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ACKNOWLScience an

CAUBETHEABAS

EminaUniverBelgrae-mailORCID

DOI: 1

FIELD: GeoscARTICLE TYP

Abstract:

Introduction/pthe air qualitpopulation. Тthe DPSEEAmeasures in scientific knoNovi Sad popquality affect

Methods: Thanalysis-syntmethod, geodescription, cartographic

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f Education, 6088.

89

Krič

ković,

E.,

Cau

se-e

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rela

tions

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betw

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ualit

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d pu

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lth in

the

city

of N

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the

DP

SE

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mod

el,p

p.88

-113

well as managers in the area of environment and public health management, in order to tackle emerging problems in a comprehensive manner.

Key words: air quality, city of Novi Sad, DPSEEA model, health effects, protecting measures.

Introduction The purpose of this article is to apply the existing scientific

knowledge in the area of medical geography in the scientific description and merging of the data on the air quality and the health of the population of the city of Novi Sad. Medical geography studies the relation between the geographic environment and health, especially estimating the way natural and social environments shape the health and well-being of every individual (Cromley&McLafferty, 2012). According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), health is not just the absence of disease, but the reflection of social and mental well-being of individuals in communities as well (World Health Organisation, 2020). The field of medical geography has developed rapidly in the last decade acknowledging that the concept of “location” plays an important role in understanding the health of individuals (Kwan, 2012, pp.891-892), while the progress in spatial modelling has eased the spatial analysis in different segments, spatial as well as temporal (Cromley&McLafferty, 2012).

An important segment is certainly air quality as it represents an important factor in evaluating not only the environment, but the life quality of the population in any state. The relationship between air quality and human health is not only of national significance but a global issue as well. The commonly known fact is that polluted air could be spread through the atmosphere to other states, causing serious consequences on the environment and human health. Life quality, living conditions and the quality of all components and segments of the environment, air quality being one of them, represent an imperative of social development. The relationship between air quality and human health has been known through history and negative effects have already been determined. However, development and survival of society in general still lead to a continuous increase in air pollution although negative pressures have already been determined. The example is certainly the territory of Novi Sad and the entire Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.

Modelling is a case-dependent reduction (abstraction) of a real-world problem to its relevant aspects. Models reduce complex problems to

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simpler sfinding abehaviou

Accothe key Indicatormultinatioenvironmgroup ofEnvironmnamed bmodel): status); Econducteshows thstate of measurehealth.

FРис

shapes, easa formal sysur of specificording to a

determinars (EHIs), onal analys

ment and hf experts e

mental Heaby the startD – drivingE – exposued in a pubhe DPSEEA

the enviroes which sh

Figure 1 – DPSс. 1 – МодельСлика 1 – М

sier to manstem whosec aspects o WHO wornt in chooas well a

ses which ealth systeestablished

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SEEA model -ь DPSEEA - коодел DPSEEA

90

nage. The se behaviou

of the real wrking grouposing the as the pro

connect iems (Matić d a model mme informof its stru

P – pressu E – effe

system) (Mhich describxposure, annducted in

- framework sонтурная диA – оквирна ш

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world (Kričko, feasibility Environmenoportion onformation et al, 201which cou

mation syscture elemre; S – sitcts, and A –atić et al, 2

bes how drivnd effects order to pro

cheme (Carneаграмма (Carшема (Carneir

model definessfully simović, 2018, p

was pointental (publicf their uscollected

3, p.10). Tuld be use

stem. The ents (the Duation (env– actions (s2016, p.5). ving force, affect acti

otect huma

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nition is in mulate the p.28). ed out as c) Health sability in

from the The same ed in an model is

DPSEEA-vironment should be

Figure 1 pressure, ons, e.g. n (public)

6) 006) )

91

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ković,

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-113Results of the research and the discussion

If the DPSEEA model could be shown using air pollution as an example, its elements would have the following meanings:

D = industry; the usage of fossil fuels in traffic; the number of

kilometres per passenger in traffic; P = emission of pollutants in the air; S = the concentration of pollutants in the air (emission); E = population exposure to pollutants; the number of inhabitants

exposed to excessive air pollution; the number of days with excessive pollution;

E = quantified health effects of the polluted air; the number of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases; and

A = imposed measures by the public health service in order to reduce air pollution as well as harmful effects on public health (Matić et al, 2016, p.6).

