Smart City Berlin 2025. Sector: energy.

I. Actual situation: Berlin 2015.

Before the year 1990, the Berlin- Brandenburg area owned an old-established energy sector, based mainly upon brown coal exploitation. The Lausitz area is historically considered as one of the three biggest deposits of brown coal in Germany. Consequently, since the reunification of the country, Germany entered into an economic transformation and hence, a structural change has taken place in terms of the energy management. The volume extraction of brown coal, diminished to around 50% of its originally consumption and new climate-friendly resources as well as renewable energies, emerged and gained great importance in the energy market.

This was also possible because of the great environmental conditions existing in the area. Brandenburg is so called an energy state, due to the big amount of wind and other favorable resources that allow the production of these new alternative energies.

According to the energy strategy 2030, developed by the Brandenburgs Government, the share in renewable resources will increase to up to 32 % of the primary energy consumption until 2030. In fact, regarding the ranking of federal states in Germany performed by the Agency for Renewable Resources, Brandenburg has been awarded with the Leitstern, or leading star, in 2008, 2010 and 2012, which is an award given to the state offering the best preconditions for the extended use of renewable resources as well as the extraction of energy. Brown coal, wind and big solar parks, bio mass plants, energy crops are in competition with other requirements for usage and protection and do change the cultural landscape. Spatial control and spatially friendly arrangements may reduce conflicts of use. (Innovation Monitor Berlin - Brandenburg; Cluster Board Energy Technology, 2013)

II. Energy IndustryBerlin is a leading city in the field of energy technology. The Berlin Brandenburg area is among the regions in Germany with the highest density of research institutions, energy technology companies, as well as workers on the field of clean energy, ranking just behind Bavaria, and competing neck to neck with Hamburg. Berlin has both energy generation and distribution components and energy technology issues and services.

According to the Berlin Business Location Center: The database of German companies involved in environmental technologies and services (Umfis) by the German Chambers of Commerce and Industry with close to 10,500 energy technology companies contains 450 companies from Berlin.(Chamber of Commerce and Industry Berlin, 2013)The energy technology industry of Berlin includes the following sectors:

1. Energy grids, Storage and Electromobility.The GSE or grids, storage and electromobility are of particular importance to the energy technology cluster of Berlin - Brandenburg due to the fact that the main issues of grid integration with renewable energies have to be solved here.

On the user's side, the region provides common conditions for energy supply systems, particularly in their cross-state correlation, which are attractive for development and environmental testing both for local companies and network operators as well as for actors outside the region.

The Energy Strategy 2030 include the following:

A large variety of renewable energies in the regional transmission and distribution network compared to other German and European regions. Coverage of all energy-relevant network divisions (electricity, gas, district heating) and supply structures: City, suburbs as well as smaller towns defined as areas with high consumption and a big amount of decentralized producers. Outskirts with large-scale energy producing and network structure objects. New approaches and concepts for the transport based on electromobility as well as hydrogen and gas driven vehicles. High potential for multi-utility approaches: integrated detection and steering of energy flows, junction with other infrastructures (e.g. water).

On the supply-side, the region has the following regional technology focuses and advantages, mutually covered by companies and network operators in Berlin-Brandenburg.

a. Establishment and operation of energy grids (electricity) with a high ratio of renewable energies (predominantly incorporating wind energy and photovoltaics) for cross-regional, regional and local supply structures.b. Storage operation, including the integration of supplementary storage types of all relevant amounts of energy and performance capacities, manufacturing or contributions to manufacturing of singular storage technologies (Compressed Air Energy Storage CAES, lead-acid batteries, thermic underground storage tanks).c. Controllability of renewable energies via hydrogen (H2).d. Detection and steering of energy flows across grid levels and divisions (electricity, gas, heat).e. Demand side management and smart meter.f. System security of complex power grids (electricity).g. Flexibility of conventional power plants (Gas).h. CO2separation and transport with conventional energy carriers (coal).

