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Bibliography—The Education Solution

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The Education Solution by Martin Lowy © 2015 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Richard Arum & Josipa Roksa, Aspiring Adults Adrift: Tentative Transitions of College Graduates (Chicago University Press 2014) Timothy J. Bartik, Investing in Kids: Early Childhood Programs an Local Economic Development (W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research 2011) Goldie Blumenstyk, America’s Higher Education in Crisis? What Everyone Needs to Know (Oxford University Press 2014) June Carbone and Naomi Cahn, Marriage Markets: How Inequality is Remaking the American Family, (Oxford University Press 2014) Andrew Cherlin, Love’s Labor Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America (Russell Sage Foundation 2014) Andrew Cherlin, Public and Private Families (McGraw Hill 2010) Andrew Cherlin, The Marriage-Go-Round (Knopf 2009) Tyler Cowen, Average Is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation (Penguin Group 2013) Tyler Cowen, The Great Stagnation: How America Ate All the Low-Hanging Fruit of Modern History (Dutton Adult 2011) E.J. Dionne, Our Divided Political Heart: The Battle for the American Idea in an Age of Discontent (Bloomsbury USA 2013) Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas, Promises I Can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood Before Marriage (University of California Press 2005) Rudolf Flesch, Why Billy Can’t Read (1955) Robert William Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening (Chicago University Press 2000) Claudia Goldin, Understanding the Gender Gap (Oxford University Press 1992) Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, The Race Between Education and Technology (Belknap Press 2008) James J. Heckman and Alan B. Krueger, Inequality in America (MIT Press 2003). Lay S. Hymowitz, Marriage and Caste in America (Ivan R, Dee 2006) Kay S. Hymowitz, Manning Up: How the Rise of women Has Turned Men into Boys, (Basic Books 2011) Rucker C. Johnson, Ariel Kalil Rachel E. Dunifon and Barbara E. Ray, Mothers' Work and Children's Lives: Low-Income Families after Welfare Reform (Upjohn Institute 2010). Roger Lowenstein, While America Aged (The Penguin Press 2008) Michael Q. McShane, Education and Opportunity (AEI Press 2014) Charles Murray, Coming Apart (Crown Forum 2012) Charles Murray & Richard Hernnstein, The Bell Curve (Free Press 1994) Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Harvard 2014)


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Isabel V. Sawhill, Generation Unbound: Drifting into Sex and Parenthood without Marriage (Brookings Institution Press 2014) Leonard Sax, Why Gender Matters (2006), Boys Adrift (2007) and Girls on the Edge (2010). Richard Settersten and Barbara E. Ray, Not Quite Adults: Why 20-Somethings Are Choosing a Slower Path to Adulthood, and Why It's Good for Everyone (Bantam Books 2010) Peg Tyre, The Trouble with Boys (Crown 2008 Paul Tough, How Children Succeed (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2012) Edward O. Wilson, The Social Conquest of the Earth (Liveright Publishing Corporation 2012) Journal Articles Daron Acemoglu & David Autor, “What Does Human Capital Do? A Review of Goldin and Katz’s The Race between Education and Technology”, Journal of Economic Literature 2012, 50:2, 426–463. http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jel.50.2.426 David Autor, “Skills, education, and the rise of earnings inequality among the ‘other 99 percent’”, Science Magazine, 23 May 2014: Vol. 344 no. 6186 pp. 843-851. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6186/843.full?ijkey=75Wfa..Upt6b6&keytype=ref&siteid=sci David Autor, David Dorn & Gordon Hanson, “The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States”, American Economic Review, 2013 (103(6), pp. 2121-2168. http://economics.mit.edu/files/6613 Martin Neil Baily and Barry P. Bosworth, “US Manufacturing: Understanding Its Past and Its Potential Future”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 28, No 1, Winter 2014, pp. 3-26. http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.28.1.3 Marianne Bertrand & Jessica Pan, “The Trouble with Boys: Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior”, Applied Economics (Vol. 5 No. 1, pp.32-64) January 2013. http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/app.5.1.32 Paul Beaudry, David A. Green, & Benjamin M. Sand, “The Declining Fortunes of the Young Since 2000”, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 2014, pp.381-86. http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/aer.104.5.381 Kristin F. Butcher, Patrick J. McEwan, and Akila Weerapana, “The Effects of an Anti-Grade-Inflation Policy at Wellesley College”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 28, Number 3, Summer 2014, pp. 189-204. http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.28.3.189 Pedro Carneiro and Rita Ginja, “Long-Term Impacts of Compensatory Preschool on Health and Behavior: Evidence from Head Start”, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2014, 6(4): 135–173 http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/pol.6.4.135 Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, Patrick Kline, Emmanuel Saez, & Nicholas Turner, “Is the United States Still a Land of Opportunity? Recent Trends in Intergenerational Mobility”. NBER Working Paper No. 19844. http://www.nber.org/papers/w19844