The DPSEEA model used in this article presents the biggest

contaminant - industry as a driving force of air pollution in Novi Sad, while particles of sulphur and nitrogen oxides, as well as РМ10 и РМ2.5 particles, whose concentration is measured, present pressure on the health of the population. Pollutants from individual household heating systems during cold weather and PCDF/D particles, whose concentration is not measured, also present pressure on public health. One of big pressures on the environment, as well as on air quality, is certainly traffic i.e., the usage of fossil fuels as well as the number of kilometres per passenger in traffic. However, there is no statistical data which could show this segment; therefore, it is not considered in this work. The emission of pollutants, i.e. their average annual values, is presented as a situation. Excessive values of pollutants represent exposure to harmful effects in the environment; long-term exposure to pollutants is related to numerous chronic diseases, such as lung cancer and cerebrovascular diseases as well as children respiratory diseases. The number of patients with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases represents an effect on public heath due to exposure to pollutants. The measures imposed by public health officials represent activities conducted in the public health system in order to mitigate air pollution effects. Figure 2 shows the relationship between air quality and public (population) health in Novi Sad together with the segments of the mentioned model.

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FigРис. 2

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93

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-113space. The main stationary pollution sources are the oil refinery, power

plants and heating plants, chemical industry facilities, fuel combustion products in households and individual heating boiler rooms, construction industry, inappropriate storing of raw materials, landfills, etc. (Službeni list APV, 13/2014, p.150). The problem of air pollution caused by heating plants is one of the most significant environmental problems of large cities, and also that of Novi Sad, the second largest city in Serbia (Petrović, 2017, p.6).

The important sources of air pollution in Novi Sad are: NIS

Gazpromneft, Chemical industry Novi Sad, Albus (detergents and cosmetics industry facility), Gumins (rubber processing, as part of chemical complex industry, developed for producing tractor tires and production of rubber-technical goods), metallurgy complex Pobeda, Novkabel (in the area of electric machines and cables), textile industry, leather industry complex Novitet, Neimar (construction industry) as well as Buducnost (Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Vojvodina, 2020).

The public enterprise Naftna Industrija Srbije, NIS – Oil Industry of

Serbia from Novi Sad unites production of oil, gas and oil products - engine and industry fuels, lubricants and other products based on oil. In oil refinery processes, there is significant air pollution due to the presence of easy-to-evaporate hydrocarbons and other aromatic compounds. Heating plants which use fossil fuels (lignite) and oil and oil products industry are the most significant environmental pollutants. Environmental pollution could be present in any process of electric industry: coal production (mining and surface mines), production and distribution of electric power, oil and gas sectors, starting from research and then exploitation and especially in oil processing and transport (Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije, 44/2005).

Besides being caused by old technology used in production

processes, absence of exhaust filtering or poorly efficient existing filters, irrational usage of raw materials and energy, as well as poor maintenance, significant air pollution is also caused by inadequate storing and disposal of by-products. It is considered that vehicles are one of the most significant air pollutants in Novi Sad. Exhaust gasses emissions release sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, ozone, and particles into the atmosphere. The data on vehicle emissions are still missing both for the city of Novi Sad and for Vojvodina province (Službeni list APV, 13/2014, p.150).

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Air pressur

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0 samples of SEPA’s Protection epublic of

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-113Based on the statistical method, the average annual values of

pollutants concentration in two measuring stations in Novi Sad are shown in Table 1 and it could be noticed that the number of days with excessive values of pollutants was 35 for РМ10, and 21 for O3. Therefore, the air quality was in the First category according to the classification method. The question remains whether it is possible that only two measuring stations monitor the air quality in a city as big as Novi Sad.

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NE

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) Average annual concentration of air pollutants

SO2 NO2 PM10 PM2,5 C6H6 CO O3

μg/m3

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days> 125 μg/m3

μg/m3

Number of

days>85 μg/m3

μg/m3 Number of

days>50μg/m3 μg/m3 μg/m3 mg/m3

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days>5 mg/m3

μg/m3

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days>120 μg/m3

Novi Sad

Novi Sad Liman

I 8.00 0 16.4 0 33.0 35 0.33 0 78.2 21

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Табле 1 – Average annual concentration of air pollutants (Environmental Protection Agency of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Serbia, 2019b,

p.42), adjusted Таблица 1 – Годовая концентрация загрязняющих веществ в воздухе

(Environmental Protection Agency of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Serbia, 2019b, p.42), адаптировано

Табела 1 – Годишња концентрација загађујућих материја у ваздуху (Environmental Protection Agency of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Serbia,

2019b, p.42), прилагођено A combination of methods, i.e. the classification method and the

analysis of the Report on the air quality state for 2018, and the comparison of the air quality categories for the last 9 years made it possible to conclude that in 2010 and 2011 the air quality in Novi Sad was in the third category.

