Benjamin Benjamin Franklin’s World Franklin’s World

1702-17631702-1763The British colonies come of The British colonies come of age and the seeds of future age and the seeds of future

development are sown. development are sown.

Essay 1Essay 1

““The British colonies were so The British colonies were so antagonistic to each other that antagonistic to each other that they were unable to unite to face they were unable to unite to face the attack of common enemies.”the attack of common enemies.”

Assess the validity of this Assess the validity of this statement.statement.

Essay 2Essay 2

How did economic, How did economic, geographic, and social geographic, and social factors encourage the factors encourage the growth of slavery as an growth of slavery as an important part of the important part of the economy of southern economy of southern colonies between 1607 and colonies between 1607 and 1775?1775?

The Colonies 1700The Colonies 1700 Colonial GovernmentColonial Government Regionalism DevelopsRegionalism Develops Domestic Manufacturing Domestic Manufacturing Religious Revival and The Great AwaReligious Revival and The Great Awa

keningkening Population Growth Population Growth Slavery ExpandsSlavery Expands French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War Similarities of ColoniesSimilarities of Colonies

Colonial GovernmentColonial Government Colonies had large degree of Autonomy 1600-1750Colonies had large degree of Autonomy 1600-1750 Salutary Neglect:Salutary Neglect: Lax enforcement of laws, loose Lax enforcement of laws, loose

controlcontrol Royal GovernorRoyal Governor represented the King’s represented the King’s

Government (could veto colonial legislatures)Government (could veto colonial legislatures) Could dissolve assembliesCould dissolve assemblies Judges were appointed by GovernorsJudges were appointed by Governors Were appointed by the King’s governmentWere appointed by the King’s government

Elected representative bodies-Elected representative bodies- BicameralBicameral (Two (Two house legislatures)house legislatures)

(White male, land owners- 50 acres of land (White male, land owners- 50 acres of land minimum, Self Government)minimum, Self Government) House of Burgesses (Virginia) and AssembliesHouse of Burgesses (Virginia) and Assemblies Provided Governor's SalaryProvided Governor's Salary Make laws for the coloniesMake laws for the colonies

The ColoniesThe Colonies Mostly English Mostly English Self-government (though not all democratic) Self-government (though not all democratic) Religious toleration (to at least some degree in each colony) Religious toleration (to at least some degree in each colony) Educational opportunity Educational opportunity Provided unusual opportunities for economic and social self-Provided unusual opportunities for economic and social self-

development development Differences among the three colonial regions. Differences among the three colonial regions. -- -- New EnglandNew England:: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New

Hampshire Hampshire Puritan dominatedPuritan dominated in many areas, less religiously tolerant, more in many areas, less religiously tolerant, more

restrictions on civic participation, more industry, less available farm restrictions on civic participation, more industry, less available farm land land

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies:: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware Ethnically diverse, religiously tolerant, democratic, Quakers Ethnically diverse, religiously tolerant, democratic, Quakers

contributed to human freedom, farming, lumbering, ship building, contributed to human freedom, farming, lumbering, ship building, shipping, trade, fur trapping shipping, trade, fur trapping

Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies:: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia Carolina, Georgia

Plantation economy, aristocraticPlantation economy, aristocratic, slavery, cash crops, scattered , slavery, cash crops, scattered population, expansionary, some religious toleration (Church of population, expansionary, some religious toleration (Church of England dominant) England dominant)

Regionalism DevelopsRegionalism Develops

NorthNorth develops distinct culture of develops distinct culture of religious ideals, trade, industry and religious ideals, trade, industry and no slaveryno slavery

The SouthThe South develops into large develops into large agriculture enterprises, slavery is agriculture enterprises, slavery is important and cheap (no taxes) important and cheap (no taxes) import economy is desiredimport economy is desired

Who is the subject?Who is the subject?

““Few of their children in the country Few of their children in the country learn English... The signs in our learn English... The signs in our streets have inscriptions in both streets have inscriptions in both languages ... Unless the stream of languages ... Unless the stream of their importation could be turned their importation could be turned they they will soon so outnumber uswill soon so outnumber us that all that all the advantages we have will not be the advantages we have will not be able to preserve our language, and able to preserve our language, and even our government will become even our government will become precarious.”precarious.”

