beyond the rights clearance culture: new ways to think about copyright in film

Beyond the Rights Clearance Culture:

byron bay film festival | 8 march 2010

New Ways to Think about Copyright in Film

prof brian fitzgerald& jessica coates

copyright

AUSTRALIApart of the Creative Commons international initiative

CRICOS No. 00213J

"Copyright", R

andall Munroe, http://xkcd.org/14/, C

reative Com

mons A

ttribution-NonC

omm

ercial 2.5 license

http://xkcd.org/c14.html

http://xkcd.org/14/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/

http://www.qut.edu.au/

Generic 2.0 20081104_Indianpolis_IN_UAWGOTV0304 by Barack Obama, http://flickr.com/photos/barackobamadotcom/3008245391Generic 2.0 20081104_Indianpolis_IN_UAWGOTV0304 by Barack Obama, http://flickr.com/photos/barackobamadotcom/3008245391

Generic 2.0 Yoko Ono by cliff1066™, http://flickr.com/photos/nostri-imago/2873284890Generic 2.0 Yoko Ono by cliff1066™, http://flickr.com/photos/nostri-imago/2873284890

Generic 2.0 The Child Abdullah by Al Jazeera, http://cc.aljazeera.net/asset/language/arabic/child-abdullah-reportGeneric 2.0 The Child Abdullah by Al Jazeera, http://cc.aljazeera.net/asset/language/arabic/child-abdullah-report

copyright

Generic 2.0 Printing Press by Gastev, http://flickr.com/photos/gastev/360505392Generic 2.0 Printing Press by Gastev, http://flickr.com/photos/gastev/360505392

gutenberg press

statute of anne

Generic 2.0 Dollar Eagle Paper by Photos8, http://www.photos8.com/dollar_eagle_paper-wallpapers.htmlGeneric 2.0 Dollar Eagle Paper by Photos8, http://www.photos8.com/dollar_eagle_paper-wallpapers.html

stainless steel globe; Corona Park by Global Jet, http://flickr.com/photos/global-jet/2473311265stainless steel globe; Corona Park by Global Jet, http://flickr.com/photos/global-jet/2473311265

TRIPS Agreement 1994Rome Convention 1961

Berne Convention 1886

WCT and WPPT 1996

Generic 2.0 No unauthorised persons @ Troutbeck Road, Sheffield by timparkinson, http://flickr.com/photos/timparkinson/3248398830Generic 2.0 No unauthorised persons @ Troutbeck Road, Sheffield by timparkinson, http://flickr.com/photos/timparkinson/3248398830

covers everything you want to use - film, music, script, dance, art, computer programs

covers everything you want to do – copy, publish, email, post online, remix, reuse, share

commercial or non-commercial

literary workscompilation expressed in words,

figures or symbols – incl computer programs

Open Book by Osbornb, http://flickr.com/photos/osbornb/2457712870Open Book by Osbornb, http://flickr.com/photos/osbornb/2457712870

Tribal Dance by BdwayDiva1, http://flickr.com/photos/bdwaydiva1/2306372642Tribal Dance by BdwayDiva1, http://flickr.com/photos/bdwaydiva1/2306372642


figures or symbols – incl computer programsdramatic

worksplay, choreography, dumb show



worksplay, choreography, dumb showmusical worksscore, tune – not recording

A gal and her guitar by xlordashx, http://www.flickr.com/photos/xlordashx/2936494210A gal and her guitar by xlordashx, http://www.flickr.com/photos/xlordashx/2936494210

artistic workspaintings, sculptures, photographs,

diagrams, buildings & models of buildings



worksplay, choreography, dumb showmusical worksscore, tune – not recording

portrait: yellows and blues by freeparking, http://flickr.com/photos/freeparking/2801058207portrait: yellows and blues by freeparking, http://flickr.com/photos/freeparking/2801058207

OTHER SUBJECT MATTER

filmsincluding moving images in computer games

16mm educational film screening by lorelei, http://flickr.com/photos/filmfatale/42332916716mm educational film screening by lorelei, http://flickr.com/photos/filmfatale/423329167

filmsincluding moving images in computer gamessound recordingsthe actual ‘taping’ – eg original v cover