During 2012 to 2014, the air quality was in the first category; in

2015, it was in the second category, while in the period from 2016 to 2018, the air quality was in the first category. When the air quality categories are concerned, it is important to notice that there are specific warnings and recommendations to the population for certain categories of air quality.

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-113Novi Sad’s population exposure to variable air quality

According to the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia in 2017, Novi Sad had the population of 356,126 inhabitants, which is 55,000 more inhabitants than in the census of 2002. From the Report on Population Health in Novi Sad for 2018, it is clear that excessive values of the following pollutants were determined in Novi Sad: PM2,5 suspended particles exceeded the limit values by 12% (the limit value is 25 µg/m3), PM2,5 suspended particles exceeded the permissible values by 8 % (the permissible value is 26.4 µg/m3) and the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in PM10 suspended particles exceeded the prescribed values in 69% (the prescribed value is 1 ng/m3) (Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, 2019b, p.110).

The values exceeding the prescribed concentrations of air pollutants

in Novi Sad during one year period are presented using the cartographic method in Figure 5. Urban areas are shown in black, while suburban areas are shown in purple. The City’s Direction for Environment's data is used for this method and provided by the Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina.

According to the same report, exceedances of the limit values of air

pollutants are determined daily: limit/permissible concentration value (50/50 µg/m3) for PM10 suspended particles during 14 days, which is 25% of 112 controlled days. Exceeded values were in the range from 52 to 88 µg/m3; daily limit/permissible value (85/97 µg/m3) for nitrogen oxide during 10 days, limit values (2.77%) and 7 days, permissible values (1.94%) out of 361 controlled days (Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, 2019b, p.111).

The concentrations of nitrogen-dioxide exceeding daily limits were in

the range from 85.5 to 134 µg/m3; the concentrations of ozone exceeded the prescribed value (120 µg/m3) during five days out of 350 controlled days.

These exceeded values were in the range from 121.5 to 205 µg/m3.

According to the Report on Public Health in Novi Sad for 2018, due to national regulation, daily concentrations of PM2.5 particles are analysed only annually.

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ir quality o

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make 86Novi SadVojvodinmorbiditydiseasesskin, mudiseasesrespirato

The 2018 wacardiovas(Institutemedicineservice rdiseasesthe cardVojvodin105,630 to the rePublic Heschool hdiseasesHealth ohospitalizcardiovasTumoursrespiratoHealth of

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o the cardioes and the children in Institute of

stered morb3 cases, wtem (15.2%

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system p.37). The

iseases. Thystem (49%vodina, 201ices was 8

o the respirna, 2019b,s in Novi Stem with e second pwere in th, 2019b, p.4aused by tre respiratos. The presoxides and

hma, especs of suspen

PM2.5). Theng that theammatory pd to variouease, lung piratory dise

104

most signiious diseasding to the he Novi Saovascular s

digestive sNovi Sad

Public Heabidity in priwith the lea%) and thef Vojvodinaealth care

ases of moed to the re(10.4%) (Ie pre-scho

he majority %) and the u19b, p.38). T81,337 casratory syste, p.39). TSad in 201830.4% in

place (19.3%he third pla42). raffic reduceory systemsence of ce benzenes

cially with cnded particle medical gese particleprocesses. us chronic cancer and

eases (Obra

ificant publses (Institutesame repoad health system, thesystem. Th

are disealth of Vojvomary care ading diseae respiratoa, 2019b,

for workinorbidity. Theespiratory snstitute of

ool health of those weupper tract The total re

ses. The leem (40.8%)

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%) while disce (17.2%)

es the effic and incre

ertain concein the air lechildren. Tes with a dgeographys can go dLong-term diseases

d cerebrovaadović-Arsić

ic health pre of Public rt, almost hsystem arerespiratory

e leading cases relatedina, 2019bin Novi Sa

ases relateory system p.36). Occng populate leading csystem (16f Public Hservices r

ere disease(17.1%) (In

egistered moeading caus) (Institute g death caeases relatnumber of

seases relat) (Institute

iency of theeases sensentrations ofead to risks he most hiameter smforecast m

deep into texposure

in adults, ascular diseć, 2014).

