between the wars. postwar issues unemployment – returning vets debt – nations fear of communism...
TRANSCRIPT
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Between the Wars
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POSTWAR ISSUES
• UNEMPLOYMENT – RETURNING VETS
• DEBT – NATIONS
• FEAR OF COMMUNISM
• GRUMBLINGS - VERSAILLES TREATY
• AMERICANS DIVIDED (LEAGUE OF NATIONS)
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Effects of Treaty of Versailles• Disarmament
• Reparations
• Loss of land, colonies
• Accept blame
• Many blamed government for signing
• “Lost generation” of WWI vets
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Weimar Republic• 1919 – German leaders sign
V. T. under protest• Set up democratic gov’t
– Women vote and bill of rights
• Blamed gov’t -“war-guilt clause” and reparations
• Bitterness = scapegoats– Many blamed German-Jews
• 1923 – Inflation = economic turmoil
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• France occupies Ruhr region of Germany– Reparation payments were late– Workers refused to work– Gov’t supports = prints more
money• The Mark = virtually worthless• (Inflation) 100 marks = ~950,000
marks
– American loans helped Germany recover
• Great Depression sends them back to misery
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1920’S
• AMERICAN ECONOMY BASED ON 3 C’S
• CARS
• CONSTRUCTION
• CREDIT
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PROBLEMS• 1920’S • FEW BECAME WEALTHY• MANY COULD NOT EARN
A LIVING• STRUGGLING
INDUSTRIES– FARMERS – RAILROAD INDUSTRY– MINING
• UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
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PROBLEMS
• 1929 – HOOVER PRESIDENT• DURING 1920’S – STOCK PRICES ROSE• BUYING ON SPECULATION
– BOUGHT STOCKS & BONDS ON A CHANCE OF GETTING RICH QUICK
• BUYING ON MARGIN– SMALL DOWN PAYMENT – BORROWING
REST
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• TUESDAY, OCTOBER 29, 1929- STOCK MARKET CRASH– BLACK TUESDAY– SIGNALED GREAT
DEPRESSION
• PANIC– WITHDREW MONEY FROM
BANKS– MANY BANKS INVESTED IN
STOCKS– OVER ½ U.S. BANKS CLOSED
• FELT WORLD-WIDE
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HOOVERVILLES
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HOOVERVILLES
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POLITICS OF 1920’S
• 1921 – WARREN G. HARDING PRESIDENT
• 1923-1929 CALVIN COOLIDGE
• SHOULD THE U.S. GET INVOLVED IN WORLD AFFAIRS?
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ISOLATIONISM
• AVOID INVOLVEMENT WITH OTHER NATIONS
• 1920’S – GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS BELIEVED IN THIS
• FEAR OF INVOLVEMENT – KEPT U.S. OUT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
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INTERNATIONALISM
• U.S. – SHOULD NOT “DIVORCE” ITSELF FROM WORLD AFFAIRS
• “GREAT POWER” – ASSUME RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EVENTS ABROAD
• “WE MUST DEAL WITH THE WORLD AND THE WORLD MUST DEAL WITH US”
• PROMOTE PEACE
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TOTALITARIAN STATES
• GOVERNMENT CONTROLS ALL ASPECTS OF A PERSON’S LIFE
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JOSEPH STALIN
• RUSSIA• MAN OF STEEL (TOUGH) • 1924-1953• CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA – ESTABLISHED A
COMMUNIST STATE – SOVIET UNION• PRIVATE BUSINESS / AGRICULTURE –
GOVERNMENT OWNED• FIVE YEAR PLANS• 1937 – SOVIET UNION 2ND LARGEST
INDUSTRIAL POWER• GREAT PURGE : 8-13 MILLION DEAD
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STALIN
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BENITO MUSSOLINI
• ITALY• PROBLEM CHILD
– KICKED OUT OF CHURCH (PINCHING – STONE THROWING)– EXPELLED SCHOOL – STABBING STUDENT
• SOLDIER IN WWI• FASCIST PARTY – 1921 (1ST EVER TOT. STATE)• INTERESTS OF THE COUNTRY BEFORE INDIVIDUAL• 1922 – MARCH ON ROME• KING OF ITALY APPOINTED HIM HEAD OF
GOVERNMENT (TO AVOID CIVIL WAR)
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MUSSOLINI
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FASCISM
• AUTHORITARIAN GOV. THAT IS NOT COMMUNIST
• EXTREME NATIONALISM
• NATION COMES FIRST
• GLORIFY ACTION, VIOLENCE, DISCIPLINE
• PURSUE AGGRESSIVE EXPANSION
• BASIC FEATURES (PAGE 760)
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ADOLF HITLER
• BORN IN AUSTRIA 1889
• JEWISH GRANDFATHER?
• ARTIST IN VIENNA (20’S)
• HOMELESS SHELTER
• MOVED TO MUNICH
• SOLDIER IN WWI
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HITLER
• NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMAN WORKERS PARTY (NAZI PARTY)
• POWERFUL PUBLIC SPEAKER• 1923 – BEER HALL PUTSCH• MEIN KAMPF – IDEAS AND BELIEFS FOR
GERMANY’S FUTURE• BLAMED JEWS• GREAT DEPRESSION• LEADER OF THE “3RD REICH”
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Hitler established a common enemy/outside threat
• Jewish population– Blamed for Germany’s economic crisis– Blamed for spread of communism– Hitler played on existing anti-Semitism
• Threat of communism– 1917 Russian Rev. established communism in
Russia
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Hitler’s personality & charisma
• Brought Germany out of its depression – Gave people hope– Many joined Nazi party for employment
• Nationalistic (Aryans vs sub-humans)– Encouraged German superiority, pride
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Propaganda
• “Aim it at the stupidity of the masses, rather than the intellectuals.” – Adolf Hitler
• Common themes and forms– Anti Semitism/Communism– Loyalty to state and Hitler– Accomplishments of German state– Mass rallies, literature,
education, films
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• Depression played into Hitler’s hands
• Division in gov’t – Communist vs. Conservative– Conservatives turn to
Hitler– Thought they could control
him (oops!)
• 1933 – elected chancellor – Gestapo- Secret police –
rooted out opposition– Large public works
programs– Re-arm Germany –
(violated Versailles)
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Social Policies• Women’s roles limited• Hitler Youth
– Lost upper level jobs, college opportunities
– Rewarded “Aryan” mothers for having children
• Culture Purge– Education – molded minds– Book burning– Modern art and jazz –
denounced (Wagner)– Replace religion with his racial
creed
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• Nuremberg Laws– Jews can’t marry non-Jews– Can’t attend or teach at German schools– No publishing books – No law or medicine
• Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”)
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Joe Louis vs. Max Schmelling
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1936 Olympics
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FRANCISCO FRANCO• SPAIN
• 1936 – SPANISH CIVIL WAR
• U.S. SENT 3000 TROOPS
• HITLER / MUSSOLINI – SUPPORTED FRANCO’S REBELLION
• SOVIETS – SENT EQUIPMENT TO SUPPORT U.S.
• U.S. WITHDREW
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JAPAN
• MILITARISTS – OVERTHREW IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT
• 1926-1945: HIROHITO (EMPEROR)
• HIDEKI TOJO – GENERAL (PRIME MINISTER 1941-1945)
• ATTACKED MANCHURIA – 1931 (LEAGUE OF NATIONS)