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INDEX

abortion 251 Abrams, M. 4 absolutism 45-6,47, 205 Acland, R. 178 Act of Union 1536 218 Act of Union 1707 218-19 Act of Union 1801 215 Adam Smith Institute 94, 130 Adelman, P. 83, 120, 149 Africa 209, 212 Albania 227 Algeria 62 Almond, G. 5 Alter, P. 199 anarchism 175, 185-7

and conservatism 106, 112, 113

and far left 177, 178 and Green ideology 261,

264, 266, 275 ideology 22, 24 and labourism 135 and liberalism 69 political ideologies 38

and socialism 135, 156 and Whigs 73

anarcho-syndicalism 135, 158 Anderson, B. 200 Anglicanism 41, 113 Anglo-French treaty (1860) 84 animal rights 251, 271 anthropocentrism 269-70 anti-colonialism 199, 211-13 anti-communism 192 Anti-Corn Law League 84 anti-feminism 248, 258 anti-imperialism 211 anti-Marxism 190 anti-Semitism 191, 192, 193 Arblaster, A. 66, 69, 70, 72,

74, 87, 89, 94-5 liberalism 66, 69, 70, 72,

74, 87, 89, 94-5 Arendt, H. 2, 176 Aristotle 24, 25, 46, 87 Arne, T. 215 Ashford, N. 264 Asia 209

297

298 INDEX

Asquith, H.H. 91 Attlee, c.R. 160-3, 164, 166,

167, 168 Austria 205 Ayer, AJ. 77

Bacon, F. 112 Bagehot, W. 115 Baines, E. 27, 82 Baldwin, S. 27, 121, 124 Balkanisation 223 Baltic States 206, 229 Bank Acts 82 barbarism 196 Barker, R. 52, 156 Barrett, M. 236 Barry, N.P. 80, 81, 94 Bean, J. 193 Bebel, F.A. 239 Beer, S.H. 115, 119, 120, 121,

122-3 Behrens, R. 97 Belgium 196, 216, 226 Bell, D. 1, 12 Benewick, R. 192-3, 195 Benn, AW. 178 Bentham, J. 5, 51, 57, 145

conservatism 111, 112, 119 liberalism 67, 78, 79, 80-1,

85, 88, 94, 95 Bentley, M. 82 Berlin, I. 71, 94, 137 Bernstein, G.L. 93 Besant, A 153 Bevan, A 162, 164, 178 Beveridge, W. 33, 66-7, 87,

93, 94, 121, 145, 162 Bevin, E. 149, 161, 162, 163 bioregionalism 275 Birch, AH. 217

Bismarck, D.E.L. von 67, 213 Blair, T. 11, 136, 152, 168,

170, 171, 187 Blake, R. 119, 120 Blanqui, L.A 139, 140 Boer War 123 Bolingbroke, H.SJ. 106, 113,

123 Bolshevik Revolution 147 Bolshevism 172 Bonapartism 177 Bookchin, M. 275 Boothby, Bob 2 Bosanquet, N. 128 Boyle, E.C.G. 129 Bradley, I. 97, 167 Branson, N. 158 Breuilly, J. 201, 202, 212 Briggs, A 146 Bright, J. 67, 78, 83, 84, 87,

96 British Constitution 50-3, 73 Brittan, S. 96 Brockway, F. 160 Brougham, H.P. 75, 78 Brownrniller, S. 245 Bruce, Robert the 218 Bryson, V. 236, 239, 257 Buchanan, J. 94 Buck, P.W. 102, 108, 114,

115 Bulgaria 83, 227 Bulpitt, J. 129 Burke, E. 27, 38, 69, 274

conservatism 102, 103, 107-8, 110-11, 113, 116, 123

Butler, D. 217 Butler, G. 217 Butler, R. 2

Butler, RA. 121, 122, 129 Butskellism 2-3, 132

see also Butler, R; Gaitskell

Callaghan, J. far left 177, 178, 180, 183,

184 labourism and socialism

146, 147, 148, 152, 166 Calvinism 40 Cannadine, D. 209 capitalism

and anarchism 185 collapse 183 and conservatism 117, 121,

129 and far right 190, 191 and fascism 190, 191 and feminism 238-9, 240,

242, 243, 249 and Green ideology 265,

266 industrial 106 and labourism 134, 161 laissez-faire 121, 142 liberal 11-12, 66, 86-8,

141, 196 and MacDonaldism 159 modified 164 and nationalism 204 and New Labour 171 and New liberalism 93 religion 40, 41 and socialism 134, 136,

140, 172-3, 173 state 163

Carlyle, T. 123, 263 Carter, A. 232 Cartwright, J. 78 Castle, B. 239

INDEX

Catholicism 40, 47, 71, 75, 108, 177

Cato Street conspiracy 143 Cavour, Count C.B. di 67 Cecil, Lord H. 102 centralism, democratic 179,