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David J. Deming, Justine S. Hastings, Thomas J. Kane, & Douglas O. Staiger, “School Choice, School Quality, and Postsecondary Attainment”, American Economic Review, March 2014, 104(3): 991–1013 [citations omitted]. http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/aer.104.3.991 Jeremy Greenwood, Nezih Guner, Georgi Kocharkov and Cezar Santos, “Marry Your Like: Assortative Mating and Income Inequality”, NBER Working Paper No. 19829, January 2014. http://www.nber.org/papers/w19829 David B. Grusky & Yugia Liu, “The Payoff to Skill in the Third Industrial Revolution”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 118, No. 5 (March 2013), pp. 1330-1374. James J. Heckman and Stefano Mosso, “The Economics of Human Development and Social Mobility”, IZA DP No. 8000, February 2014. http://ftp.iza.org/dp8000.pdf Steven P. Martin, “Trends in marital dissolution by women’s education in the United States”, Demographic Research, Volume 15, Article 20, pp.537-560, December 2006. http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol15/20/15-20.pdf Enrico Moretti & Lance Lochner, "The Effect of Education on Criminal Activity: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests and Self-Reports" American Economic Review 94(1), 2004. http://eml.berkeley.edu/~moretti/lm46.pdf Stephanie Riegg Cellini & Claudia Goldin, “Does Federal Student Aid Raise Tuition? New Evidence on For-Profit Colleges”, American Economic Journal 2014. See the pdf on the Harvard website here: http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/goldin/files/does_federal_student.pdf Isabel Sawhill, “the Perils of Early Motherhood”, Public Interest, Winter 2002. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2002/12/winter%20childrenfamilies%20sawhill/2002winter New York Times Articles Benyamin Applebaum, “Study on Men’s Falling Income Cites Single Paremts, New York Times, March 20, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/business/economy/as-men-lose-economic-ground-clues-in-the-family.html?ref=business David Brooks, “Bold on Both Ends”, New York Times, April 11, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/12/opinion/brooks-bold-on-both-ends.html?hpin&_r=0 David Brooks, “It Takes a Generation”, New York Times, January 23, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/24/opinion/brooks-it-takes-a-generation.html?ref=opinion&_r=2 1http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/social-mobility-memos/posts/2014/09/04-marriage-social-mobility-parenting-income-reeves?utm_campaign=Brookings+Brief&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=14032209&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_LEzjzRZztaG6hqkxbqn8-1wALqnS-


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XKJGeQdm39LG5W_r6Uiq3DvDlmYIaIeJYho9iErfxmW3jVz-8n0MCKid3hHJhg&_hsmi=14032209 David Brooks, “Class Prejudice Resurgent”, New York Times, December 2, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/02/opinion/david-brooks-class-prejudice-resurgent.html?ref=opinion David Brooks & Gail Collins, “Marriage Security and Insecurity”, New York Times, March 27, 2013. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/27/marriage-security-and-insecurities/?nl=opinion&emc=edit_ty_20130327 Jonathan Cowen & Jim Kessler, “The Middle Class Gets Wise”, New York Times, October 19, 2013. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/19/the-middle-class-gets-wise/?ref=opinion Jason DeParle, “For Poor, Leap to College Often Ends in a Hard Fall”, New York Times, December 22, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/23/education/poor-students-struggle-as-class-plays-a-greater-role-in-success.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0&nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20121223 Shaila Dewan, “An Ambiguous Omen, U.S. Household Debt Begins to Rise Again”, New York Times, February 18, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/19/business/economy/an-ambiguous-omen-us-household-debt-begins-to-rise-again.html?ref=business&_r=0 Shaila Dewan, “Wage Premium from College Is said to be Up”, New York Times, February 11, 2014. http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/11/wage-premium-from-college-is-said-to-be-up/?_php=true&_type=blogs&module=BlogPost-ReadMore&version=Blog%20Main&action=Click&contentCollection=Business%20Day&pgtype=Blogs&region=Body&_r=0 Ross Douthat, “Social Liberalism as Class Warfare”, New York Times, January 29, 2014. http://douthat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/29/social-liberalism-as-class-warfare/ Susan Dynarski, “Why Federal College Ratings Won’t Rein In Tuition”, New York Times, September 20, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/21/upshot/why-federal-college-ratings-wont-rein-in-tuition.html?ref=business&_r=2&abt=0002&abg=0 Thomas B. Edsall, “Can the Government Actually Do Anything About Inequality?” New York Times, September 10, 2013. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/10/can-the-government-actually-do-anything-about-inequality/?ref=opinion&_r=0