(Energy strategy 2030)

2. Turbomachinery and power plant engineeringTurbomachinery and power plant engineering have a great and historic tradition in the Berlin-Brandenburg region. The first steam turbines were produced at the beginning of the second half of the 19th century, and all this expertise acquired was later on transferred to the manufacturing of gas turbines, which enable the location of the capital city of Germany to generate a great amount of benefits in terms of manufacturing and development of these type of technologies. Nowadays, the produced turbines are world leading in terms of performance and efficiency, and in the field of power plant engineering, the Berlin area is pioneer in flexible power plants that are operated with conventional fuels. Nevertheless, the region is a pioneer in renewable energies and key technologies in the fields of hybrid power plants and brown coal drying technologies. Further expertise, especially in the field of power plant engineering, accrues from two large lignite power plants (Jnschwalde and Schwarze Pumpe) in Brandenburg and from close cooperation with the BTU Cottbus in the field of brown coal drying. The density of companies and the cooperation projects with research facilities build unique networks.(Berlin Business Location Center, 2013)3. Solar IndustryCurrently, the solar sector remains in a phase of transition and consolidation. However, the solar sector in the capital region is currently represented by more than100 companieswith around 4,000 employees, some of which are leading global players. The major part of the employees is involved in photovoltaics, the rest works in solar thermal energy. Furthermore, there are at least eight university and13 non-university research facilitiesthat deal with solar energy.(Berlin Business Location Center, 2013)

Berlin provides:

A powerful cluster of manufacturers, suppliers and service providers in the solar industry in Europe Available highly qualified professionals and managers High productivity at low labor costs and flexible working time models Highest funding rates in the European Union First-class locations for production and research at attractive prices Individual assistance and non-bureaucratic support of investments Inspiring mix of urbanity, landscape, history and culture High quality of life at a low cost of living

4. Energy efficiencyUp to our days, energy efficiency is not only important in terms of saving resources, but also a reason of cost. This is why the development of new strategies for the efficient use of technology as well as new technologies, its a must for both households and companies.A high level of product innovation is characteristic for the capital region in the field of energy efficiency. Individual companies from the region are global leaders in their branch and demonstrate top-level know-how. Particularly light engineering, energy consumption visualization, lightweight construction, air conditioning, low-temperature heat technologies and architectural engineering are technological fields where the companies identified potential for the region.(Berlin Business Location Center, 2013)The profile of the region as an energy efficiency location includes the following key subjects:

Energy efficiency technologies for buildings (including energy consumption visualization, light engineering, air conditioning, low-temperature heat and architectural engineering) Energy efficiency technologies for industrial processes (including energy consumption visualization, light engineering, air conditioning, low-temperature heat, lightweight construction and architectural engineering) Energy efficiency technologies for devices Energy efficiency technologies for public space (including light engineering)

CHP (combined heat and power)Another important aspect that needs to be considered is the combined heat and power technology. Berlin is also the nationwide leader in applying this; the largest district heating grid in Western Europe is located in the area; more than 1,600 kilometers of a long pipe system delivers heat to the consumers, which is generated in a resource-saving way. Moreover, more 280 combined heat and power plants at different locations are reliable and eco-friendly. The CHP share of the local heat market is currently close to 30%. 5. Bio energiesWhether for generating heat, power or even mobility, the bioenergy is playing each year an increasingly major role in the region Berlin-Brandenburg. A good example is that Germanys first biogas plant was established here; this plant processes biogas in the quality of natural gas and feeds it into the natural gas grid. Up to 2012, there were335 biogas plantswith an installedcapacity of 182 MW.

The region also holds a strong position in nearly all fields of the energetic use of biomass. Biomass allocation, mechanical engineering and construction and the planning and operating of bioenergy plants characterize the energy technology value added chain of the region. The central location of Berlin-Brandenburg and its good infrastructure provide optimal conditions for component manufacturers willing to export to Middle and Eastern Europe.The 21 biomass combined heat and power stations predominantly use scrap wood from the woodworking industry. Furthermore, Berlin-Brandenburg is one of the largest producers of biofuel in Germany.(Renewable Energies Agency, 2013)

6. Wind EnergyThe Berlin region is home to world known manufacturers and suppliers on the wind energy sector who produce every type of wind technology components (nacelles, rotor blades, towers, etc). Engineering offices and other service providers with focus on planning and projection of wind energy projects are prominently represented in Berlin. There are companies and research facilities in the region that are involved in innovative technologies such as upper wind, small wind, among others.Actors in the wind energy sector benefit from Berlins acknowledged research in the field of wind energy plants. In order to bundle this scientific power, departments of the Technische Universitt Berlin (TU), the University of Applied Sciences and the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, founded the WIB (Kompetenzzentrum Windenergie Berlin) which means Center for Expertise for Wind Energy Berlin, in 2010. The Center conducts wind energy research with innovative projects in modern, well-equipped areas and test labs.Wind energy systems in the capitalIn late 2012, there were ca. 3,200 wind power facilities in the state of Brandenburg, with an installed capacity of 4,800 MW. That puts the state surrounding Berlin in second place in Germany, behind Lower Saxony. About 48 percent of the net electricity consumption in Brandenburg is covered by wind energy.(Berlin Business Location Center, 2013)

III. 2030 EU Energy StrategyEU countries have agreed ona new 2030 Framework for climate and energy, including EU-wide targets and policy objectives for the period between 2020 and 2030. These targets aim to help the EU achieve a more competitive, secure and sustainable energy system and to meet its long-term 2050 greenhouse gas reductions target.The strategy sends a strong signal to the market, encouraging private investment in new pipelines, electricity networks, and low-carbon technology. The targets are based on a thorough economic analysis that measures how to cost-effectively achieve de-carbonization by 2050.The cost of meeting the targets does not substantially differ from the price we need to pay anyway to replace our ageing energy system. The main financial effect of de-carbonization will be to shift our spending away from fuel sources and towards low-carbon technologies.