183

299

Centre for Policy Studies 130 Chadwick, E. 57, 67, 80 Challinor, R 179 Chamberlain, F. 67 Chamberlain, J. 59, 213

conservatism 102, 108, 120, 121

liberalism 84, 88, 90-1 Chamberlain, N. 121 Charles I 45, 218 Charles II 219 Charter ' 88 97 Chartism 52, 77, 88, 143, 144 Child Support Agency 255 China 12, 145 Christianity 113 Church see religion Church of England 41, 78, 83,

104 Churchill, Lord R 115, 120 Churchill, W. 91, 93, 102,

123, 124, 162 Citizen's Charter 131 Civil War 39, 44-50 Claeys, G. 144 Clarendon Edward Hyde,

Lord 113 Clarke, P.F. 93 classical economics 79-82 Clause 4 169-70 co-operative movement 144,

158 Coates, D. 141, 148

300 INDEX

Cobbett, W. 78 Cobden, R. 59,67, 84, 94 Cole, G.D.H. 135, 158 Coleridge, S. 113 collectivism 56-9, 118-20

Fabian 158 and industrialisation 57, 58 and labourism 154 and nationalism 212 and socialism 154 Tory 120-3, 129 and Victorian liberalism 85 war, impact of 60-1

Collins, H. 77 colonialism 209, 213

see also anti-colonialism communication 204 communism 175, 176, 179-82

and anarchism 185 Chinese 135 and conservatism 100 eastern Europe 21 and far left 178, 179 and far right 190 and fascism 190 ideology 18, 22, 23 and MacDonaldism 160 and Marxism and labour

movement 147 Soviet-style 21, 180

as alternative to liberal capitalism 11-12

collapse 66, 172 in eastern Europe 60, 182 and fascism 137 and socialism 135, 147

see also anti-communism communitarianism 171 confederalism 225 Conrad, J. 186

conservatism 21, 22, 23, 100-33, 176

authority, leadership and Tory democracy 114-15

Civil War and Glorious Revolution 47

and collectivism 118-23 constitution and political

tradition 52, 53 empire, legacy of 61 Euro- 181 and far right 188, 189 and gradualism 104-9 and green ideology 264-5 human nature 112-13 ideological difference and

consensus 2, 3, 8, 10, 11

ideology 19-28 passim and imperialism 123-5 and industrialisation 54,

55-6, 59 and labourism 134 and liberalism 69, 72, 82,

93, 96, 97, 98 mainstream 264 and nationalism 199 and neo-liberalism 94 and New Labour 168 and paternalism 118-20 and patriotism 123-5 Peelite 82 political ideologies 38, 39,

64 and post-Thatcherism 130-3 property, defence of 116-18 and protectionism 120-3 and reactionism 104--9 religion 41

conservatism (continued) and socialism 134, 136,

138, 139 suspicion of reason 109-12 and Thatcherism 125-30 traditional 25, 264 working-class 114 see also neo-conservatism;

Thatcherism; Toryism constitutionalism 147, 195 Coole, D.H. 233, 236, 237,

239, 240, 242 Com Laws Repeal 1846 55,

82, 84, 108, 121, 188 corporatism 192 Cowling, M. 126 Crick, B. 215 Cripps, Sir RS. 152, 178 Crosland, C.A.R 4, 7, 135,

147, 164-5, 266 Crossman, RH.S. 2 Cust, R 45 Czech Bohemia 205 Czechoslovakia 181

Dahrendorf, R 12, 172 Dalton, H. 161, 163 Dalyell, T. 221 Dangerfield, G. 93 Darwin, C./Darwinian 208-9 d' Azeglio, M. 203 de Gaulle, C. 225 Dearlove, J. 30, 53 decentralisation 273-6 Declaration of Arbroath 1320

218 democracy 86-8

social 167-8 Tory 114-15

Derby 82

INDEX

Descartes, R 112 Deutscher, I. 183 Dicey, A.V. 85 Dickens, A.G. 43 Diggers 49 Dinwiddy, J. 51, 80 Disraeli, B. 27, 52, 82, 263

301

and conservatism 102, 108, 111, 114, 118-20, 122, 123, 129

Dobson, A. 262, 267 Donald, J. 20, 62, 73, 124,

209 Downs, A. 3 Dreyfus, A. 208 Drucker, H. 30 Duff, G. 145-6 Dunn, J. 73 Durbin, E. 161, 164 Dworkin, A. 245

eastern Europe 12, 21 communism 180, 182 far right 195 nationalism 226 neo-Nazism 196 socialism 136, 184 Trotskyism 184 war, impact of 60

Eccleshall, R 91, 97, 10 1, 108,267

Eckersley, R 269, 275, 277 ecocentrlsm 269-72 Eden, A. 117, 121-2 Edgar, D. 98, 128 Education Act 1944 90, 121 Edward I 218 electoralism 156 Elizabeth I 41, 44 Elizabeth II 61