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Thomas B. Edsall, “Cutting the Poor Out of Welfare”, New York Times, June 17, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/18/opinion/thomas-edsall-cutting-the-poor-out-of-welfare.html?ref=opinion Thomas B. Edsall, “The Downward Ramp”, New York Times, June 10, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/opinion/the-downward-ramp.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%221%22%3A%22RI%3A8%22%7D Thomas B. Edsall, “Does Rising Inequality Make Us Hardhearted?” New York Times, December 10, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/opinion/does-rising-inequality-make-us-hardhearted.html?pagewanted=2&hp&rref=opinion&_r=0 James J. Heckman, “Lifelines for Poor Children”, New York Times, September 14, 2013. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/lifelines-for-poor-children/?ref=opinion Neil Irwin, “You Can’t Feed a Family with G.D.P.”, New York Times, September 16, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/17/upshot/you-cant-feed-a-family-with-gdp.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1&_r=2 Neil Irwin, “You Can’t Feed a Family on G.D.P.”, New York Times, September 16, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/17/upshot/you-cant-feed-a-family-with-gdp.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1 Neil Irwin, “Why the Middle Class Isn’t Buying Talk About Economic Good Times”, New York Times, August 20, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/21/upshot/why-the-middle-class-isnt-buying-talk-about-economic-good-times.html?abt=0002&abg=0 David L. Kirp, “How to Help College Students Graduate”, New York Times, January 8, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/09/opinion/how-to-help-college-students-graduate.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw%2C%7B%221%22%3A%22RI%3A8%22%7D Nicholas D. Kristof, “Do Politicians Love Kids?” New York Times, Novermber 19, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/20/opinion/nicholas-kristof-do-politicians-love-kids.html?ref=opinion Nicholas D. Kristof, “A Failed Experiment”, New York Times, November 21, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/22/opinion/kristof-a-failed-experiment.html?_r=0 Paul Krugman, “Liberty, Equality, Efficiency”, New York Times, March 9, 2014.


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http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/10/opinion/krugman-liberty-equality-efficiency.html?hp&rref=opinion Ilyana Kuziemko & Stefanie Stantcheva, “Our Feelings About Inequality: It’s Complicated”, New York Times, April 13, 2013. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/our-feelings-about-inequality-its-complicated/?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%221%22%3A%22RI%3A10%22%7D David Leonhardt, “Is College Worth It? Clearly, New Data Say”, New York Times, May 27, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/27/upshot/is-college-worth-it-clearly-new-data-say.html?hp&_r=0&abt=0002&abg=1 David Leonhardt “How the Government Exaggerates the Cost of College”, New York Times, July 29, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/29/upshot/how-the-government-exaggerates-the-cost-of-college.html?rref=upshot&_r=0&abt=0002&abg=1 David Leonhardt, “Student Debt: A Calculator Focused on College Majors”, New York Times, November 20, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/21/upshot/student-debt-a-calculator-focused-on-college-majors.html?ref=business&_r=0&abt=0002&abg=1 David Leonhardt, “A New Push to Get Low-Income Students Through College”, New York Times, October 28, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/upshot/a-new-push-to-get-low-income-students-through-college.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0&abt=0002&abg=1 Philip P. Levene, “Transparency in College Costs”, Brookings Economic studies Working Paper, November 2014. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/11/12%20transparency%20in%20college%20costs%20levine/12_transparency_in_college_costs_levine.pdf Andrea Levere, “This Little Piggy Went to College”, New York Times, October 6, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/07/opinion/this-little-piggy-went-to-college.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=c-column-top-span-region&region=c-column-top-span-region&WT.nav=c-column-top-span-region&_r=0 Tamar Lewin, “Web-Era Trade Schools, Feeding a Need for Code”, New York Times, October 13, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/14/us/web-era-trade-schools-feeding-a-need-for-code.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&version=HpSumSmallMediaHigh&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 Ron Lieber, “Comparing College the Easy Way”, New York Times, November 21, 2014.


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http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/22/your-money/paying-for-college/college-abacus-offers-data-on-college-costs-but-some-schools-balk.html?ref=business Floyd Norris, “The Hefty Yoke of student Debt”, New York Times, February 20, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/business/economy/the-hefty-yoke-of-student-loan-debt.html?ref=business Annie Lowery, “Income Gap, Meet the Longevity Gap”, New York Times, March 15, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/16/business/income-gap-meet-the-longevity-gap.html?ref=todayspaper Vicki Madden, “Why Poor Students Struggle”, New York Times, September 14, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/09/opinion/how-to-help-college-students-graduate.html?ref=opinion&_r=1 Gregory E. Miller, Edith Chen & Gene H. Brody, “Can Upward Mobility Cost You Your Health?” New York Times, January 4, 2013. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/can-upward-mobility-cost-you-your-health/?ref=opinion Richard Perez-Pena, “Tennessee Governor Urges 2 Free Years of Community College and Technical School”, New York Times, February 4, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/05/education/tennessee-governor-urges-2-free-years-of-community-college-and-technical-school.html?hp&_r=0 Eduardo Porter, “A Simple Equation: More education =More Income”, New York Times, September 10, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/11/business/economy/a-simple-equation-more-education-more-income.html?ref=business Eduardo Porter, “Income Equality: A Search for Consequences”, New York Times, March 25, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/business/economy/making-sense-of-income-inequality.html?ref=business Eduardo Porter, “Reducing Carbon by Reducing Population”, New York Times, August 5, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/06/business/economy/population-curbs-as-a-means-to-cut-carbon-emissions.html?ref=business Catherine Rampell, “College Graduates Fare Well in Jobs Market, Even Through Recession, New York Times, May 4, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/04/business/college-graduates-fare-well-in-jobs-market-even-through-recession.html?ref=business Catherine Rampell, “Degree Inflation? Jobs That Newly Require B.A.’s”, New York Times, December 4, 2012. http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/04/degree-inflation-jobs-that-newly-require-b-a-s/?ref=business