Targets for 2030 40% cut in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels. At least a 27% share of renewable energy consumption. 30% improvement in energy efficiency (compared to projections).Policies for 2030 In order to meet the targets, the European Commission has proposed: A reformed EU emissions trading scheme (ETS). New indicators for the competitiveness and security of the energy system, such as price differences with major trading partners, diversification of supply, and interconnection capacity between EU countries. First ideas on a new governance system based on national plans for competitive, secure, and sustainable energy. These plans will follow a common EU approach. They will ensure stronger investor certainty, greater transparency, enhanced policy coherence and improved coordination across the EU.(European Commission, 2014)IV. CO2 Reduction in Berlin

Berlin has not only managed to reduce its CO2 emissions, but also its primary energy consumption: from 356,208 TJ in 1990 to 306,372 TJ in 2010. Of this, a significant percentage is still generated from fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas as shown in figure 1.

In 2010, only 3 % of the primary energy consumption (9.8 TJ) and around 1 % of the supplied final energy was derived from renewable energy sources, mainly from biomass, but also from solar energy and one wind turbine. However, figure 2 shows that the renewable energy sector has been very dynamic in recent years, a development that needs acceleration in order to reach the climate neutrality goal.

The CO2 reduction potential of the Berlin energy supply lies in various areas:

Emission-intensive energy carriers such as coal and oil need to be rapidly removed from the conversion sector and heat supply. Natural gas as a less emission-intensive energy carrier can fill the resulting gaps to a large extent, but it must also be made less CO2-intensive through increasing the share of renewable gas by feeding-in renewable gas from excess renewable electricity or from biological origins. The share of combined heat and power generation (CHP) can still be increased, while pure electricity production without heat extraction should be reduced. Grid-bound thermal power (e.g. district heating) continues to be important for the city. Decentralized sub-networks, however, will have to complement it more and more. The increasing intelligence of the energy system as a whole, including its networks, makes an ever more efficient interconnection of the various energy markets, from consumers to producers (smart city), possible. Solar energy offers the most promising potential of the entire renewable portfolio, fitting well with the urban load curve and the urban distribution network. Berlins 320,000 residential houses not only the roofs, but also the facades offer a space-efficient basis for a massive rollout of photovoltaics as well as solar heating systems. Studies find that Berlin can generate 300 times the amount of solar energy it produced in 2010. With biomass, Berlin needs to utilize its own potential systematically, but sustainably. Biomass imports are possible, but they must satisfy strict sustainability criteria. Due to the global scarcity of biomass, imports can hardly deliver a significant contribution to Berlins energy demand.

Figure 1

Figure 2

(Climate-Neutral Berlin 2050, 2014)

V. Energy Concept 2020 for Berlin.Under the headwords "Efficient - Renewable - Sustainable", the Energy Concept 2020 develops a future strategy for energy supply in the federal state of Berlin that is based on the principles of security of supply, economic efficiency and environmental and social compatibility. The protection of the climate plays a central role. The concept drawn up by Berliner Energieagentur (BEA) on behalf of the Senate Department for Economics, Technology and Women's Issues is to be a guideline for a long-term energy, environmental and climate protection policy. With regard to this, the increase of decentralized energy production plays a leading pact.Multiplication of electricity production from renewable energiesTo achieve the 40-percent goal, it is necessary to reduce final energy consumption by ten percent in 2020. The major part of the saving will be provided by the private households and the trade, commerce and service sectors. The energy industry's share in the CO2 reduction is 44.5 and the consumers' share 55.5 percent. In the next years, the share of renewable energies in power generation is to rise from 1.2 percent (2005) to 17.8 percent (2020). There will be shifts in the heat mix also. The share of biomass used both in district heating and local heat production will rise until 2020. A considerable CO2 reduction is achieved by a change of energy sources from coal and fuel oil to natural gas and bio-natural gas and by an extension of the highly efficient local combined heat and power generation (CHP).(Senate Department for Economics, Technology and Women's Issues, 2009-2011).