roblem of Health of

half of the e due to y system, causes of ed to the b, p.8). ad during ed to the (12.7%)

cupational tion. This causes of 6.9%) and Health of registered es related nstitute of orbidity in ses were of Public auses of ted to the f deaths. ted to the of Public

e defence sitivity to f nitrogen of cough, armful to

maller than method is the lungs to these including

eases, as

105

Krič

ković,

E.,

Cau

se-e

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rela

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betw

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ualit

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the

city

of N

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on

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DP

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mod

el,p

p.88

-113According to the “Identification of Environmental Risk Factors

Important for the Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease among the Population of the City of Novi Sad” study conducted by the Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, during the summer period women are more sensitive to pollutant exposure. Likewise, it is established that beside heavy metals, spores of rust fungi and pollen as immunogenic substances are often found in PM10 particles. It is well known that these particles worsen asthma symptoms. Due to these facts, it is clear that summer periods present risks for potential interactions of air pollutants with allergens. These results could be explained by the fact that children are longer and more frequently outside than the adults, as well as by mutual influence of weather factors and PM10 particles, especially in the mentioned period (if relative humidity is lower, the concentration of PM10 particles is higher). According to the same study, epidemiologic research indicates a strong relation between PM10 and PM2.5 particles and respiratory morbidity and mortality (Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, 2019a, p.12).

Protection measures Numerous health effects present in the subject territory certainly

indicate the current state of air quality. Air pollution reduction and the limitation of pollutant emissions should be of greater importance in the future, as well as the promotion of alternative sources of energy, clean industry, the principle of “pollutant paying”, traffic reduction, bicycle use, etc.

Services in charge of monitoring the air quality in the territory of the city of Novi Sad are obliged to continually monitor air quality and send data to the competent institution. This institution combines and unites data from different areas of Serbia and its name is the Serbian Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA).

The network of automated monitoring of the air quality in Vojvodina province is presented in Figure 7 with the cartographic method. It shows that there are three measuring stations in the territory of Novi Sad – two are established by SEPA and one by the Provincial Secretariat for Urban Planning and Environmental Protection (PSUPEP). These three automated measuring stations continually monitor pollutants along with the basic weather parameters and send hourly average measured concentrations using ADSL/GPRS in real time, for further processing in the central data processing systems.

By the EU Exchange of Information Decisions (EoI), air quality data are defined together with the process of informing the public as well as

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108

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's aim – hen reducing cprevent thee whole terrhasize diffeantity and tyto an infectstate of h

age healthmeasures foging diseasasures for et al, 2019, a public hdiseases ator many so020). The Dtal and medr the identigside with negative ef

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eeds such ae measureen in the nvironmenta

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h risks thor populatioes related suppressin

pp.61-76).health careand promotiocial and e

DPSEEA modical geograification of health sideffects.

onship betwving forceslation expoual health,

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driving forrst step in for the usaper inhabit

s a positivecessary to as common e in redu

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109

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el,p

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-113by measuring pollutants from traffic, so the average particle

concentrations per year are mentioned, as well as the number of days with exceeded concentrations of pollutants such as particles. Diseases morbidity and mortality among Novi Sad's population related to air pollution are also shown. Finally, preventive and protection measures are presented as actions which should be adopted in order to improve the health of Novi Sad's population.

In accordance with the Health Environment Indicators in the Republic of Serbia in 2015 report, the DPSEEA model starts from the basics because it is primarily focused on population health and the environment, as the driving forces are a product of pressures themselves (mechanism of harmful effects). This model is beneficial since it comprises a wide spectrum of potential forces (harmful effects) and the ensuing public actions, bringing together professionals, field workers, laboratory work force as well as managers in the field of environment managing and public health in order to deal with emerging problems in a comprehensive manner.

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ПРИЧИННО-СЛЕДСТВЕННАЯ СВЯЗЬ МЕЖДУ СОСТОЯНИЕМ КАЧЕСТВА ВОЗДУХА В НОВИ-САДЕ И ЗДОРОВЬЕМ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ МОДЕЛИ DPSEE Эмина С. Кричкович

Белградский университет, географический факультет, г. Белград, Республика Сербия РУБРИКА ГРНТИ: 39.00.00 ГЕОГРАФИЯ:

39.25.00 Медицинская география; 39.25.15 Условия среды и здоровье населения, 39.25.19 География болезней и их возбудителей, 39.25.23 Медико-географическая характеристика отдельных территорий, здравоохранение в отдельных странах

ВИД СТАТЬИ: оригинальная научная статья

Резюме:

Введение/цель: Исследовательской проблемой данной статьи является здоровье населения города Нови-Сад. Предметом исследования является состояние качества воздуха. В статье представлена взаимосвязь между этими сегментами с помощьюмодели DPSEEA. Цель данной статьи заключается в привлечении внимания кнеобходимости сохранения здоровья населения Нови-Сада. Социальная цель исследования должна обеспечить предоставление населению Нови-Сада научных данныхо влиянии качества воздуха, а на основании этих данных должны быть предприняты надлежащие меры для смягчения негативного воздействия на здоровье населения. Основная

VO

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, 202

1, V

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9, Is

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1

ј

гипотеза нчто качестНови-Сад.