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Catherine Rampell, “Degree Inflation? Jobs That Newly Require B.A.’s”, New York Times, December 4, 2012, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/04/degree-inflation-jobs-that-newly-require-b-a-s/?ref=business Catherine Rampell, “College-Educated Workers Gaining Jobs, High School Grads Losing Them”, New York Times, January 9, 2012. http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/09/college-educated-workers-gaining-jobs-high-school-grads-losing-them/ Catherine Rampell, “Freebies for the Rich”, New York Times magazine, September 24, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/magazine/freebies-for-the-rich.html?ref=business&_r=0 Mokoto Rich, “Old Tactic Gets New Use: Public Schools Separate Girls and Boys”, New York Times, November 30, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/01/education/single-sex-education-public-schools-separate-boys-and-girls.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 Christina Hoff Sommers, “The Boys at the back”, New York Times, February 2, 2013. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/02/the-boys-at-the-back/?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20130203 Laurence Steinberg, “The Case for Delayed Adulthood”, New York Times, September 19, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/21/opinion/sunday/the-case-for-delayed-adulthood.html?ref=opinion “Across-the-Board Growth in College Degrees”, New York Times June 12, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/06/12/us/across-the-board-growth-in-college-degrees.html?ref=education&_r=0 “What Are Fathers For?” New York Times, June 3, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/06/03/what-are-fathers-for Wall Street Journal Articles Robert Maranto & Michael Crouch, “Ignoring an Inequality Culprit: Single-Parent families”, Wall Street Journal, April 20, 2014. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303603904579493612156024266?mod=hp_opinion&mg=reno64-wsj Charles Murray, “Why Economics Can’t Explain Our Cultural Divide”, Wall Street Journal, March 16, 2012. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304692804577281582403394206


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Martin Feldstein, “Piketty’s Numbers Don’t Add Up”, Wall Street Journal, May 14, 2014. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304081804579557664176917086?mod=hp_opinion&mg=reno64-wsj Allysia Finley, “Richard Vedder: The Real Reason College Costs So Much”, Wall Street Journal, August 26, 2013. http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB10001424127887324619504579029282438522674-lMyQjAxMTAzMDIwNjEyNDYyWj.html?mod=wsj_valettop Jonathan V. Last, “America’s baby Bust”, Wall Street Journal, February 12, 2013. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323375204578270053387770718?mod=WSJ_hpp_MIDDLENexttoWhatsNewsFifth&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424127887323375204578270053387770718.html%3Fmod%3DWSJ_hpp_MIDDLENexttoWhatsNewsFifth Damian Paletta, “Ryan Calls for Expansive Overhaul of U.S. Poverty Programs”, Wall Street Journal, January 9, 2014. http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2014/01/09/ryan-calls-for-expansive-overhaul-of-u-s-poverty-programs/?KEYWORDS=education Scott Thurm, “Who Can Still Afford State U?” Wall Street Journal, December 14, 2012. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323501404578163290734542674?mod=ITP_review_0&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424127887323501404578163290734542674.html%3Fmod%3DITP_review_0 Other Mass Media Articles Andrew McAfee, Capital, labor, and technology in the 21st century, Financial Times, November 18, 2014. http://blogs.ft.com/andrew-mcafee/2014/11/18/capital-labour-and-technology-in-the-21st-century/ Peter Aspden, “From Seeger to self, self, self”, Financial Times, January 31, 2014. “I’m with Pete Seeger: I blame Bob Dylan for the beginning of the end of idealism”, said Aspden. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/21650b0c-8999-11e3-abc4-00144feab7de.html#axzz3JEsGVAwi Assortative Mating: Sex, brains and inequality”, The Economist, February 6, 2014. http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21595972-how-sexual-equality-increases-gap-between-rich-and-poor-households-sex-brains-and “Choose your parents wisely”, The Economist, June 26, 2014. http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21608779-there-large-class-divide-how-americans-raise-their-children-rich-parents-can


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Brian T. Kench, “Finding what works best for early learning”, Tampa Bay Times, December 13, 2013. http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/columns/column-finding-what-works-best-for-early-learning/2156984 Brooking Institution Papers and Blogs Beth Akers & Matthew M. Chingos, “Is a Student Loan Crisis on the Horizon?” Brookings Research, June 24, 2014. http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2014/06/24-student-loan-crisis-akers-chingos George A. Akerlof and Janet L. Yellen, “An Analysis of Out-Of-Wedlock Births in the United States”, Brookings Policy Brief, August 1996. http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/1996/08/childrenfamilies-akerlof Stuart M. Butler, “Information is a Key to Change in Higher Education, Brookings Blogs November 12, 2014. http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2014/11/12-information-key-change-higher-education-butler?utm_campaign=Brookings+Brief&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=14881937&_hsenc=p2ANqtz--5JiLTI-WGq8uXThvodi4SXn2Tx2qpAntk0JwlxqpwGXk2GkKSYV5X0j8ZCNKKy_H6O124a7GaAfaFrmIrsfXIspmqrg&_hsmi=14881937 Maria Cancian and Ron Haskins, “The Impacts of Changes in Family Composition on Income, Poverty, and Inequality,” presented at the IRP Family Complexity, Poverty, and Public Policy Conference, Madison, WI, July 2013 Mark Dynarski, “The Challenges of Promoting Equal Access to Quality Teachers”, Brookings Research, October 2, 2014. http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2014/10/02-teacher-equity-dynarski?utm_campaign=Brookings+Brief&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=14364922&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_AbcO-CzMwoAT2gnYRaO0KhOgxAiPg66gorRg-B1qDP60ey7_3xGN6ETtMbR7YAbwBfMqW4911mQubPcqOqg8WBXnpww&_hsmi=14364922 Ron Haskins, Julia B. Isaacs and Isabel V. Sawhill, “Getting Ahead or Losing Ground: Economic Mobility in America”, Brookings Research, February 2008. http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2008/02/economic-mobility-sawhill Ron Haskins, Absent Major Change, High Wealth Inequality Will Likely Remain the Norm”, Brookings Research, November 18, 2014. http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2014/11/18-high-wealth-inequality-will-remain-norm-haskins?utm_campaign=Brookings+Brief&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=14961101&_hsenc=p2ANqtz--