Audio Technica ATH-M50 by CLF, http://flickr.com/photos/clf/3184796740 Audio Technica ATH-M50 by CLF, http://flickr.com/photos/clf/3184796740


broadcastsradio and TV

Kent Portable Tube AM Radio by alexkerhead, http://flickr.com/photos/alexkerhead/3607581577Kent Portable Tube AM Radio by alexkerhead, http://flickr.com/photos/alexkerhead/3607581577

published editionsthe ‘look’ and ‘layout’ of books etc


broadcastsradio and TV

Side by euphbass, http://flickr.com/photos/euphbass/3317710740Side by euphbass, http://flickr.com/photos/euphbass/3317710740

RIGHTS

reproduce

Do Not Turn The Photo Copier Off by Beige Alert, http://flickr.com/photos/beigephotos/329699908Do Not Turn The Photo Copier Off by Beige Alert, http://flickr.com/photos/beigephotos/329699908

reproducecommunicate to the public

http://icanhascheezburger.com/2007/06/29/i-m-in-ur-internet/

reproduce

publish

communicate to the public

The Fruits of Religion 1 by andymangold, http://flickr.com/photos/andymangold/3489545384The Fruits of Religion 1 by andymangold, http://flickr.com/photos/andymangold/3489545384

reproduce

publishperform in public


Red drapery by shaire productions, http://flickr.com/photos/shaireproductions/3056579358Red drapery by shaire productions, http://flickr.com/photos/shaireproductions/3056579358

reproduce

publish

adapt (except artistic)

perform in public


Cut my breath by batega, http://flickr.com/photos/batega/1467019878Cut my breath by batega, http://flickr.com/photos/batega/1467019878

reproduce

publish

adapt (except artistic)

perform in publicrental right for software


Cut my breath by batega, http://flickr.com/photos/batega/1467019878Cut my breath by batega, http://flickr.com/photos/batega/1467019878

S.O.T.WRIGHTS

copy (only right for published editions)

Do Not Turn The Photo Copier Off by Beige Alert, http://flickr.com/photos/beigephotos/329699908Do Not Turn The Photo Copier Off by Beige Alert, http://flickr.com/photos/beigephotos/329699908

perform (seen/heard in public)


Red drapery by shaire productions, http://flickr.com/photos/shaireproductions/3056579358Red drapery by shaire productions, http://flickr.com/photos/shaireproductions/3056579358

communicate to the publicalso commercial rental for sound recordings




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works owner = authorsubject matter owner = maker(with some exceptions)


automatic protectionregistration not requirednotification not requiredoriginal expression

Generic 2.0 Onions by Margot Wolfs by Margot Wolfs, http://flickr.com/photos/margotwolfs/4032976495Generic 2.0 Onions by Margot Wolfs by Margot Wolfs, http://flickr.com/photos/margotwolfs/4032976495

material can be protected in more than one copyright category eg computer games = literary works and films

a single product can include more than one copyright work eg broadcast = broadcast, film, sound recording, script, music, lyrics, art

Generic 2.0 Onions by Margot Wolfs by Margot Wolfs, http://flickr.com/photos/margotwolfs/4032976495Generic 2.0 Onions by Margot Wolfs by Margot Wolfs, http://flickr.com/photos/margotwolfs/4032976495

Generic 2.0 Stop by brainware3000, http://flickr.com/photos/brainware3000/22205084Generic 2.0 Stop by brainware3000, http://flickr.com/photos/brainware3000/22205084

PUBLIC DOMAIN

Generic 2.0 Stopwatch by wwarby, http://flickr.com/photos/wwarby/3297205226Generic 2.0 Stopwatch by wwarby, http://flickr.com/photos/wwarby/3297205226

Generic 2.0 Tombstone of Bertha Heilborn (nee Epstein) in Guttentag cemetery by dlisbona, http://flickr.com/photos/dlisbona/1117569429Generic 2.0 Tombstone of Bertha Heilborn (nee Epstein) in Guttentag cemetery by dlisbona, http://flickr.com/photos/dlisbona/1117569429

WORKS = LIFE

Generic 2.0 Zombie! cemetery by danhollisterduck, http://flickr.com/photos/dhollister/2596483147Generic 2.0 Zombie! cemetery by danhollisterduck, http://flickr.com/photos/dhollister/2596483147

+70 YEARS

S.M.O.T.W

Generic 2.0 Compact Calendar Card - Design 3 by Joel Lanman, http://flickr.com/photos/joelanman/367425390Generic 2.0 Compact Calendar Card - Design 3 by Joel Lanman, http://flickr.com/photos/joelanman/367425390

