1968Students for a Democratic SocietyVietnam protests

15Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII Created in wake of MLK assassination15Target ListSocialist Worker PartyKKKNation of IslamBlack Panther PartyNew Left movement16Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII Church Committee1975Senate Select Committee on IntelligenceCIANSAFBIWatergateFourteen reportsExecutive Order 1190517Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities

Under recommendations and pressure by this committee, PresidentGerald FordissuedExecutive Order 11905(ultimately replaced in 1981 by PresidentReagan'sExecutive Order 12333) to ban U.S. sanctioned assassinations of foreign leaders.

Together, the Church Committee's reports have been said to constitute the most extensive review ofintelligenceactivities ever made available to the public. Much of the contents were classified, but more than 50,000 pages have since been declassified under thePresident John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992.17FISAForeign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978FISA CourtsSurveillance warrantsAlmost a parallel to the Supreme Court18Birth WWI Post WWI WWII Post WWII ConclusionBorn outside of USCitizen-supported in WWIFirst Red ScareMilitary and FBI joint in WWIICOINTELPRO19Sources"The Making of the U.S. Surveillance State, 1898-2020", Alfred W. McCoy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Van_Deman

https://www.eff.org/nsa-spying/timeline

http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_nsadatacenter/all/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Protective_League

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Chamber

http://www.answers.com/topic/domestic-surveillance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_SHAMROCK

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MINARET

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COINTELPRO

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Committee

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act20Questions?21