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hX86O1t6KodmGkAtMaUfFDD8B65jel2BtazhoRxriz5KGkndT1oC-Wx7B6nP1f3IbOfu5jdNY_N7l0aERySMb6pknUA&_hsmi=14961101 Lanae Erickson Hatalsky, “The Thorny Politics of Mobility” in Essays on Character and Mobility, Richard Reeves Ed., Brookings Institution, October 22, 2014. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Multimedia/Interactives/2014/CCF_CharacterSeries/CharacterAndOpportunityEssays.pdf James Heckman, “Skills and Scaffolding”, in Essays on Character and Opportunity, Richard Reeves Ed., Brookings Institution, October 22, 2014. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Multimedia/Interactives/2014/CCF_CharacterSeries/CharacterAndOpportunityEssays.pdf The Hamilton Project, “Major Decisions: Graduates’ Earnings Growth and Debt Repayment”. November 2014. http://www.hamiltonproject.org/papers/major_decisions_graduates_earnings_growth_debt_repayment/ Quentin Karpilow and Richard V. Reeves, “Community College May Hold the Key to Social Mobility”, Brookings Blogs, October 21, 2013. http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/social-mobility-memos/posts/2013/10/21-community-college-key-to-social-mobility-reeves-karpilow Robert E. Litan, “A Clearer Approach to College Costs”, Brookings Research, November 14, 2014. http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2014/11/14-clearer-approach-to-college?utm_campaign=Brookings+Brief&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=14942646&_hsenc=p2ANqtz--0KovudBFGYsPX8fDx9R5jMMxoR5bA-zK-s3P-47qtry5oYrHZ-ERHXzgG3cML-LpTbm1QNLpyCJE38NQlll47GUohZg&_hsmi=14942646 Philip P. Levene, “Transparency in College Costs”, Brookings Economic studies Working Paper, November 2014. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/11/12%20transparency%20in%20college%20costs%20levine/12_transparency_in_college_costs_levine.pdf Richard V. Reeves, “Saving Horatio Alger: Equality, Opportunity and the American Dream”, Brookings, August 20, 2014. http://www.brookings.edu/research/essays/2014/saving-horatio-alger Isabel V. Sawhill & Stephanie Owen, “Why We Still Think College Isn’t for Everyone”, Brookings Blogs, May13, 2013. http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/05/13-college-for-everyone-criticism-response-owen-sawhill Isabel V. Sawhill, Jeffrey Tebbs & William T. Dickens, “The effects of Investing in Early Education on Economic Growth”, Brookings Policy Brief Series, April 2006. http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2006/04/education-dickens


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Isabel Sawhill, “Widening the Opportunity Bottlenecks in the Early Years: Parenting is Key”, Brookings Blogs, May 7, 2014. http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/social-mobility-memos/posts/2014/05/07-widening-opportunity-bottlenecks-parenting-sawhill Isabel V. Sawhill and Quentin Karpilow, “How Much Could We Improve Children’s Life Chances by Intervening Early and Often?” Brookings Research, July 8, 2014. See the press release here: http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2014/07/improve-child-life-chances-interventions-sawhill See the full paper here: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/07/improve_child_life_chances_interventions_sawhill/improve_child_life_chances_interventions_sawhill.pdf Ross A. Thompson & Ron Haskins, “Early Stress Gets under the Skin: Promising Initiatives to Help Children Facing Chronic Adversity”, Brookings Policy Brief, Spring 2014. http://futureofchildren.org/futureofchildren/publications/docs/24_01_PolicyBrief.pdf Michael W.L. Elsby, Bart Hobijn & Aysegul Sahin, “The Decline of the U.S. Labor Share”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Fall 2013. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Projects/BPEA/Fall%202013/2013b_elsby_labor_share.pdf American Enterprise Institute Papers and Blogs Robert I Lehrman and W. Bradford Wilcox, “For richer, for poorer: How family structures economic success in America”, AEI and Institute for Family Studies, October 2014. http://www.aei.org/publication/for-richer-for-poorer-how-family-structures-economic-success-in-america/?utm_source=today&utm_medium=paramount&utm_campaign=102814 James Pethokoukis, “Julia’s mother: Why a single mom is better off with a $29,000 job and welfare than taking a $69,000 job”, American Enterprise institute blog, July 12, 2012. http://www.aei.org/publication/julias-mother-why-a-single-mom-is-better-off-with-a-29000-job-and-welfare-than-taking-a-69000-job/ Andrew P. Kelly & Miguel Palacios, “A better way to finance that college degree”, American Enterprise Institute, from the Wall Street Journal, April 13, 2014. http://www.aei.org/publication/a-better-way-to-finance-that-college-degree/?utm_source=today&utm_medium=paramount&utm_campaign=050114 “Untapped potential: Making the higher education market work for students and taxpayers,” by Andrew P. Kelly and Kevin James of the AEI, October 6, 2014, http://www.aei.org/papers/education/higher-education/costs/untapped-potential-making-the-higher-education-market-work-for-students-and-taxpayers/ Aparna Mathur, “How Does Single Motherhood Affect Wealth?” American Enterprise Institute, August 5, 2014.