70 YEARS

Generic 2.0 Compact Calendar Card - Design 3 by Joel Lanman, http://flickr.com/photos/joelanman/367425390Generic 2.0 Compact Calendar Card - Design 3 by Joel Lanman, http://flickr.com/photos/joelanman/367425390

Generic 2.0 Shakespeare by Plutor, http://www.flickr.com/photos/plutor/174493667/Generic 2.0 Shakespeare by Plutor, http://www.flickr.com/photos/plutor/174493667/

SUBSTANTIAL PART

Generic 2.0 Tiny by AMagill, http://www.flickr.com/photos/amagill/3660775191/Generic 2.0 Tiny by AMagill, http://www.flickr.com/photos/amagill/3660775191/

EXCEPTIONS

FAIRDEALING

Generic 2.0 That time of year again… by Etwood, http://flickr.com/photos/etwood/231364920Generic 2.0 That time of year again… by Etwood, http://flickr.com/photos/etwood/231364920

research or study (s40)

Generic 2.0 Cut my breath by batega, http://flickr.com/photos/batega/1467019878Generic 2.0 Cut my breath by batega, http://flickr.com/photos/batega/1467019878

criticism or review (s41)

research or study (s40)

Generic 2.0 Evil Dead Poster Parodies by jbcurio, http://flickr.com/photos/jbcurio/2593693627Generic 2.0 Evil Dead Poster Parodies by jbcurio, http://flickr.com/photos/jbcurio/2593693627

parody or satire (s41A)

research or study (s40)criticism or review (s41)

Generic 2.0 yesterdays news by chaosinjune, http://flickr.com/photos/cijmyjune/521661296Generic 2.0 yesterdays news by chaosinjune, http://flickr.com/photos/cijmyjune/521661296

reporting the news (s42)

research or study (s40)criticism or review (s41)parody or satire (s41A)

Generic 2.0 Barrister Bear by Shiny Things, http://flickr.com/photos/shinythings/161216658Generic 2.0 Barrister Bear by Shiny Things, http://flickr.com/photos/shinythings/161216658

legal advice (s43)

research or study (s40)criticism or review (s41)parody or satire (s41A)reporting the news (s42)

OTHER EXCEPTIONS

incidental filming (s67)

public buildings and statues (s66)

Generic 2.0 Writing for Film & Television students behind the scenes while filming "7 Day Work Week", a Port Short by vancouverfilmschool, http://www.flickr.com/photos/vancouverfilmschool/3704913141/Generic 2.0 Writing for Film & Television students behind the scenes while filming "7 Day Work Week", a Port Short by vancouverfilmschool, http://www.flickr.com/photos/vancouverfilmschool/3704913141/

STATUTORY (and blanket)

LICENSING

screenrights – use of films

(apra-amcos – music)ppca – sound recordings

Money, Money, Money by borman818, http://www.flickr.com/photos/dborman2/3258378233/Money, Money, Money by borman818, http://www.flickr.com/photos/dborman2/3258378233/

VOLUNTARY LICENSING

you can do anything with permission

OMGWTF... weighing in at 800 lbs. … by joebeone http://www.flickr.com/photos/joebeone/2585191273/OMGWTF... weighing in at 800 lbs. … by joebeone http://www.flickr.com/photos/joebeone/2585191273/

PERMISSIONS CULTURE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLDQL23nutw

Tarnationcreated on a mac for $218

screened at Sundance, won awards$400k for copyright clearances

home footage and cultural ref

http://jonathancaouette.blogspot.com/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLDQL23nutw

http://www.outfoxed.org/

…I learned how cumbersome and expensive it can be to license footage from news organizations I could think of no better way to walk the talk myself than by releasing the interviews from Outfoxed and Uncovered under a license that allows other filmmakers to use my material in new and creative ways - David Greenwald

Outfoxeddoco criticising Fox news

so released own footage under CC

footage permissions not forthcoming

Aims to make copyright more flexible by providing free

licences that creators can use to give certain permissions in

advance

OPEN LICENSING

Generic 2.0 Proce55ing Source Code by schoschie, http://flickr.com/photos/schoschie/8821223Generic 2.0 Proce55ing Source Code by schoschie, http://flickr.com/photos/schoschie/8821223

Generic 2.0 Mail art, Copyleft by Manfred Stirnemann by tomislavmedak, http://flickr.com/photos/tomislavmedak/3804029530Generic 2.0 Mail art, Copyleft by Manfred Stirnemann by tomislavmedak, http://flickr.com/photos/tomislavmedak/3804029530

Generic 2.0 And free as in beer by elliottbledsoe, http://flickr.com/photos/flashphotographyandscreams/2798838205Generic 2.0 And free as in beer by elliottbledsoe, http://flickr.com/photos/flashphotographyandscreams/2798838205

SOME RIGHTS

RESERVED

CC is designed to…

• provide standardised licences

• that facilitate sharing

• are flexible

• are easy to use and understand (for people and machines) and

• that apply in the same way anywhere in the world.


