Pólo Regional Leste Paulista

Geraldo Stachetti Rodrigues Júlio Ferraz de Queiroz

Rosa T. S. Frighetto Fernanda Garcia Sampaio

Célia M. D. F. Scorvo Isis Rodrigues Kamila Couto

Geraldo.Stachetti@embrapa.br

Best practices and environmental management in

aquaculture – indicators for monitoring in multiple scales

Research Project “A System for Aquaculture Environmental

Monitoring and Management in the Furnas Reservoir”

(Embrapa Macroprogram 2)

Coordination: Ministry of

Fisheries and Aquaculture

Sub5: Indicators of Best Practices for the

Environmental Management of Aquaculture

Step 1: Sustainability assessment, through application of the APOIA-NovoRural methodology:

• A general system for the environmental management of rural establishments, including those dedicated to aquaculture

(“Avaliação ponderada de impacto ambiental de atividades rurais”)

Rodrigues GS et al. Integrated farm sustainability assessment for the environmental management of rural activities. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 30:229-239, 2010.

Landscape Ecology Environmental Quality

(atmosphere, water, and soil)

Socio-cultural Values Economic Values

Management and Administration

Sustainability dimensions

Water 20 Dissolved O2 21 Coliforms 22 BOD5 23 pH 24 Nitrate 25 Phosphate 26 Suspended solids 27 Chlorophyll a 28 Conductivity 29 Visual pollution 30 Pesticides potential

impact

Groundwater 31 Coliforms 32 Nitrate 33 Conductivity

2 Environmental Quality

Atmosphere 14 Suspended

particles/ smoke

15 Foul odors 16 Noise 17 Carbon oxide /

Hydrocarbon emissions

18 Sulfur oxide emissions

19 Nitrogen oxide emissions

Soil conservation 34 Organic matter content 35 pH 36 Phosphate 37 K exchangeable 38 Mg (& Ca) exchangeable 39 Potential acidity (Al + H) 40 Sum of cations 41 Cation Exchange Capacity 42 Volume of bases 43 Erosion

5 Management 58 Manager profile &

dedication 59 Commercialization

conditions 60 Residue recycling 61 Chemical inputs

management 62 Institutional

relationships

4 Sociocultural Values 44 Access education 45 Access basic services 46 Consumption stand. 47 Access sport leisure 48 Conservation legacy 49 Employment quality 50 Occupational safety 51 Qualif. employment

3 Economic Values

52 Establish profit 53 Divers. Sources 54 Profit distrib. 55 Indebtedness level 56 Establish value 57 Habitation quality

1 Landscape Ecology

1 Conservation state of natural habitats

2 Divers. & mangmt production areas

3 Divers. & mangmt confined activities

4 Minimum preserve area

5 Designated protection areas

6 Fauna corridors 7 Landscape diversity 8 Productive diversity 9 Reclamation degraded

areas 10 Sources endemic

disease vectors 11 Local extinction

endangrd species 12 Fire hazard 13 Geotechnical hazard

Runoff, Erosion

Rain

Wind, Evapot .

Sun

Geologic uplift

Fuels Goods

& Services

Tourism, Immigration

Markets

Farm system

Establishment

People

Environmental Systems Agriculture

Forestry

Water Soil

Livestock

Atmosphere

Runoff, Erosion

Rain

Wind, Evapot .

Sun

Geologic uplift

Fuels Goods

& Services

Tourism, Immigration

Markets

Farm system

Establishment

People

Environmental Systems Agriculture

Forestry

Water Soil

Livestock

Atmosphere

After H.T. Odum

A systemic, adequate and sufficient set of objective, quantitative indicators.