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http://www.aei.org/publication/how-does-single-motherhood-affect-wealth/?utm_source=today&utm_medium=paramount&utm_campaign=080614 Aparna Mathur & Abby McCloskey, “How to improve economic opportunity for women”, American Enterprise Institute, June 27, 2014. http://www.aei.org/publication/how-to-improve-economic-opportunity-for-women/?utm_source=today&utm_medium=paramount&utm_campaign=092514 Charles Murray, “Our futile efforts to boost children’s IQ”, American Enterprise Institute, November 14, 2014. http://www.aei.org/publication/futile-efforts-boost-childrens-iq/?utm_source=today&utm_medium=paramount&utm_campaign=111914 Katherine B. Stevens, “Head Start effectiveness varies—the important question is why”, AEIdeas, December 3, 2014. http://www.aei.org/publication/head-start-effectiveness-varies-important-question/?utm_source=today&utm_medium=paramount&utm_campaign=120414 Pew Research Papers “The Decline of Marriage And Rise of New Families”, Pew Research Center, Washington, D.C. (November 18, 2010). http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2010/11/18/the-decline-of-marriage-and-rise-of-new-families/2/ Andrea Caumont, “6 key findings about going to college”, Pew Research Center, February 11, 2014. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/02/11/6-key-findings-about-going-to-college/ Richard Fry, “Young Adults, Student Debt and Economic Well-Being”, Pew Research Center, May 2014. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/05/14/young-adults-student-debt-and-economic-well-being/ “The Decline of Marriage And Rise of New Families”, Pew Research Center, Washington, D.C. (November 18, 2010). http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2010/11/18/the-decline-of-marriage-and-rise-of-new-families/2/ Wendy Wang & Kim Parker, “Record Share of Americans Have Never Married”, Pew Research, September 24, 2014. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/09/24/record-share-of-americans-have-never-married/ Taylor, Paul and Rick Fry. “The Rising Cost of Not Going to College.” Pew Research Center, Washington, D.C. (February 11, 2014)


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http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/02/11/the-rising-cost-of-not-going-to-college/ Wendy Wang & Kim Parker, “How Important Is a College Education?” Pew Research Center, August 13, 2011. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2011/08/17/ii-how-important-is-a-college-education/ Wendy Wang & Paul Taylor, “For Millenials, Parenthood Trumps Marriage”, Pew Research Center, March 9, 2011. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2011/03/09/for-millennials-parenthood-trumps-marriage/ Jens Manuel Krogstad & Richard Fry, “Public enrollment disparities exist 60m years after historic desegregation ruling”, Pew Research Center, May 16, 2014. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/05/16/public-school-enrollment-disparities-exist-60-years-after-historic-desegregation-ruling/ Wendy Wang, “Record share of wives are more educated than their husbands:, Pew research Center, February 12, 2014. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/02/12/record-share-of-wives-are-more-educated-than-their-husbands/ College Board Publications Sandy Baum, Jennifer Ma & Kathleen Payea, “Education Pays 2013: The Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society”, The College Board Trends in Higher Education Series (2013). http://trends.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/education-pays-2013-full-report.pdf Sandy Baum, Jennifer Ma & Kathleen Payea, “Education Pays 2013: The Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society”, The College Board Trends in Higher Education Series (2013), Figure 2.7A. http://trends.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/education-pays-2013-full-report-022714.pdf College Costs FAQs, The College Board. https://bigfuture.collegeboard.org/pay-for-college/college-costs/college-costs-faqs College Board Trends, Figure 7B. http://trends.collegeboard.org/student-aid/figures-tables/total-number-undergraduate-graduate-federal-loan-borrowers-average-borrowed-over-time, College Board. Trends in Student Aid 2013. http://trends.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/student-aid-2013-full-report.pdf Other Think Tank Papers David Autor & Melanie Wasserman, Wayward Sons: The Emerging Gender Gap in Labor Markets and Education, Third Way, March 2013. http://economics.mit.edu/files/8754