Методы: моделироваклассификаметод, метгеографиче

Результатзагрязненияследующиедавление населения зтакже мерпомощью ввзаимосвяз

Вывод: Прспектр поткак следстэкспертов, руководитесредой ивсесторонн

Ключевые DPSEEA, изащиты.

УЗРОЧНО-ПВАЗДУХА УПРИМЕНОМ

Емина С. Кри

Универзитет Београд, Реп ОБЛАСТ: геоВРСТА ЧЛАН

Сажетак:

Увод/циљ: квалитета становништсегмената јесте да сквалитета

настоящеготво воздуха

В статьание, аналиации, методтод географеского прогн

ты: Исполя воздуха е факторыи состоянзагрязнениюры и действышеупомянь между эт

рименение тенциальнотвие, вынуж

полевых иелей (менеди общестнего устран

слова: качисточники

ПОСЛЕДИЧУ НОВОМ САМ МОДЕЛА

ичковић

у Београду, Гпублика Срби

онауке, заштиНКА: оригинал

Предмет ваздуха у гртва. У раприменом мсе на основаздуха н

112

о исследоваа влияет н

ье примениз-синтез, сд комбинирофо-медицинноза, а такж

льзуя модв городе

ы: движущиние качестю воздуха, втвия, котонутой модетими сегмен

настоящейого влиянияжденных дейи лаборатоджеров) в обтвенным знения возни

чество воздзагрязнени

ЧНА ВЕЗА ИАДУ И ЗДРАDPSEEA

Географски фија

ита животне слни научни р

истраживараду Новомаду је премодела DPSову научнихна здравље

ния отталка здоровье

нялись слстатистичеования, геогнского описакже картогр

дель DPSEе Нови-Садие силы затва воздухвлияние на зорые следуеели также бнтами.

й моделия (негативнйствий сооборных спецбласти упраздравоохраникших пробл

духа, городия, здоровь

ЗМЕЂУ СТААВЉА СТАН

факултет,

средине ад

ања овог Саду и њего

едстављена SEEA.Основнх сазнања уе становни

кивается отнаселения

ледующие еский метографо-эколоания, меторафический

EEA на д, были вагрязнения ха, подвержздоровье чеет предприбыла предс

включает ного воздейбщества, оциалистов, авления окрнением слем.

д Нови-Садье населени

АЊА КВАЛИНОВНИШТВ

рада јестеов утицај навеза изм

ни циљ истру вези са иштва Нов

т факта, в городе

методы: од, метод огический од медико-метод.

примере выявлены воздуха,

женность еловека, а инять. С ставлена

широкий йствия) и, объединяя а также

ружающей с целью

д, модель ия, меры

ИТЕТА ВА

е стање а здравље међу ових раживања утицајем

вог Сада,

PaperreceiManuscriptДатумдостPaperacceДатумкона

© 2021 The (www.vtg.moterms and co(http://creati

© 2021АвтоMilitaryTechдоступе и р(http://creati

© 2021 Ауто(www.vtg.moскладу са C

предузму одпо здрављеда квалитеСада.

Методе: Уистраживањстатистичгеографскоописивања, картографс

Резултативаздуха на тзагађења изложеностзаштите инаведеног сегмената.

Закључак: потенцијалњих произилтерена и области упциљем да спроблема.

Кључне речизвори зага

ivedon/Дата пtcorrectionssuтављањаиспр

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и: Применомтериторијиваздуха, пр

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ре ради отхипотеза исутиче на

ивању су д моделоваметод класметод, м

медицинско-

м модела и Новог Садпритисци ие загађењу, е би требалредстављен

овог моделштетних дејећи у везу пторија, каоживотном ухватнији на

ет ваздуха, авље станов

аботы/ ДатумпДата получениса: 23.12.2020а окончательнаобјављивањ

hnički glasnik / Mis article is an omons Attribution0/rs/).

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клањања нестраживањаздравље с

коришћенеања, метосификације, метод мед-географске

DPSEEA наа идентифии стање кздравственло спровестна је веза

ла обухватјстава) и акпрофесионало и руководсредином иачин баве р

град Нови вништва, м

пријемачланкия исправлен0. ного согласове: 25.12.2020

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стник / Vojnotehпр.срб). Даннаией «CreativeCo

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егативних па полази од тановништ

е следеће од анализакомбинован

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а примеру иковани су пквалитета ни ефекти, кти. Такође, а између н

та широки кција заједнилне кадроведиоце (менаи јавног здрешавањем н

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методе а-синтеза, ни метод, ографског е, као и

загађења покретачи

ваздуха, као и мере применом наведених

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