Each indicator is constructed considering its appropriate field measurement variable, and according to its properly designed utility correspondence table

and transformation functions (scale varying from 0 to 1, with environmental conformity set at 0,7)

for example, in the water quality dimension, the indicator ‘nitrate’ may represent increased pollution (0.36 – below the 0.7 level), but still keeping adequate quality (0.89, well above the 0.7 – considering the standard defined in legislation for class II waters)

Field survey and data gathering interview

Land uses, natural habitats, production areas and blueprint of the rural establishment

• Objective of the study: provide recommendations to farmers, in Environmental Management Reports

SUMÁRIO

RESUMO EXECUTIVO 2

RESUMO 7

INTRODUÇÃO 8

PROCEDIMENTOS E MÉTODOS 13

RESULTADOS 17

Apresentação do estabelecimento 17

Análise de desempenho ambiental 19

DISCUSSÃO 26

REFERÊNCIAS 28

• as a tool for integrated performance assessment and productive activity environmental management

APOIA-NovoRural : applications and case studies (n≈200) 1. Validation step: Environmental management of agrotourism, organic farming and fee fishing;

2. Territorial environmental management of agrotourism and organic farming – case studies in Itu (SP), Venda Nova (ES), Ibiúna (SP) and Frsc. Beltrão (PR)

3. Territorial environmental management of rural activities in the Mamanguape River (PB) Protection Area

4. Environmental assessment of Precision Agriculture in no-till grain production in the Rio Verde (GO) region

5. Environmental management of ostrich farming

6. Environmental management of rural establishments around the Caratinga Biological Preserve (MG) and ecological corridors for the endangered Brachyteles hypoxanthus

7. Environmental Impact Assessment in the “Proyecto Producción Responsable” – a National Rural Development Program in Uruguay

8. Integrated strawberry production and environmental management in family agriculture

9. Socio-environmental impact assessment of oleaginous crops for biodiesel production

10. Bioenergy and impacts on biodiversity (GEF 1.2.08.04)

11. Best management practices for aquaculture sustainability

Scope of analysis Case study References

1. Specific agricultural production system / activity

1.1 Family farming sustainability – horticulture, agro-tourism, fee-fishing

Rodrigues et al., 2003b; Rodrigues et al, 2006b

1.2 Integrated Fruit Production

Buschinelli et al., 2007; Calegario et al., 2009

1.3 Precision agriculture Rodrigues et al., 2008b

2. Agricultural productive sectors

2.1 Ostrich farming Rodrigues et al., 2007a; Rodrigues et al., 2008a

2.2 Oleaginous crops for biodiesel

Rodrigues et al., 2007b; Rodrigues et al., 2009b

3. Territorial environmental management

3.1 Organic agriculture and agro-tourism sustainable management

Rodrigues et al., 2006a

3.2 Rural activities in the Mamanguape Protection Area

Rodrigues et al., 2008c

3.3 Rural establishments around the Caratinga Biological Station

Lino et al., 2009

4. Countrywide rural development program

4.1 Integrated natural resources and biodiversity management project, Uruguay

Rodrigues and Moreira-Viñas, 2007a;b

Results of case studies (n= 177), showing the distribution of performance indices. Sustainability dimensions with higher correlations to the integrated indices, i.e., Landscape ecology (♦ - corr coef = 0.78) and Management and administration (■ – corr coef = 0.62) appear highlighted.

0,50

0,55

0,60

0,65

0,70

0,75

0,80

0,85

0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00

Performance indices for assessment dimensions

Sust

aina

bilit

y in

dice

s

Step 2: The accessory APOIA-Aquaculture module

Accessory module

APOIA-Aquaculture

1. SPATIAL ORGANIZATION • General conditions of implementation • Characteristics of cage placement • Format and dimensions of the cages • Operational infrastructure and equipments

2. WATER QUALITY

3. SEDIMENT QUALITY

4. MANAGEMENT, NUTRITION AND SAFETY • Management and operations • Feeding practices • Safety • Fish harvest and product quality

Dimensions and criteria

Tabela de porcentagem de adequação da implantação

Adequado 1,0

Parcial 0,7

Inadequado 0,1

Índice de adequação dos tanques rede = (soma pi*k)IAViv

IAViv0 546,00

100 Coeficientes:200 a =300 b =375 c =450550 U-IAViv= 0,70575600

70

30

100

0,7

0,10,2

0,55,00E-02

-6,62E+019,21E+01

0,81

Indicadores -

Condições gerais de

implantação

Utilidade

0,4

Situ

ação

do

indi

cado

r

0,3

546,00

Fator de ponderação k

Averiguação

0

30 30

70 70 70

Dis

tânc

ia d

os

mer

cado

s /

Infr

aest

rutu

ra v

iária

Faci

lidad

e de

ace

sso

à ág

ua /

aos

tanq

ues

Prox

imid

ade

de

font

es p

olue

ntes

70

Exis

tênc

ia d

e co

nflit

os d

e us

os

múl

tiplo

s

Equação de melhor ajuste para Utilidade

30

Harris Model: y=1/(a+bx^c)