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Sandy Baum, “Higher Education Earnings Premium”, Urban Institute, February 2014, http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/413033-Higher-Education-Earnings-Premium-Value-Variation-and-Trends.pdf Josh Bivens, Elise Gould, Lawrence Mishel, & Heidi Shierholz, “Raising America’s Pay: Why It’s Our Central Economic Policy Challenge”, Economic Policy Institute, June 4, 2014. http://www.epi.org/publication/raising-americas-pay/ Kay Hymowitz, Jason S. Carroll. W. Bradford Wilcox & Kelleen Kaye, Knot Yet: The Benefits and Costs of Delayed Marriage in America (2013). http://twentysomethingmarriage.org/summary/ “Investing in Infants and Toddlers Key to Helping U.S. Combat Inequality”, Center for American Progress, October 15, 2014. See the press release at https://www.americanprogress.org/press/release/2014/10/15/98996/release-investing-in-infants-and-toddlers-key-to-helping-u-s-combat-inequality/ See the full report at https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/report/2014/10/15/98976/aligning-and-investing-in-infant-and-toddler-programs/ “Unintended Pregnancy in the United States”, Guttmacher Institute, December 2013. http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/FB-Unintended-Pregnancy-US.html#9 The State of Our Unions 2012, promulgated by the Center for Marriage and its partners. http://www.stateofourunions.org Clare Huntington, “Helping Children from Day 1”, New York Times, September 2, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/03/opinion/help-families-from-day-1.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=c-column-top-span-region&region=c-column-top-span-region&WT.nav=c-column-top-span-region&_r=0 Kelleen Kaye, Katherine Suellentrop, and Corinna Sloup, The Fog Zone: How Misperceptions, Magical Thinking, and Ambivalence Put Young Adults at Risk for Unplanned Pregnancy, The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, December 2009. Https://Thenationalcampaign.Org/Resource/Fog-Zone Budget Lifetime Default Rates, New America Foundation, at http://febp.newamerica.net/background-analysis/federal-student-loan-default-rates The Competition that Really Matters: Comparing U.S., Chinese, and Indian Investments in the Next-Generation Workforce”, Center for American Progress, August 2012. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2012/08/21/11983/the-competition-that-really-matters/ Full report at


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http://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/USChinaIndiaEduCompetitiveness.pdf More recent Center for American Progress report on early education. “Investing in Infants and Toddlers Key to Helping U.S. Combat Inequality”, Center for American Progress, October 15, 2014. Press release at http://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/USChinaIndiaEduCompetitiveness.pdf Donna Cooper, Adam Hersh & Ann O’Leary, “The Competition that Really Matters”, Center for American Progress, August 21, 2012. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2012/08/21/11983/the-competition-that-really-matters/ “Total Medicaid Spending”, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. State-by-state data also are available at this site. http://kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/total-medicaid-spending/ Lisa Dodson & Randy Albenda, “How Youth Are Put At Risk By Parents’ Low-Wage Jobs”, University of Massachusetts Boston Center for Social Policy, Fall 2012. http://cdn.umb.edu/images/centers_institutes/center_social_policy/Youth_at_RiskParents_Low_Wage_Jobs_Fall_121.pdf State of Our Unions 2010 was published by the National Marriage project and the Institute for American Values in December 2010. It can be found at http://stateofourunions.org/2010/SOOU2010.php W. Bradford Wilcox, “When Marriage Disappears” can be found at http://stateofourunions.org/2010/when-marriage-disappears.php W. Bradford Wilcox, “The Kids Are Not Really Alright”, Slate, July 20, 2012. http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2012/07/single_motherhood_worse_for_children_.single.html Yazejian, N., Bryant, D., & Kennel, P., “Implementation and replication of the Educare Model of Early Childhood Education”. http://fpg.unc.edu/resources/implementation-and-replication-educare-model-early-childhood-education U.S. Government Sources—Census.gov Census.gov Table P-24. Census.gov Table H-1. Census.gov table CH-5.


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American Community Survey Table S1301 at census.gov.

U.S. Government Sources—Center for Disease Control Stephanie J. Ventura, “Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States”, NCHS Data Brief No. 18, May 2009. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db18.pdf Sally C. Curtin, Stephanie J. Ventura & Gladys M. Martinez, “Recent Declines in Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States”, NCHS Data Brief No. 162, August 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db162.pdf William D. Mosher, Jo Jones, & Joyce C. Abma, “Intended and Unintended Births in the United States: 1982–2010”, National Health Statistics Reports Number 55, July 24, 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr055.pdf “Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults—United States, 2011”, Center for Disease Control. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6144a2.htm Overweight and Obesity”, Center for Disease Control. http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html

U.S. Government Sources--Other Janet Yellen, Keynote address at conference at Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, September 17, 2014, http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/yellen20141017a.htm#fn32 Department of Education Student Loans Overview, Fiscal Year 2014 Budget Proposal at http://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget14/justifications/s-loansoverview.pdf. Digest of Education Statistics, Table 104.20. http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d13/tables/dt13_104.20.asp National Center for Education Statistics, Fast Facts, Graduation Rates. http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=40 USDA Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap “Expenditures on Children and Families”, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Miscellaneous Publication Number 1528-2012, August 2013, Fig 1.