302 INDEX

Ellis, H. 153 Elton, G.R. 43 empire, legacy of 61-4 Engels, F. 17, 112, 140, 145,

146, 179 Communist Manifesto 144,

239 England

empire, legacy of 64 nationalism 199, 201,

213-17 religion 43

Enlightenment 46, 79, 80, 106-7

entryism 179 environmentalism see Green

ideology Equal Opportunities

Commission 235, 236 Equal Pay Act 1970 235,236 equality 71-2 ethnic cleansing 207 Etzioni, A. 171 Europe 11

conservatism 124-5, 128, 131-2

democratic socialism 167 empires 61, 62 far right 190 fascism 190 Green ideology 279 industrial working class 145 industrialisation 55 labourism 166 liberalism 38, 69, 70, 96 nationalism 199, 202,

205-7, 211, 213, 216-17,222-7

neo-Nazism 196 New Labour 168-9

religion 42, 44 socialism 172 wars 46,60 see also east; west

Evans, B. 16 Evans, J. 252 extremism 175, 195

Fabian Society 153, 155, 167 Fabianism 146

and Green ideology 279 and industrialisation 57-8 and labourism 136, 149,

152, 153, 163 and MacDonaldism 160 and state socialism 156 and trade unionism 149 see also socialism

Factory Acts 82, 84 Falklands 125, 128, 217 fanaticism 198 far left 176, 177-88

anarchism 185-7 communism 179-82 Labour left 187-8 revolutionary

socialism 182-5 Trotskyism 182-5

far right 176, 188-97 fascism 189-93 modem Britain 193-6 neo-Nazi revival 196-7

fascism 175, 176, 177, 189-93 and communism 180 and conservatism 100, 109 and far right 194, 195 and Green ideology 264,

265 ideology 18, 22, 23, 24, 28,

35

INDEX 303

fascism (continued) and nationalism 199, 210 and neo-Nazism 196 quasi 189

Fawcett 206, 234, 245 federalism 225 feminism 231-60

conservative 252-5 eco-feminism 249, 251, 258 and far left 178 first wave 232, 234, 237 and the future 257-9 and Green ideology 263,

264 ideology 18, 23, 25, 33 lesbian 246 liberal 232, 233-8, 240,

245, 247, 258 mainstream 232 Marxist 232, 233, 238-43,

247,258 and nationalism 199 political ideologies 38 and post-modernism 256-7 radical 232, 238, 242,

243-9, 253, 254,257, 258

second wave 232, 235, 237, 252

socialist 232, 233, 238-43 upper-middle-class 248 varieties 250 see also anti-feminism

Filmer, Sir R. 46 Finer, S.E. 10, 80 Firestone, S. 243, 244, 246-7,

251 Flew, A. 19, 267 Foot, M. 51, 53, 77, 87-8,

166, 167

Foote, G. 146, 147, 152, 153, 161

Ford, H.lFordism 228, 273, 274

former Soviet Union 11-12, 21, 181

anarchism 185 feminism 239 labourism 160, 161, 166 Marxism 145 nationalism 198, 203, 212,

226,229 neo-Nazism 196 revolution 140, 179 socialism 136, 184 Trotskyism 184 war, impact of 60 see also communism, Soviet-

style former Yugoslavia 196, 229 Fourier, C. 144 Fox, C.l. 74-5, 107 France 47, 177

conservatism 106, 110 constitution and political

tradition 52 empire, legacy of 62 far left 178 far right 195 feminism 232 industrial working class 145 industrialisation 54, 55-6,

59 nationalism 201, 203-4,

206, 208-9, 211-12, 215, 218, 226-9

neo-Nazism 196, 197 Paris Commune 177 political ideologies 39-40 radicals 78

304 INDEX

France (continued) republicanism 49 Revolution 73, 74, 106-7,

139, 202 revolutionary

syndicalism 158 war, impact of 60

Fraser, D. 61, 92 fraternity 138 freedom 137-8 Freeley, M. 248 Freud, S. 113 Friedan, B. 235, 237, 244,

246, 248, 254 Friedman, M. 70, 94, 125 Fukuyama, F. 12 fundamentalism 163-6

Gaian hypothesis 270 Gaitskell, H. 2, 136, 161, 164,

165, 167 Gamble, A. 123, 128 Garibaldi, G. 67 Gamer, R. 262, 267, 271 Gellner, E. 200, 202, 203, 204 General Strike 150 George III 74, 107 George, V. 93 Germany

anarchism 186 communism 180 constitution and political

tradition 52 far left 178 far right 190, 195 fascism 190 Green ideology 262, 279 ideology 29 industrial working class 145 industrialisation 54, 55, 59

nationalism 201, 203, 205-6, 208-12, 227, 229

neo-Nazism 196, 197 New liberalism 91 war, impact of 60

Gilmour, 1. 121, 122, 126 Gingrich, N. 128 Gladstone, W. 67, 82-4, 87,

90, 96, 123, 216 Glasier, 1. 152 Glendower, O. 218 Glorious Revolution 1688 39,

44-50, 73, 107, 218 Godwin, W. 112, 185, 233,

252 Gollancz, V. 199 Goodin, R. 275 Gough, J.W. 71, 73 gradualism 104-9, 130, 146,

147,276 Gramsci, A. 16, 17, 19 Grant, L. 232 Grant, T. 184 Gray, J. 69, 70, 81, 86, 87,