CRICOS No. 00213J

CC Myths

CC is not:• anti-copyright – just another rights

management tool

• the public domain – just giving certain permission in advance

• anti-commercial – can charge for first use, commercial uses, “premium” service, or embed advertising

• right for every situation – entirely voluntary, and won’t be best solution for all creators


CRICOS No. 00213J

Free, as in beer by Unhindered by Talent available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/nicmcphee/2345633527/ under a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0

licence

http://www.flickr.com/photos/nicmcphee/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/nicmcphee/2345633527/

ATTRIBUTION

NON-COMMERCIAL

SHARE ALIKE

NO DERIVATIVE

WORKS

by

by-nc

by-sa

by-nd

by-nc-sa

by-nc-nd

Attribution-ShareAlike• Attribution


CRICOS No. 00213J

Attribution-Noncommercial

Attribution-NoDerivatives

Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike

Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivatives

CC AS A RESOURCE

http://creativecommons.org.au/infopacks/findingmaterial

About 250 million CC objects on the internet

Over 130 million photos on Flickr alone

Thank you for sharing by Clearly Ambiguous available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/clearlyambiguous/39896923/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence

http://www.flickr.com/photos/clearlyambiguous/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/clearlyambiguous/39896923/

www.smh.com.au

Eiffel Tower at night by rednuht, http://www.flickr.com/photos/rednuht/275062341/,

Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en

http://www.smh.com.au/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/rednuht/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/rednuht/275062341/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en

Generic 2.0 Andy in the VAB by adactio, http://flickr.com/photos/adactio/301112397Generic 2.0 Andy in the VAB by adactio, http://flickr.com/photos/adactio/301112397

http://openchannel.org.au/blogs/videoslam/

http://www.pool.org.au/

CRICOS No. 00213J

Powerhouse Museum

• released 1500 public domain photographs to Flickr Commons

• ‘Play’ worksheets available under CC BY-NC

• encouraged CC for ‘photo of the day’

• collection descriptions and data under CCWoman holding decorated bicycle, Phillips Glass Plate Negative Collection, Powerhouse Museum, www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/collection=Phillips_Glass_Plate_Negative

• 20x increased visitation

• crowd-sourced metadata

• unexpected discoveries (eg locations)

• partnerships (eg ABC)

• reduced costs for Australian community (eg

schools)

• didn’t hurt sales

promotional + other benefits = net +ve $

http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/collection=Phillips_Glass_Plate_Negative



Generic 2.0 IBM Think D100 Test by Howdy, I'm H. Michael Karshis, http://flickr.com/photos/hmk/2741404653Generic 2.0 IBM Think D100 Test by Howdy, I'm H. Michael Karshis, http://flickr.com/photos/hmk/2741404653

LICENCE COMPLIANCE

DON’T BE DEROGATORY

ATTRIBUTE

USE COMMON SENSE

LICENSING YOUR WORK

Australia 2.5 Which Creative Commons licence is right for me? by ccAustralia, http://creativecommons.org.au/factsheets/licensing-flowchartAustralia 2.5 Which Creative Commons licence is right for me? by ccAustralia, http://creativecommons.org.au/factsheets/licensing-flowchart

the tide of ‘big screen movie-and-popcorn’ enthusiasts did not exchange the box office lines for their computers . . . if there were no demand, the film would not have returned to the big screen

http://www.cafune.com/

Many of these videos address concerns that are largely ignored by other funding and distribution outlets. . . Creative Commons provides a very usable framework for filmmakers … They can allow reproduction and distribution while preserving some rights . . .that leaves open the potential to recoup production funds through commercial distribution of their work. – Anna Helm

http://www.engagemedia.org/

Sita Sings the Blues – Nina PaleyTotal donations from people who appreciate her giving out free content: $23,000 Profits from her online store which sells merchandise and DVDs: $19,000 Theatrical distribution revenues: $3,000 (out of total box office tally of $22,350) Additional DVD distribution: $3,000 Broadcast television distribution: $3,000 Revenue from Central Cinema in Seattle which showed the film: $4,000 Grand total: $55,000

http://www.sitasingstheblues.com/

Connect With Fans (CwF) + Reason To Buy (RtB) = Business ModelMike Masnick, Techndirt (Midemnet, Feb 2009)

http://techdirt.com/articles/20090201/1408273588.shtml

While the traditional industries are resisting, new players like Apple are taking the spoils

