berkeley lab helios project. in the last 100 years, the earth warmed up by ~1°c
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Berkeley Lab
Helios Project
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In the last 100 years, the Earth warmed up by ~1°C
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Temperature over the last 420,000 years
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Consumption of Energy Increased by 85% between 1970 and 1999
20202015201020051999199519901985198019751970
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Quadrillion Btu
History Projections
By 2020, Consumption will Triple
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Global energy consumption (1998)
Total: 12.8 TW U.S.: 3.3 TW (99 Quads)
4.52
2.72.96
0.286
1.21
0.2860.828
0
1
2
3
4
5
TW
Oil Coal Biomass NuclearGas HydroRenewable
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Helios
Solve the challenge of efficiently generating chemical fuel at low cost using solar energy
Photosynthesis
cheap but inefficient efficient but expensive
Solar Driven Electrolysis
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Berkeley Lab Broad-based Energy Strategy
FusionCarbon
sequestration
Energy Efficiency
Computation and Modelinggeothermal
Fossil recoveryHelios
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Helios
Nanoscience Biology
methanolethanol
hydrogen
hydrocarbons
Carbondioxide
Water
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Helios
CellulosePlants
Cellulose-degradingmicrobes
Engineeredphotosynthetic microbes
and plants
ArtificialPhotosynthesis
ElectricityPV Electrochemistry
MethanolEthanolHydrogenHydrocarbons
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The Target
Light-to-Fuel at 10% Power Efficiency $ 3/GJ (= Gasoline at $0.4/ Gallon) Carbon Neutral Manufacturable and Sustainable Storable and Transportable Fuel
(energy density Spec.)
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Energy Density sorted by Wh/l
Material Volumetric Gravimetric
Diesel 10,942Wh/l 13762Wh/kg
Gasoline 9,700 Wh/l 12,200 Wh/kg
LNG 7,216 Wh/l 12,100 Wh/kg
Propane 6,600 Wh/l 13,900 Wh/kg
Ethanol 6,100 Wh/l 7,850 Wh/kg
Methanol 4,600 Wh/l 6,400 Wh/kg
Liquid H2 2,600 Wh/l 39,000* Wh/kg
Energy Density Spec.
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Some benchmarks to consider
Biomass-to-fuel: From ~0.35% to 3.6%– At 3.6% efficiency, 100M acres of arable land (25% of total currently
farmed land) will supply all fuel for transportation based on current fuel efficiency.
Light-to-electricity: 20% efficiency at mass production, $0.02/KWh Electricity-to-chemical storage:
– Presently at most 50% energy efficient; over-voltage to drive rates
– Water to hydrogen 4 electrons; CO2 to methanol six electrons
Direct solar-to-fuel– Sunlight oxidizing water: 1.23 volts
– Overall Power Efficiency Requirement: 10% Fuel interconversion:
– 95% selective
– Greater than10,000 turnovers/sec/site
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Combine Nanoscience and Biological Research at LBNL
10 nm
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Scale of the Helios problemrequires breaking down the
stovepipes
ALS
EETD
Earth Science
Chemical
Science
Foundry
NCEM
Synthetic Biology
JGI
Nanoscience
NERSC
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Microbial production of fuelsPlatformsEnergy sources Fuels
Sunlight + CO2
Cellulose
Starch
Alkanes
Alcohols
Hydrogen
Syngas (CO + H2)
E. coliYeast
Synechocystis
Archae (methanogen)
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Microbial fuels Energy production
– Production of hydrogen or ethanol– Efficient conversion of waste into energy– Conversion of sunlight into hydrogen
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Lignocellulose
Nearly universal component of biomass Consists of three types of polymers:
– Cellulose– Hemicellulose– Lignin
All three are degraded by bacteria and fungi
Component Percent Dry Weight
Cellulose 40-60%
Hemicellulose 20-40%
Lignin 10-25%
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Lignocellulose
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Cellulose harvesting
http://www.bio.umass.edu/micro/images/facbios/leschine2.jpg
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Cellulose to Fuel
Catalystsrobust enzymesartificial catalysts
SeparationsExtract ethanol from water
Improve upon the microbial degradation of lignocellulosic materials
Better microbesselectivityratesreduced toxicity
Tractable cellulose
decrease crystallinitydecrease lignin
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Some “natural” biofuels
Challenges: To understand the mechanisms (genes and enzymes) of hydrocarbon synthesis in natural organisms
build entirely new pathways
Botryococcus braunii
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Direct Solar to Fuel
•Linked light absorption charge transfer catalyst units•Biomimetic assembly•Integration Into a range of “membranes”
ASU
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Design of catalytic active sites
Biomimetic active site design--embedded in 3D nanostructure for product separation on the nanoscale
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Novel Catalytic Microenvironments
inorganic dendrimers and micelles
Organicdendrimers
•control fluctuations•control “flow” of reactants and products
Inorganic channels
PNNL
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Helios metrics for success
Identify key decision points Address showstoppers as quickly as possible Bi-annual international workshops to assess progress Annual plan Milestones and goals for ensuing three years Semi-annual reporting Annual Helios retreat/review with external reviewers
The goal of Helios is to provide a significant breakthrough within ten years
Science and technology trajectory analysis:
Fuels