89, 94 Gray, R. 144, 148 Greece 206, 216 Green, D.G. 128 green ideology 11, 18, 23, 33,

38,261-82 decentralisation 273-6 and ecocentrism 269-72 and far left 178, 187 and feminism 247, 251 and holism 272-3 key elements 266-7 and the left 265-6 limits to growth -

sustainability 267-9 and other ideologies 263-4

INDEX 305

green ideology (continued) and the right 264-5 strategy 276-81

Green, T.H. 67, 71, 91, 93 Greenleaf, W.H. 16, 57, 60,

85,86 and conservatism 102, 123,

129, 131 and labourism and

socialism 152, 153, 154 Greer, G. 232, 244, 254 Grey, C. 75

Halifax, E. 102, 108, 113 Hall, S. 20, 62, 73, 124, 128,

209 Hamilton, M.B. 16 Hardie, K. 152, 156, 239 Hardin, G. 264 Harrison, W. 110 Hattersley, R. 137, 168 Hay, J.R. 89 Hay, P.R. 264 Hayek, F. 19, 28, 68, 70, 81,

94, 112, 125, 137-8 Healey, D. 168 Healy, G. 183 Heath, E. 124, 125, 129 Hegel, G.W.F. 16, 89, 91, 176 Henry VII 215 Henry VIII 40, 41, 42, 43-4 Herder, J.G. 201 Heseltine, M. 22, 121 Hill, C. 44, 74, 107, 116 Hindess, B. 4, 169 Hitler, A. 176, 194, 195 Hobbes, T. 5, 24, 27,46-8,

86, 113 Hobhouse, L.T. 67, 70-1,

87-9, 91-3, 96, 145

Hobsbawm, E.J. 12,54,62, 172, 202-3, 206, 212, 223

Hobson, L. 67, 68, 91, 96, 145

Hodgskin, T. 143 Hogg, Q. 112, 124 holism 272-3 Holland, S.K. 165 Honderich, T. 101, 119 Hooker, R. 444 Hooker, T. 109-10, 113 Hughes, A. 45 human nature 112-13 humanism 270 Hume, D. 69,79-80,81,85,

110, 113 Hundred Years War 42 Hungary 181, 205, 206, 216 Hunt, H. 78 Hutchinson, J. 227 Hutton, W. 10, 171 Huxley, A. 29, 176 Hyndman, H.M. 146, 149, 179

idealism 91 ideological difference and

consensus 1-14 polarisation 10-13 political ideas, neglect of

5-6 rebirth of ideology 6-10

ideology 15-36 classification 20-3 constituents 23-7 definition 15-20 levels 27-9 objectivity and bias in study

of 33-5

306 INDEX

ideololgy (continued) power, influence and

indoctrination 29-32 and public policy 32-3

imperialism 61 and conservatism 11 7,

123-5 cultural 256 and feminism 249 and nationalism 207-10,

211, 212, 216 Import Duties Bill 121 India 61, 188 individualism 70, 72, 73

and conservatism 113 and far right 190 and fascism 190 and feminism 253 and industrial working

class 144 and liberalism 86 and nationalism 209 and New Labour 170 and radicals 77 and socialism 138 and Victorian liberalism 85

Indo-China 62 indoctrination 29-32 industrial working class 143-5 industrialisation 204, 228

and collectivism 56-9 and Green ideology 270 interests and power 53-6 laissez-faire 56-9

industrialism 263, 264, 265 Institute of Economic

Affairs 94, 130 internationalism 123 Ireland

Home Rule 117,216,220

liberalism, capitalism and democracy 86

nationalism 213, 215, 216 Victorian liberalism 83-4 see also Northern Ireland

Italy communism 181 conservatism 106 constitution and political

tradition 52 far left 178 far right 101,190,195 fascism 10 1, 190 industrialisation 54 Marxism 145 nationalism 203, 205, 206,

209,216 neo-Nazism 196, 197 religion 40 revolutionary

syndicalism 158 Victorian liberalism 83 war, impact of 60

Jacobinism 143 J acobitism 106, 188 Jacques, M. 98, 128, 181 James I 44 James II 41 James VI 218 Japan 171, 209 Jay, D. 161, 164 Jenkins, R. 165, 167, 168 Jennings, Sir I. 3 Jevons, W.S. 146 Johnson, Samuel 113 Jones, J. 26 Jordan, C. 193 Joseph, K. 130