100100 100

Hid

rodi

nâm

ica

loca

l

30

70

30

Con

dicã

o de

abr

igo

100 100

0

1

0 100 200 300 400 500 600Índice de adequação da implantação

Util

idad

e

The criteria and indicators are integrated in multi-attribute weighting checklists, for expression of environmental performance indices, for each one of the indicators and for the production system

• For instance, in the SPATIAL ORGANIZATION dimension, indicators of the ‘General conditions of implementation criteria...

Montante Tanques Jusante6,2 3,1 5,1

Variação percentual de OD

-18 1. Modelo logístico: y=a/(1+b*exp(-cx))6,2 2. Modelo exponencial: y=a(1-exp(-bx))3,1 Coeficientes:5,1 a = 1,16

IOD1 IOD2 e 3 (*10) IOD4 (*10) Utilidade a = 0,97 b = 0,02-100 0 0 0 -17,7134 62 31 51 b = 0,39-50 5 10 0,2 c = 0,06 a= 0,962-20 10 20 0,4 b= 0,058-10 15 40 0,6 U-IOD-1= 0,47

0 30 60 0,8 U-IOD-2= 0,9450 80 80 0,9 U-IOD-3= 0,80

100 100 100 1 U-IOD-4= 0,74

Tabela de mg O2 L-1

Índice de O2 dissolvido 1=

1. Variação %

Equação de melhor ajuste para Utilidade

Oxigênio dissolvido

IOD2 - Qualidade montante =IOD1 - Variação % =

2. IOD4IOD4 - Qualidade jusante =IOD3 - Qualidade tanques =

2. IOD 2 e 3

0

1

-100 -50 0 50 100mg O2 L-1

(*10), variação percentual

Util

idad

e

Each indicator is formulated according to its field measurement variable and modeled after appropriate standards, always keeping

the general structure of the weighting checklists

For the indicators of environmental and natural resources quality, it is possible to calculate series of indices, relative to environmental impact (1), resource adequacy (2), the quality of management and efficacy of good practices (3), and the conformity with applicable environmental legislation (4).

Indicators in the ‘sediment quality’ dimension are formulated according to nutrient availability (and optimal levels for

aquaculture production) and changes in nutrient contents observed at the bottom, below the cages

Adjacente Fundo2 2

Variação percentual M.O. 0

40 1. Ajuste quadrático: y=a+bx+cx^22. Ajuste quadrático: y=a+bx+cx^2

IMOsolo1 IMOsolo2 *20 Utilidade Coeficientes:

-100 0 0 0 40 a = 1,00 a = 0,0E+00-80 5 0,2 b = 0,00E+00 b = 4,1E-02-70 10 0,4 c = -1,00E-04 c = -4,2E-04-50 20 0,6

0 40 1 U-IMOsolo-1= 1,00 1,00

60 70 0,6 U-IMOsolo-2= 0,96 0,962

100 100 0

Tabela de Porcentagem de Matéria Orgânica

M.O.

Índice Matéria Orgânica 1IMOsolo-2 =

Equação de melhor ajuste para Utilidade

0

1

-100 -50 0 50 100Variação percentual MO solo

Util

idad

e

Pisciculture A Pisciculture B

Case study, P.Aq. Capitólio / Guapé, august 2012

P.Aq. Capitólio / Guapé, august 2012

Deficiencies (today corrected) were observed in practices relative to the ‘Management, Nutrition and Safety’ dimension

