Between the WarsBetween the WarsDepression, Depression, Democracy, Democracy, DictatorshipDictatorship

Post WWIPost WWI

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles had left had left problemsproblems

Subject nationalities, border issuesSubject nationalities, border issues League of Nations League of Nations ineffective (U.S. ineffective (U.S.

hadn’t joined)hadn’t joined) Germany unable to make Germany unable to make reparationreparation

payments; France occupies Ruhr payments; France occupies Ruhr minesmines

Terrible inflation; German mark Terrible inflation; German mark worthlessworthless

Post War cont.Post War cont.

Dawes Plan Dawes Plan – reduces – reduces reparationsreparations; US loans to ; US loans to Germany, large investments in Germany, large investments in EuropeEurope

Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact – outlawed – outlawed warwar

Germany joins League of NationsGermany joins League of Nations Peace seemed certain….Peace seemed certain….

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

Overproduction led to falling farm pricesOverproduction led to falling farm prices High tariffs reduced foreign tradeHigh tariffs reduced foreign trade Buying on credit (buy now pay later)Buying on credit (buy now pay later) Investors had pulled $ out of Germany Investors had pulled $ out of Germany

to buy stocksto buy stocks Farm prices dropped; foreclosuresFarm prices dropped; foreclosures Buying stocks on margin (on credit)Buying stocks on margin (on credit) Stock Market crash - 1929Stock Market crash - 1929

Depression cont.Depression cont.

Loans can’t be repaidLoans can’t be repaid Banks fail, unemployment Banks fail, unemployment

(Europe too)(Europe too) CommunismCommunism gains supporters – gains supporters –

had predicted capitalism would had predicted capitalism would lead to disaster (Marxists)lead to disaster (Marxists)

Depression – U.S.Depression – U.S.

HoovervillesHoovervilles (tents, shelters), soup and (tents, shelters), soup and bread lines, bread lines, Dust BowlDust Bowl

Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt (1932) – (1932) – New DealNew Deal Put people to work on roads, dams, Put people to work on roads, dams,

bridges, forests, the arts, etc. (bridges, forests, the arts, etc. (public public works)works)

Gradually pulls U.S. out of DepressionGradually pulls U.S. out of Depression People turn to leaders who give simple People turn to leaders who give simple

solutions: DICTATORSsolutions: DICTATORS Totalitarian governments emerge (p. 875)Totalitarian governments emerge (p. 875)

Italy – Benito MussoliniItaly – Benito Mussolini

Formed Formed FascistFascist party 1923party 1923

Black ShirtsBlack Shirts – – attacked socialists, attacked socialists, broke up strikesbroke up strikes

King Victor King Victor Emmanuel allows Emmanuel allows MussoliniMussolini to to become prime become prime ministerminister

Reasons for SuccessReasons for Success

Economic distressEconomic distress Fear of communismFear of communism Appeal to nationalismAppeal to nationalism Weak governmentWeak government Lack of democratic traditionLack of democratic tradition Leadership of MussoliniLeadership of Mussolini

Il DuceIl Duce (The Leader) (The Leader)

One partyOne party No civil libertiesNo civil liberties ““believe, fight, believe, fight,

obey”obey” Public works Public works

created jobscreated jobs Pope sovereign Pope sovereign

ruler of Vaticanruler of Vatican

Mussolini cont.Mussolini cont.

MilitarismMilitarism – – expanded; expanded; conscriptionconscription

ImperialismImperialism – – took took Ethiopia Ethiopia 19351935

Against Against League League of Nationsof Nations

Invaded Invaded Albania 1939Albania 1939

Joined Joined GermanyGermany

Axis – Axis – Germany, Germany, Italy, JapanItaly, Japan

End of Fascism in ItalyEnd of Fascism in Italy

Many defeatsMany defeats People turned People turned

against himagainst him Captured and Captured and

executed by executed by anti-fascistsanti-fascists

Russia - StalinRussia - Stalin

Lenin dies Lenin dies 19241924

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin wins power wins power strugglestruggle

Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky murderedmurdered

DictatorshipDictatorship

Stalin cont.Stalin cont.