Kafka, F. 176

INDEX 307

Kant, I. 16, 91 Kedourie, E. 202, 203, 204 Keegan, W. 126 Kellas, J.G. 202 Kenny, M. 267 Keynes, J.M. 32

conservatism 102, 122, 126, 128-9, 132

ideological difference 2, 7-12

labourism and socialism 145, 161-3, 166-7

liberalism 66-8, 87, 93-4 Kingsley, C. 152 Kinnock, N. 11, 168, 169 Kipling, R. 67 Kirk, R. 100 Knox, J. 218 Kogan, D. 167 Kogan, M. 167 Kollontai, A. 239 Kramnick, I. 51, 77, 87-8 Kropotkin, Prince P. 186, 264

Labour Exchanges 93 Labour Representation

Committee 146, 149, 152

labour theory of value 143 labourism

and communism 180, 181 and conservatism 102, 122,

124 constitution and political

tradition 52, 53 empire, legacy of 61 and far left 178, 179 and far right 193 and fascism 192

ideological difference and consensus 3, 4, 11

ideology 21, 28 industrialisation 55-6, 58 left 187-8 and liberalism 96, 97 and New liberalism 93 religion 42, 43 Trotskyism and revolutionary

socialism 184 see also labourism and

socialism labourism and socialism

134-74 Attlee government 160--3 democratic socialism and

social democracy 167-8

evolutionary and revolutionary socialism 139-42

industrial working class 143-5

MacDonaldism 159-60 Marxism and labour

movement 145-8 new labour 168-71 revisionism, pragmatism and

fundamentalism 163-6 socialist values 136-8 state socialism and

alternatives 156-8 trade unionism 148-51

laissezlaire economics 56-9, 69, 79-80, 82, 84-5, 90, 95, 118

Laqueur, W. 177, 190 Laud, W. 45 Layton-Henry, Z. 196 Le Pen, J.-M. 197, 210

308

Leach, R 192 left 21, 22, 23

see also far left Lenin, V.1. 17, 211, 239

far left 178, 179, 182, 183 labourism and

socialism 140, 141 political tradition 61, 62

Levellers 49 liberalism 66-99

and capitalism and democracy 86-8

classical 94, 102, 138 classical economic see neo­

liberalism and conservatism 101-3,

106, 111-12, 116-18, 123~, 126

constitution and political tradition 51

economic 95 and far right 190 and fascism 190 and feminism 243 Gladstonian 83,91,95 and Green ideology 264 ideological difference and

consensus 11 ideology 20, 23, 24, 27, 33 and imperialism 43 industrialisation 54, 55, 56 interpretations 68-70 and labourism 134, 135,

155 laissezjaire 4, 27, 152 Manchester 84, 114 and nationalism 199, 209 old 57 political ideologies 38, 39 present day 95-8

INDEX

progressive 98 radical 76-9, 145, 156, 163 reaction and gradualism 108 religion 41, 42, 43 revisionist 89 and socialism 134, 135,

136, 138, 139, 155 suspicion of reason 109 underlying assumptions

70-3 universalistic 198 Victorian 69, 75, 79, 82-6 vintage 77, 87 see also neo; new; Whigs

Liberation Society 83 libertarianism 57, 158 Lichtheim, G. 38 limits to growth -

sustainability 267-9 Linz, J.J. 190 Llewelyn of Gwynedd 218 Lloyd George, D. 67, 91, 93,

96 Locke, J. 5,47-8, 67, 71, 73,

74,77, 86 Lovelock, J.W. 270 Lovenduski, J. 232~

Low Countries 197 Luddite riots 143 Lukacs, G. 17

McCormick, J. 264 MacDonald, J.R 156, 158,

159-60, 192, 239 Machiavelli, N. 24 Mackenzie, J.M. 62 McKenzie, RT. 3, 114, 124,

151 MacKinnon, C. 243 McLellan, D. 15, 16, 17, 146

INDEX 309

Macleod, LN. 129 Macmillan, H. 3, 61, 121, 122,

124, 129 Macpherson, C.B. 70, 83, 86 McRobbie, A. 257 Maddox, J. 268,278 Major, J. 11, 126, 131, 132,

173, 189,217,220 Malthus, T. 17, 56, 67, 79, 81,

94, 261, 264, 267-8 Mannheim, K. 16 Manning,D.J. 69 Maoism 173, 178 Marquand, D. 97, 159 Marr, A. 221 Martell, L. 264, 268, 270, 271,

275 Martineau, H. 27, 56, 82 Marx, K.IMarxism

British labour movement 145-8

Communist Manifesto 144 conservatism 112, 126 far left 178, 180-2 far right 191 feminism 233, 246, 249,