- Joe Trippi, Obama campaign adviser

The question to ask is, "What portion of the world knows my brand?" - Jonathon Schwartz, COO Sun Microsystems (CNET, Aug 2007)

Creative Commons is like having 100,000 free publicity officers.- Pete Foley, Black brow (http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Black_brow)

My fans' tireless evangelism for my work doesn't just sell books - it sells me. - Cory Doctorow, author (Forbes, Jan 2006)

http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Black_brow

Two Fists, One Heart• using CC as a promotional tool• Aussie film released 30 minutes of unused

footage and soundtrack under CC BY (March 2009)

• To encourage remixing, running competition with AFTRS - best 5 remixes get posted to Disney’s official site

“To me, the thought of footage being wasted and unused when someone could make something really creative with it was a real shame. There are so many people out there cutting great videos and posting them on YouTube, but the biggest barrier is often having the footage to play with. This way we could give them something to use - and the footage is what professional editors deal with - and promote the film at the same time - it was a win-win.”

– Brownen Clune, Norg Media

• Suggested by publicists Norg Media, to give value to junk material

http://cutyourownscene.com/

Revver • Advertising supported• Video sharing site with embedded advertising –

money split 50/50 with creators• All videos under Creative Commons BY-NC-ND

licence – to allow for maximum distribution• Success story – Eepybird.com’s “Extreme diet

coke and mentos experiment” - watched over 6 million times; made US$30,000 in first year

• Now hosts other popular video series - eg Lonelygirl15, “ask a ninja”

• Countless previews

http://www.revver.com/

Beatpick

• ‘premium service’ model• ‘Fairplay’ music label• All music downloadable DRM free under Creative

Commons BY-NC-SA licence• Sells ‘high quality’ downloads• Negotiates ‘commercial’ licences • Success story – “Memories Child” by Jamison Young

(Australian musician) licensed for “The X-Files: I Want to Believe“ feature film

• Has also licensed material for ads, video games, corporate events, political campaigns

http://www.beatpick.com/

United States 2.0 Ghosts I-Iv (cover) by Nine Inch Nails, http://ghosts.nin.comUnited States 2.0 Ghosts I-Iv (cover) by Nine Inch Nails, http://ghosts.nin.com

9 tracks free download36 tracks licensed5 payment options$300 ultra deluxe package2500 unitssold out in 30 hoursamazon’s highest selling MP3s

United States 2.0 Ghosts I-Iv (cover) by Nine Inch Nails, http://ghosts.nin.comUnited States 2.0 Ghosts I-Iv (cover) by Nine Inch Nails, http://ghosts.nin.com

“The end result is a wildly varied body of music that we're able to present to the world in ways the confines of a major record label would never have allowed – from a 100% DRM-free, high-quality download, to the most luxurious physical package we've ever created.” – Trent Reznor

Generic 2.0 IBM Think D100 Test by Howdy, I'm H. Michael Karshis, http://flickr.com/photos/hmk/2741404653Generic 2.0 IBM Think D100 Test by Howdy, I'm H. Michael Karshis, http://flickr.com/photos/hmk/2741404653

DO I HAVE THE RIGHTS?

HOW DO I WANT TO

ENGAGE, AND WITH WHO?

WHAT’S MY BUSINESS MODEL?

WHAT DO I WANT?

Thanks

creativecommons.org

wiki.creativecommons.org/casestudies

creativecommons.org.au

[email protected]

CRICOS No. 00213J

This slide show is licensed under a Creative Commons Australia Attribution licence. For more information see

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au/.

Images in the slideshow are licensed as marked.

Carpeted com

mons by G

lutnix, http://ww

w.flickr.com

/photos/glutnix/2079709803/in/pool-ccswagcontest07 available

under a Creative C

omm

ons Attribution 2.0 licence, http://creativecom

mons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au/

beyond the rights clearance culture: new ways to think about copyright in film

Technology