Tabela de porcentagem de adequação do arraçoamento

Adequado 1,0

Parcial 0,7

Inadequado 0,1

Índice de qualidade do arraçoamento = (soma pi*k)IQArr

IQArr0 420

100 Coeficientes:200 a =300 b =375 c =450550 U-IQArr= 0,38575600

100

1

Con

trol

e de

pr

edad

ores

e

com

petid

ores

100100 100

0,3

Harris Model: y=1/(a+bx^c)

100

5,00E-02-6,62E+01

100 100

100 100

Freq

uênc

ia e

hor

ário

de

arr

açoa

men

to

100

Perio

dici

dade

do

acom

panh

amen

to

biom

étric

o

Aju

ste

do ti

po d

a ra

ção

Con

trol

e da

qu

antid

ade

de ra

ção

e cá

lcul

o do

co

nsum

o

Den

sida

de

popu

laci

onal

420,00

Fator de ponderação k

Indicadores - Arraçoamento

Averiguação

Situ

ação

do

indi

cado

r

Utilidade0

0,1

0,4

Equação de melhor ajuste para Utilidade

9,21E+01

100 100

0,80,70,5

0,2

0

1

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Índice de adequação do arraçoamento

Util

idad

e

Adjacente Fundo2,7 6,3

Variação percentual M.O. 100100 1. Ajuste quadrático: y=a+bx+cx^2

2. Ajuste quadrático: y=a+bx+cx^2

IMOsolo1 IMOsolo2 *20 Utilidade Coeficientes:

-100 0 0 100 100 a = 1,00 a = 0,0E+00-80 5 0,2 b = 0,00E+00 b = 4,1E-02-70 10 0,4 c = -1,00E-04 c = -4,2E-04-50 20 0,6

0 40 1 U-IMOsolo-1= 0,00 0,00

60 70 0,6 U-IMOsolo-2= 0,00 -0,090

100 100 0

Tabela de Porcentagem de Matéria Orgânica

M.O.

Índice Matéria Orgânica 1IMOsolo-2 =

Equação de melhor ajuste para Utilidade

0

1

-100 -50 0 50 100Variação percentual MO solo

Util

idad

e

Adjacente Fundo350 570

Variação percentual P resina63

140 1. Ajuste quadrático: y=a+bx+cx^2

IP res1= IP res2 Utilidade 2. Ajuste quadrático: y=a+bx+cx^2

-100 1 0 62,85535 140 Coeficientes:-80 5 0,2 a = 1,00 a = 0,04-70 10 0,4 b = 0,00E+00 b = 0,03-50 20 0,6 c = -1,00E-04 c = -1,90E-04

0 40 160 100 0,6 U-IPres-1= 0,60 0,60

100 120 0 U-IPres-2= 0,10

Índice fósforo 1=

Tabela de mg/dm3 P

P resina

IP res2=

Equação de melhor ajuste para Utilidade

0

1

-100 -50 0 50 100 150g/cm3 P solo / variação percentual

Util

idad

e

Indicadores de Qualidade do sedimento

Matéria orgânica

pH

Fósforo

Potássio

MagnésioAcidez potencial

Soma bases

CTC

Saturação bases

Linha de base Índice de desempenho Índice de impacto

Whose cumulative consequences can be observed in the sediment quality

• Allowing an integrated view for the recommendation of practices and technologies for improvement of the productive and environmental performance, as well as PREPARATION for eco-certification initiatives.

• Promote the implementation of the ‘APOIA-Aquicultura’ module in rural establishments partnering on the project, as ‘demonstration units’ for the proposition of Environmental Management Reports and adoption of BMPs;

• Extend the methodological approach for the diversity of production systems and raised species, improving the quality of management practices recommendations;

• Based on this experience and according to the set of criteria and indicators in the system, formulate an Environmental Management and BMPs adoption Report, for Aquaculture in the studied territory (or region);

Perspectives and challenges

• Broaden the scope of the criteria and indicators, and adapt the methodological approach for application at the ‘Aquaculture Park’ scale, aiming at the collective environmental management and shared use of natural resources.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - IICA / PROCISUR - Embrapa - Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura

Obrigado!

To the students, participants of case studies and other events, local agents, farmers / producers, and researchers who have offered their time and expertise to help and support the development of the presented environmental management approach and its applications.