257 green ideology 265-6 ideological difference 6, 8-9 ideology 16-20, 24, 26-8,

32,34-5 International Marxist

Group 179 labourism and

socialism 135-6, 140-2, 145-8, 151-6, 164-5, 167

liberalism 62, 66, 81, 87, 94 nationalism 203,211-12 see also anti-Marxism

Maurice, J. 152 Mazzini, G. 67, 202, 206, 207,

208, 213, 216 Meadowcroft, M. 97 Meadows,D.H. 268 media 30 Methodism 152 Michels, R. 141, 190 Middlemas, K. 162 Mies, M. 251 Miliband, R. 135, 150, 151,

160, 172 Militant Tendency 147, 179,

184 Mill, J. 57, 67, 80, 88 Mill, J.S. 6, 27, 57, 114, 126,

145, 206 feminism 234, 235, 237,

244, 245 liberalism 67, 71, 81, 84-9,

91, 94-7 Millett, K. 239, 244 Minkin, L. 150 Mitchell, J. 242 modernisation 270 modernism 263, 264, 270 monarchism 177 Monetarism 126 Morris, W. 135, 146, 158,

185, 264, 266, 274 Morrison, H. 28, 161, 162,

163 Mosley, O. 189-95 passim Municipal Corporations Act

1835 55 Mussolini, B. 40, 176, 191,

192, 195

Nairn, T. 223 Napoleon III 59

310 INDEX

nationalism 176, 198-230 and anti-colonialism 211-13 assertive 209 and conservatism 123, 125,

132,207-10 definition 200-2 development 202-7 English and British 213-17 in Europe and regionalism

224--7 exclusive 213, 226 extreme 191 and far right 188, 194 globalisation and future of

nationalism 227-9 and Green ideology 263,

264,265 ideology 18, 23, 33 and imperialism 207-10 liberal 208, 216 peripheral 225, 229 reactionary 223 and religion 43 revolutionary and liberal

205-7 Scottish and Welsh 217-23 separation 206 and socialism 211-13 state-sponsored 210 unification 206 universalist 213 varieties 214 virulent 193, 196 see also neo-nationalism

Nazi-Soviet pact 1939 180 Nazism 190, 191, 193, 194,

195,210 see also neo-Nazism

neo-conservatism 32, 128, 132,255

neo-fascism 175, 194 neo-liberalism 69, 79-82,

94--5 and classical economics and

utilitarianism 80, 81 and conservatism 102, 126,

130 and feminism 252-3 and Green ideology 269 ideological difference and

consensus 9 ideology 32 and nationalism 198 and New liberalism 89

neo-nationalism 223 neo-Nazi revival 196-7 Nesbit, E. 153 new Labour 11, 187 new liberalism 32, 66, 68,

69-70, 88, 89-93, 95, 122

industrialisation 57, 58 and socialism 137

new right 11-12, 35, 70, 122-3, 126-8, 130, 132

and conservatism 103 and feminism 251, 252-5,

259 and nationalism 229 and New Labour 170 and socialism 173

New Unionism 149 Newcastle Programme 84, 91 Newman, J.H. 113 Newton, K. 30, 181 Nisbet, R. 116, 117 Nonconformism 41,42, 68,

69, 79 and labourism and

socialism 152

INDEX 311

Nonconformism (continued) and neo-liberalism 95 and Victorian liberalism 83

Norman Conquest 42 North Sea Oil 222 Northern Ireland 183, 186,

201,213,217 Nozick, R. 94

Oakeshott, M. 108-9, 111-12, 113, 116-17

Oastler, R. 78 O'Riordan, T. 262 Orwell, G. 29, 135, 176, 185 O'Sullivan, N. 109 Owen, D. 167, 168 Owen, R. 135, 143-4, 146,

156, 158, 185, 266

Paine, T. 51, 67, 77-8, 79, 87-8, 95

Pakistan 61 Palmerston, H. 82, 83, 84, 123 pantheism 261 Pareto, V. 190 Parkin, F. 31, 151 parliamentarism 136, 142, 147

and far right 190, 191, 195 and fascism 190, 191 gradualist 160 and state socialism 156, 158 and trade unionism and

labourism 150 parliamentary reform 108 paternalism 118-20, 125 patriarchy 244, 247, 248 patriotism 123-5, 126, 190,

208 Payne, S.G. 177 peace movement 165, 247 Pearson, R. 20, 89

Peel, Sir R. 27, 52, 54, 103, 108, 114

Pelling, H. 145, 146, 149 Pepper, D. 266, 267 Perryman, M. 257 Pierson, S. 146 Pimlott, B. 147, 166 Plant, J. 6, 251 Plato 16, 24, 25, 29, 87, 137,

176, 233 Plumb, J.H. 50 pluralism 176, 196 Poland 60, 203, 205, 206, 216 political tradition 37-65

and British Constitution 50-3

Civil War and Glorious Revolution 44-50

empire, legacy of 61-4 historical influences 63 industrialisation: interests and

power 53-6 industrialisation: laissez-faire

and collectivism 56-9 reasons 38-40 Reformation impact and

religious upheavals in sixteenth century 40-4

war, impact of 59-61 Poll Tax 130, 131, 186, 222 Poor Law 57, 80, 81, 90 poplarism 158 Popper, K.R. 94, 176 populism 78, 126, 128 pornography 245, 253-4 Porrit, J. 262 post-modernism 247, 256-7,