VI. Smart City Berlin 2025

The city of Berlin, due to his location and it political and economical importance, its not only one of the most attractive business locations in Germany, but also a huge lab for new technologies development such as efficient infrastructure, informational networking, sustainable mobility and creativity all of this in combination with a high productivity range and a high quality of life.

The term Smart City considers all future affairs with which we deal in a large city in the upcoming decades.The idea includes the anticipation of trends and developments in all areas that affect the life and interaction of the people who inhabit a big city.With the help of ICT (Information and Communications Technology), it is possible to develop concrete solutions to make the city of Berlin more efficient, healthier, more sustainable, more livable and clean.Furthermore, the civil benefits of climate protection, resource conservation and sustainability are of particular importance.The creation of an organizational framework and networking of decision-making processes in the cities are a prerequisite for the establishment of smart technologies. This includes production processes, services and technologies as well as infrastructure that will collaborate with the integration of the new "intelligent" information and communication technologies, cross-linked, and mutually supported which have to be implemented in the first place.In Berlin there are already many projects existing, which have arisen across government and Institutions, which generate and exploit synergies from administration, science and research as well as business.Thanks to the excellent research landscape and the large number of innovative companies, the capital city is already a huge potential site. An example of this is the EREF-Campus, which is an innovative project, still under construction, but that since the end of 2011 has played a huge roll on the development of the Smart City Berlin with the integration of a Micro Smart Grid in combination with a clean green renewable energy supply. The EUREF-Campus is continuously developing system supplies for all the buildings on the campus with largely carbon-neutral energy.A wide range of renewable energy sources, intelligent geared to the current needs of load management and proven local networking of the "Micro smart grids" with stationed on the premises electric vehicles make the city quarter at a showroom and a "Real laboratory" for the energy transition.

Smart Grid

A smart grid is an electricity grid, intelligently linked with the different energy sources, consumers and storage.The network management is to bring the fluctuating supply of renewable energy with the current power consumption ecologically and economically compatible.Since this is done on the spatially delimited EUREF-Campus, it is defined as a "Micro" Smart Grid.It persists connection to the electricity grid.On the EUREF Campus small wind turbines, solar panels, a cogeneration plant, and two large batteries were constructed as a power buffer, to explore the integration of renewable energy and electric mobility into the power grid.This is possible thanks to the support of the Federation, the State of Berlin, the district Tempelhof-Schneberg, and other partners from industry and science. The aim is to reduce the electricity purchased from the public network step by step.(EUREF-Campus, 2014)

The development of Smart Grids, storage concepts and innovative solutions to synchronize energy supply and demand are the key factors to the success of energy transition. The ICT networking, that is no other than the unification of communicationsand the integration oftelecommunications(telephonelines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessaryenterprise software,middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information, in addition to the energy and resource efficiency play a big role for the future of Berlin as a Smart City.

Within this, all households in a city can transmit signals over the electricity grid, the water supply, the sanitation, the gas supply and even via the central heating network with supply and disposal facility of urban infrastructure and in some cases, also networked together. When existing in all networked areas of local services capabilities, the developing smart solutions using ICT applications could work on both parts of the supply-demand chain. On individual households; such as smart metering in electricity and water consumption, as on the part of the respective service provider; such as remote reading of electricity and heat consumption of households.

VII. Conclusions

Smart-city Berlin 2025 should be conceived as a system that integrates cutting-edge technologies to optimize energy production and intelligent use in a urban-laboratory functions such as lighting, power distribution, public safety and communications system. Energy efficiency contributes to improve the quality of life of people, optimizing production processes at the same time, allows a greater number of activities with the lowest possible power consumption.

In a world where we grow exponentially, instances must be implemented jointly by shaped governments (central and local), universities and citizens themselves, who through awareness of the role playing as agents of change must allow, based on the experience, these urban laboratories to achieve success and make it massive or in instance be incorporated as public policy.

The implementation of a Smart Grid is one of the central aspects to design a future urban project that can operate in an integrated manner. Through smart grids, electric power can be managed remotely and more efficiently. This allows the operator to make quick decisions with real-time information and online contact with the provider of the services.

The development of a project of this magnitude is oriented to optimize energy efficiency and encourage the use of non-conventional renewable energy. The efficient and sustainable use of energy is the main point and shaft proposed for Smart City Berlin 2025, designed to increase the quality of life for people, encouraging the user to experience the technological innovations that ensure a harmonious relationship with the environment model atmosphere. This is thanks to the use of various utility implements as well as decorative, contributing to energy efficiency, and hence being responsible for our planet.

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