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http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/sites/default/files/expenditures_on_children_by_families/crc2012.pdf Gene Falk, Congressional Research Service, “The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: Responses to Frequently Asked Questions”, September 19, 2014. http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32760.pdf Sheela Kennedy and Elizabeth Thomson, “Children’s experiences of family disruption in Sweden: Differentials by parent education over three decades”, NCBI (NIHPA Manuscripts) 2010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2991149/ Mathematica Policy Research, “The Long–Term Effects of Building Strong Families: A Relationship Skills Education Program for Unmarried Parents”, Final Report, November 2012. http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/~/media/publications/PDFs/family_support/BSF_36month_impact_fnlrpt.pdf Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007, Congressional Budget Office, October 2011. http://cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/10-25-HouseholdIncome.pdf Meta Brown, Andrew Haughwout, Donghoon Lee, Joelle Scally & Wilbert van der Klaauw, “Measuring Student Debt and Its Performance”, Federal Reserve Bank of New York staff Report No. 668, April 2014. http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr668.pdf Andrew D. Paciorek, “The Long and the Short of Household Formation”, Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C. 2013-26. http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2013/201326/201326pap.pdf Table A-4 Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t04.htm Katherine Magnuson & Greg J. Duncan “Can Early Childhood Interventions Decrease Inequality of Economic Opportunity?” Prepared for the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Conference, Inequality of Economic Opportunity in the United States, October 17-18, 2014, http://www.bostonfed.org/inequality2014/papers/magnusun-duncan.pdf “Births: Final Data for 2012”, National Vital Statistics Reports, Volume 62, Number 9, December 30, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr62/nvsr62_09.pdf#table16 “Income of Young Adults”, National Center for Education Statistics, from U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, The Condition of Education 2014 (NCES 2014-083), Annual Earnings of Young Adults


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http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=77 Other Online Sources American Experience, “The Pill 1951-1990”, PBS.org. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/timeline/timeline2.html Paul Beaudry, David A. Green & Ben Sand, “The great reversal in the demand for skill and cognitive tasks”. http://www.economics.ubc.ca/files/2013/05/pdf_paper_paul-beaudry-great-reversal.pdf Buffet Early Childhood Fund, “a promise to keep”. http://www.buffettearlychildhoodfund.org/promise.html Calculated Risk Blog at http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2010/03/unemployment-rate-and-level-of.html Chicago Heights Early Childhood Center. http://griffincenter.org JohnCochrane.blogspot.com, September 29, 2014, comments on education and inequality Christopher M. Cornwell, David B. Mustard and Jessica Van Parys, “Non-cognitive Skills and the Gender Disparities in Test Scores and Teacher Assessments: Evidence from Primary School”, February 2012. http://people.terry.uga.edu/cornwl/research/cmvp.genderdiffs.pdf dshort.com http://dshort.com Doug Short, “Stunning Demographic Trends in Employment”, seekingalpha.com, May 10, 2013. http://seekingalpha.com/article/1423161-stunning-demographic-trends-in-employment-new-update?ifp=0 William Elliot & Melinda Lewis, “Student Loans Are Widening the Wealth Gap: Time to Focus on Equity,” Assets and Education Initiative, University of Kansas School of Social Welfare, November 2013. http:// save2limitdebt.com/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2013/ 11/ Student-Loans-Widening-Wealth-Gap_Fullreport.pdf Robert J. Gordon publications page: http://economics.weinberg.northwestern.edu/robert-gordon/researchhome.html “How Increasing Income Inequality Is Dampening U.S. Economic Growth, And Possible Ways To Change The Tide”, S&P Capital IQ, August 5, 2014. https://www.globalcreditportal.com/ratingsdirect/renderArticle.do?articleId=1351366&SctArtId=255732&from=CM&nsl_code=LIME&sourceObjectId=8741033&sourceRevId=1&fee_ind=N&exp_date=20240804-19:41:13


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Growth Mindset at http://mindsetonline.com Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute. http://fpg.unc.edu Infoplease, Live Births and Birth Rates 1910-2005. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0005067.html Familyfacts.org, marriage rates 1950-2009. http://www.familyfacts.org/charts/105/the-annual-marriage-rate-has-declined-significantly-in-the-past-generation Family Inequality, Figure 5, number of divorces 1960-2008, December 18, 2009. http://familyinequality.wordpress.com/2009/12/18/recession-resilience-divorce/ LIFE Magazine, 1970 http://books.google.com/books?id=j1AEAAAAMBAJ&source=gbs_all_issues_r&cad=1 Doug Short, “Stunning Demographic Trends in Employment”, seekingalpha.com, May 10, 2013. http://seekingalpha.com/article/1423161-stunning-demographic-trends-in-employment-new-update?ifp=0 http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/education/data/cps/historical/fig5.jpg (high school) and http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/education/data/cps/historical/fig6.jpg (college) PayScale 2013 at http://www.payscale.com/college-roi/financial-aid/yes PayScale 2014 College ROI Report. http://www.payscale.com/college-roi/ Barbara Ray, “The Costs to Society and Children of Unintended Pregnancy”, published on the Knot Yet blog. http://twentysomethingmarriage.org/the-costs-to-society-and-children-of-unintended-pregnancy/ Mike Shedlock, “Future of Education is At Hand: Online, Accredited, Affordable, Useful”, Mish’s Global Economic Trend Analysis, September 3, 1013. “Differences among districts and schools”, New York City Department of Education. http://schools.nyc.gov/Offices/DBOR/SBER/costvary.htm Yazejian, N., & Bryant, D., Educare Implementation Study Findings—August 2012. http://fpg.unc.edu/resources/educare-implementation-study-findings–august-2012


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