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Beowulf Context

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Beowulf: Context Review Composed in England by an unknown Anglo-Saxon poet (c. 750) Set in Scandinavia just before Anglo-Saxon migration (c. 520) Celts reside in England during 1st century BC; pegan Romans (from Italy) invade in the 55 BC; Christian Angles & Saxons (from Germany) invade in the 5th century; pagan Vikings (from Scandinavia) invade in the 8th century; pagan Normans (from France) invade in the 11th century; Christian

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ChristianityPaganism Poly/Mono-theisticMonotheisticPolytheistic Cosmos: Linear/Cyclicallinearcyclical Religious TextBiblenone MoralityGood v. Evil Right v. Wrong No concept of sin Role of NatureGods creation which has been corrupted, it must be corrected Personification of gods; connection to nature WorldviewFree Will & God planFatalistic Whats the difference?

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Tensions Between Value Systems Heroic Code, Paganism, and Christianity Anglo-Saxon invaders experienced a large-scale conversion to Christianity Though a pagan story, Beowulf would be told by a Christian poet (poet attempts to attribute Christian thoughts/motives to characters, who frequently behave in un-Christian ways, leading to inconsistencies) Heroic code maintains that honor is gained during life through deeds, while Christianity asserts that glory lies in the afterlife. Warrior culture dictates that it is always better to retaliate than to mourn, while Christianity advocates peace and forgiveness.

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Review: What is the definition/purpose of epic poetry? Epic poetry is used to portray significant cultural information about the people who created them (religion, gender roles, VALUES, morals, fears, etc.) What is the definition/purpose of HEROs JOURNEY (monomyth)? The heroic journey is that which occurs in ALL mythical stories, where the hero learns the truth about his world and himself through a journey symbolizing the search for individual identity and the cultures concept of the idealized member of society.

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Comitatus: Oath of Camaraderie ~ Loyalty, Generosity, Friendship Wergild: Revenge & Kinship ~ Justice, Revenge, Family Fame and Reputation ~ The Nine Noble Virtues Beowulf as an Epic Hero: Anglo-Saxon Values

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Comitatus Oath Comitatus: relationship between a ruler and his warriors requiring that the thane vow to defend a lord to the death, while in return, the lord provides protection and a share of his wealth. * * Chieftain of the comitatus (small war band) is surrounded by warriors, his comites (companions), whove sworn to defend him with their lives. May seem like a typical warrior defending master relationship, but with each providing services to the other, there is a great deal of camaraderie The chieftain (or gold-giver) showed symbolic measure of a man's worth by the amount of gold he offered.

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Wergild: Revenge & Kinship Wergild: monetary compensation for somebody slain, the value placed on every human being and every piece of property in Anglo-Saxon times. * * A man's kin were his strongest support in everyday affairsIf killed, it was the duty of his kinsmen to avenge him (eye for an eye) Alternative Wergild (man-payment) could be accepted by the kindred of the slain man without loss of face because each man's life had a set money value according to his rank and standing in society

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Value of Fame Fame or Praise was the final goal of the heroic life The Anglo-Saxons had an incomparable sense of the transience and pointlessness of mortal life, only a man's name lived on Elements that make up the heroic ideal can be seen in the patronymics and cataloging of the Danish kings in the first few paragraphs of Beowulf.

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Fame and Pride The warriors of Beowulf seek fame through feats of bravery in the face of danger, an utter disdain for death; this is emphasized by boasting The quest for fame can easily succumb to pride. Fame involves becoming great in order to bring strength/power to ones people through generosity and community Pride involves greed, selfishness, and a desire to be great at any cost.

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Loyalty Hard Working How might the search for fame conflict with these values?

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Seamus Heaney Irish poet Considered the most important poet in Ireland since Yeats Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1995 for his translation of Beowulf

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Agenda Characters & Setting

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Read: Heorot is Attacked