258,267 Powell, E. 53, 98, 125, 189,

195, 224

312 INDEX

power 29-32 pragmatism 10 1, 163-6 Presbyterianism 44, 218 pressure group politics 278-9 property, defence of 116-18 protectionism 120--3 Protestantism 40, 41, 44, 75,

218 Proudhon, PJ. 185 Public Health Acts 82 public policy and

ideology 32-3 Punnett, RM. 3 Puritanism 40, 41, 86, 106,

218

quasi -Keynesianism 192 Quinton, A. 109, 110, 112-13

racism 190 and far right 191, 194,

195-6 and fascism 191 ideology 18 and nationalism 199, 210,

216 radicalism

and conservatism 117, 124, 130

constitution and political tradition 52

and feminism 249 industrialisation 54 and liberalism 68, 76-9 and neo-liberalism 95 and New liberalism 89, 90,

91 and Victorian liberalism 82,

83, 84

working-class 143 Railway Acts 82 Rainbow Circle 156 Ramazanoglu, C. 248 Randall, V. 232-4, 236, 258 rape 245, 247 Rathbone, E. 239 rationalism 71, 111-12, 113,

135 and fascism and far

right 190 and Green ideology 263 post-Enlightenment 256,

264,278 Rawls, 1. 72, 94 reactionism 104-9 Read, H. 185 Reagan, R 138 Red Clydesiders 155 Redstockings Manifesto 249 Redwood, 1. 22, 189 Reform Act 1832 55, 75, 78,

108, 114, 118-19 Reform Act 1844 84 Reform Act 1867 111, 114 Reformation 39,40-4,47 Regan, T. 271 regionalism 224-7 religion 40-4, 106, 112-13

see also Catholicism; Protestantism; and under individual denominations

republicanism 49-50, 78, 128, 177

revisionism 163-6 Ricardo, D. 17,27,56,67,79,

81, 143 Rich, P.B. 196 Richards, 1.R 235, 249 Riddell, P. 128

INDEX 313

right see conservatism; far right; new right

Ritchie, D.G. 87, 88, 192 Robinson, M. 279 Rodgers, B. 167 romanticism 261 Romilly, Sir S. 75 Rosebery, AP.P. 92-3 Rousseau, J.-J. 24, 176, 263 Royal Mint 85 Ruskin, J. 158, 263 Russell, J. 87 Russia see former Soviet Union

Saatchi & Saatchi 19 St John-Stevas, N. 112 Saint-Simon, C. 144 Salisbury 27, 114, 120, 122-3 Samuel, H. 88 Sargent, L. 242 Saunders, P. 30, 53 Saville, J. 135, 161 Scandinavia 215, 226, 258-9 Scargill, A 187 Schlesinger, P. 227 Schultz, H.J. 88, 90, 92 Schumacher, E.F. 273 Schumpeter, J.A 115 Schwarz, B. 62, 124 Scotland

empire, legacy of 64 Enlightenment 80 ideological difference and

consensus 6 nationalism 199, 206, 213,

215, 216, 217-23 religion 43

Scott, Sir W. 219 Scruton, R. 117, 126 Seliger, M. 16

Senior, Nassau William 27, 80, 81

sexual violence see rape Seyd, P. 168 Seymour-Ure, C. 30 Shaftesbury 78 Shaw, E. 168 Shaw, G.B. 146, 153 Shiv a, V. 251 Silver, A 114, 124 Singer, P. 271 Single European Act 131 Skidelsky, R. 159, 192 Slovakia 229 Slovo, J. 213 Smiles, S. 27, 41, 82 Smith, A 17, 28, 56, 125, 126

liberalism 67, 79, 80, 81-2, 85

Smith, AD. 202, 227 Smith, J. 11, 152, 170 Smith, P. 120 Smith, T. 274 Snowden, P. 156 social democracy see socialism,

revisionist social reform 119, 120, 121 social welfare reforms 91, 93 socialism 176

and anarchism 185 centralised state 229 Christian 152, 170, 171 Civil War and Glorious

Revolution 49 and conservatism 100, 109,

111-12, 116, 121, 123-5, 130

constitution and political tradition 52-3

demise 196

314 INDEX

socialism (continued) ethical 152-3, 156 evangelical 155 evolutionary 147 Fabian 64, 96, 136, 152,

153-5 and far left 177, 178, 187 and far right 193 fundamentalist 11 gradualist, non-revolutionary

153 and green ideology 264,

265-6, 276--7 Guild 158, 186 ideological difference and

consensus 3, 9, 11 ideology 20, 22-8

passim, 32 industrialisation 54, 57, 58 and Labour left 187 and liberalism 72, 96 millennial 160 moderate parliamentary l38 municipal 158 and nationalism 198, 199,