5 Year Plans5 Year Plans for for economic growtheconomic growth

Heavy industry – Heavy industry – iron, steel, elec. iron, steel, elec. powerpower

Forced labor campsForced labor camps in Siberia for those in Siberia for those who resistedwho resisted

Collective (state Collective (state run) farmsrun) farms

Germany - HitlerGermany - Hitler

Born in Born in AustriaAustria 18891889

Rejected by Vienna Rejected by Vienna Art AcademyArt Academy

Anti-Semitic ideasAnti-Semitic ideas German German nationalistnationalist Devastated by Devastated by

Germany’s loss in Germany’s loss in warwar

Hitler cont.Hitler cont.

Joined German Joined German Workers PartyWorkers Party

Nazi PartyNazi Party Police force - Police force -

Storm Troopers Storm Troopers (SA) (Brown (SA) (Brown Shirts)Shirts)

Beer Hall PutschBeer Hall Putsch (takeover) (takeover) 19231923

Hitler cont.Hitler cont.

Arrested, Arrested, imprisonedimprisoned

Wrote Wrote Mein Mein Kampf Kampf in prisonin prison

Nationalism, anti-Nationalism, anti-communism, anti-communism, anti-Semitism, need Semitism, need for lebensraum for lebensraum (living space)(living space)

Hitler cont.Hitler cont.

Expanded Nazi Expanded Nazi partyparty

Appealed to Appealed to youngyoung

Dynamic, Dynamic, aggressiveaggressive

Gained seats Gained seats gradually in the gradually in the ReichstagReichstag

Pres. Hindenburg Pres. Hindenburg appoints Hitler appoints Hitler Chancellor in 1933Chancellor in 1933

Weimar RepublicWeimar Republic (old German (old German republic) is now republic) is now gonegone

1933-1945 – The 1933-1945 – The Third ReichThird Reich

Nazism in PowerNazism in Power

Der FuherDer Fuher (the (the leader); leader); total powertotal power

All parties outlawedAll parties outlawed Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Himmler

ran Gestapo, secret ran Gestapo, secret police (SS)police (SS)

Concentration Concentration campscamps for opponents for opponents

First camp – First camp – Dachau Dachau ‘34‘34

Nazism cont.Nazism cont.

Propaganda Propaganda MinistryMinistry

Joseph GoebbelsJoseph Goebbels Censored pressCensored press Burned booksBurned books

Nazism cont.Nazism cont.

Education – to Education – to instill instill blind blind obedienceobedience to the to the FuhrerFuhrer

Nazi teachersNazi teachers, , textbookstextbooks

Taught Taught superiority of superiority of Aryan race, evils Aryan race, evils of democracyof democracy

Nazism cont.Nazism cont.

Science & Culture –Science & Culture – Weapons of warWeapons of war Writers Writers praised praised

HitlerHitler Jewish works Jewish works

bannedbanned Book burningsBook burnings Attempts to Attempts to

scientifically prove scientifically prove Aryan supremacyAryan supremacy

NazismNazism

Mass ralliesMass rallies especially at nightespecially at night

NurembergNuremberg Hitler youthHitler youth

Portrayal of JewsPortrayal of Jews

PersecutionPersecution

Nuremberg Laws, Nuremberg Laws, 1935, stripped Jews of 1935, stripped Jews of rightsrights

Fired from jobs, Fired from jobs, ousted from homesousted from homes

Physical Physical violenceviolence Pogroms – organized Pogroms – organized

attacksattacks KristallnachtKristallnacht “night of “night of

broken glass” 1938broken glass” 1938 Concentrations campsConcentrations camps

Persecution to HolocaustPersecution to Holocaust

Reinhard HeydrichReinhard Heydrich Final SolutionFinal Solution

Civil War in ChinaCivil War in China

Jiang Jieshi Jiang Jieshi – nationalist leader of KMT – nationalist leader of KMT (Kuomintang)(Kuomintang)

Mao Zedong Mao Zedong – communist leader– communist leader– Long March Long March – fighting nationalist forces– fighting nationalist forces– Gained many new followersGained many new followers– Civil war suspended Civil war suspended when Japan attacks in when Japan attacks in

1937 (fought together against Japan WWII)1937 (fought together against Japan WWII) After the war China becomes After the war China becomes

communistcommunist

IndiaIndia

Mohandas K. Gandhi promotes Mohandas K. Gandhi promotes civil civil disobediencedisobedience against British rule against British rule

Boycotts, strikes, demonstrationsBoycotts, strikes, demonstrations Salt march to demonstrate hated salt Salt march to demonstrate hated salt

tax & monopolytax & monopoly Limited self ruleLimited self rule Ultimately gains independence from Ultimately gains independence from

GB in 1947GB in 1947