211-l3, 222 and new liberalism 89, 90,

93 parliamentary 147 political ideologies 39 populist 155 and radicals 76 religion 42, 43 revisionist l37, 167-8 revolutionary 147, 182-5 scientific paternalist 154-5 Soviet-style 160 see also labourism and

socialism South Africa 213

Spa Field Manchester 143 Spain

anarchism 185 communism 180 conservatism 106 constitution and political

tradition 52 far left 178 far right 195 nationalism 201, 203, 204,

229 religion 40 revolutionary

syndicalism 158 Spencer, H. 68, 84, 85-6, 94,

158 stakeholding 171 Stalin, J.lStalinism 2, 173,

180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 239

Stanton, E.C. 234 Stassinopoulos, A. 248 Stephenson, H. 167 Strachey, E. 147 Strafford, T.W. 45 Stuarts 73, 74, 106, 218 Suez 188 suspicion of reason 109-12 sustainability 266-9 syndicalism 156, 158, 186

Taff Vale Railway Company 149

Talmon, J.L. 2,94, 176 Tamworth Manifesto 103, 108 Tawney, R.H. 40, l35, 137,

152, 153, 157 Taylor, H. 234 Taylor, S. 193, 194, 195, 237 Thatcher, M. 217, 264

INDEX liS

Thatcher, M. (continued) conservatism 103, 108, 117,

123, 125-6, 129-30, 132 far right 189, 195 feminism 236, 241, 252 ideological difference 11-12 ideology 19, 21-2, 25, 27-8 labourism and

socialism 168, 171, 173 liberalism 94, 98 see also Thatcherism

Thatcherism 28, 94, 120, 125-30, 132

Third International 147 Thompson, E.P. 143 Thompson, W. 143,239 threshold principle 206 Thucydides 87 Thurlow, R.C. 193 Tivey, L. 96 Tomalin, C. 233 Toryism 101, 103-4, 106,

114-15, 125 Civil War and

Revolution 44,47,49 constitution and political

tradition 51-2 industrialisation 54, 55

totalitarianism 176, 177 trade unionism 136, 142, 146,

148-51 and labourism 155, 162,

163 and socialism 155, 156

Trotsky, L.!Trotskyism 175, 176, 178, 179, 182-5, 239

Tudor, H. 215 Turkey 210, 227 Tusscher, T. ten 252

Tyndall, 1. 193

Unauthorised Programme 84, 91

United Nations 200, 224 United States 161

anarchism 185 Constitution 112 Declaration of

Independence 74 feminism 232, 234, 242,

252, 254, 258 ideological difference and

consensus 3 ideology 18 industrialisation 59 labourism 166 liberalism 70 nationalism 216 neo-Nazism 197 political ideologies 38 radicals 78 republicanism 128 Revolution 73, 106 revolutionary

syndicalism 158 totalitarianism 176 War of Independence 107

universalism 152, 229 utilitarianism 79-82, 94, 95,

111, 155

Verba, S. 5 Vietnam 183 Vincent, 1. 83, 84, 86 Voltaire, F.M.A. de 111, 112

Waldegrave, W. 126 Wales

empire, legacy of 64

316 INDEX

Wales (continued) ideological difference and

consensus 6 nationalism 199, 206, 213,

215, 216, 217-23, 225 religion 43

Wallace, W. 218 Wallas, G. 153 Walpole, Sir R. 106 Walter 254 war, impact of 59-61 Warnock, M. 71 Watson, I.S. 75 Waylen, G. 252-3 Weale, A 268 Weatherall, D. 81 Webb, B. 135, 141, 147,

153-4 Webb, S. 135, 141, 147,

153-4, 156 Weber, M. 40 Webster, M. 193 Welfare State 128, 129, 163,

167 Wellington, AW. 108 Wells, H.G. 153 western Europe 141, 171, 180,

208 Whigs 68, 73-6

capitalism and democracy 86, 88

Civil War and Glorious Revolution 44-5, 46, 47, 49

classical economics and utilitarianism 81

and conservatism 118 constitution and political

tradition 51 Foxite 75 industrialisation 54 and neo-liberalism 95 and new liberalism 89 and radicals 77, 78, 79 reaction and gradualism

107, 108 religion 41, 42 and Toryism 103, 104 tradition 73-6 Victorian liberalism 82, 84

Whitbread, S. 75, 78 Wilding, P. 93 Williams, G. 20, 89 Williams, S. 167, 168 Wilson, D. 272 Wilson, H. 166 Wilson, W. 206-7,223 Winner, D. 262 Wollstonecraft, M. 77, 233,

234, 248, 252 women's movement 11, 165 Woodcock, G. 185 working class 143-5 Worsthome, P. 126 Wright, A 96, 114 Wright, D.G. 75, 83

Young, H. 28, 128