Population Growth by Population Growth by 1750s1750s

Immigration (See Map Page 120)Immigration (See Map Page 120) Population GrowthPopulation Growth Healthy Colonists- Married young, Healthy Colonists- Married young, Immigration- Immigration-

Criminals, Huguenots, Some Jews, Scots, Criminals, Huguenots, Some Jews, Scots, Scotch-Irish 200,000, Scotch-Irish 200,000,

German 125,000 Pennsylvania (Language German 125,000 Pennsylvania (Language issue Franklin)issue Franklin)

Some Irish Catholics Some Irish Catholics New England the least ethnically mixed; New England the least ethnically mixed;

predominantly Puritanpredominantly Puritan

Population Growth by Population Growth by 1750s1750s

Push Factors:Push Factors: Religious OppressionReligious Oppression Economic MisfortuneEconomic Misfortune WarWar

Pull Factors:Pull Factors: Economic OpportunityEconomic Opportunity Religious FreedomReligious Freedom Land and LibertyLand and Liberty

Population GrowthPopulation Growth

1700 = 300,000 people; 1700 = 300,000 people; 1775= 2,500,000 by 1775 (20% black) 1775= 2,500,000 by 1775 (20% black) 1790= 4,000,000 1790= 4,000,000 Largest colonies were Virginia, Mass., Largest colonies were Virginia, Mass.,

Penn., NC, and Maryland Penn., NC, and Maryland Only four major cities: Philadelphia, Only four major cities: Philadelphia,

NY, Boston, Charleston NY, Boston, Charleston   90% lived in rural areas90% lived in rural areas. .

CitiesCities

Population growth supports the Population growth supports the growth of citiesgrowth of cities

Philadelphia Largest city (1770’s) Philadelphia Largest city (1770’s) 22,00022,000

Boston (1760) 15,000Boston (1760) 15,000 New York (1700) 5000 to 21,000 New York (1700) 5000 to 21,000

(1770s)(1770s) CharlestonCharleston

Slavery ExpandsSlavery Expands Late 1600s and 1700s Large population of Late 1600s and 1700s Large population of

African Slaves begin to arriveAfrican Slaves begin to arrive Earlier Slaves from West Indies, Caribbean- Earlier Slaves from West Indies, Caribbean-

excess Slaves from Sugar Plantationsexcess Slaves from Sugar Plantations Chattel Slavery- ownership, hereditary,

perpetual, racially defined South held 90% of slavesSouth held 90% of slaves Slavery becomes a fundamental part of Slavery becomes a fundamental part of

southern Colonial societysouthern Colonial society 1740, 40 % of all Virginians were slaves1740, 40 % of all Virginians were slaves 1720, African slaves outnumbered whites in 1720, African slaves outnumbered whites in

South Carolina 2-1.South Carolina 2-1.

Brutality of SlaveryBrutality of Slavery African Slaves not accustomed to English African Slaves not accustomed to English

work hours and ethics are brutalizedwork hours and ethics are brutalized Horrors of the Horrors of the Middle Passage:Middle Passage:

Two months on board shipTwo months on board ship Cramped, 10-20% slaves diedCramped, 10-20% slaves died

Slaves resistedSlaves resisted by running away by running away Northern colonies also used Northern colonies also used some slavesome slave

laborlabor Both Northern and Southern colonies Both Northern and Southern colonies

created created slave codes to regulate the slave slave codes to regulate the slave behaviorbehavior and actions (land ownership…) and actions (land ownership…)

During the entire time of the Atlantic Slave During the entire time of the Atlantic Slave trade about trade about 11 million Africans11 million Africans were were transported to the Americastransported to the Americas

Industry and Trade Industry and Trade ExpandExpand

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade: one example of : one example of the trade relationship between the trade relationship between colonies and other countries. colonies and other countries. MapMap

Slave trade considerationsSlave trade considerations

Founding of GeorgiaFounding of Georgia

Why:Why:

The Great Awakening The Great Awakening 1730s-1740s 1730s-1740s

The Great Awakening of the 1700s came in response to a decline in religious piety

During the Great Awakening, or “Awakening” to religion

Stated man is not helpless in achieving regeneration; his will Stated man is not helpless in achieving regeneration; his will can be an effective force in his being savedcan be an effective force in his being saved

Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards (1703-1758) (1703-1758)             a.             a. Credited with starting the Great Awakening (c. Credited with starting the Great Awakening (c. 1734) in Northampton in 17341734) in Northampton in 1734                 -- Most influential theological writer and thinker                 -- Most influential theological writer and thinker of the movement. of the movement.             b. Blasted the idea of salvation through good works             b. Blasted the idea of salvation through good works and dependence on God's grace is paramount and dependence on God's grace is paramount

George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield (1714-1770) (1714-1770)             a. Brilliant English orator; made 7 trips to the             a. Brilliant English orator; made 7 trips to the American colonies and traveled extensively American colonies and traveled extensively             b. His basic appeal was to the Bible             b. His basic appeal was to the Bible             c.             c. Most influential figure of the Great Awakening;Most influential figure of the Great Awakening; founded Methodism founded Methodism

Results of The Great Results of The Great AwakeningAwakening

Brought religion to many who had lost Brought religion to many who had lost touch with it touch with it             c. Undermined the older clergy            c. Undermined the older clergy

Brought a number of religious groups Brought a number of religious groups to popularity i.e., Baptists- which to popularity i.e., Baptists- which spread throughout the middle and spread throughout the middle and southern coloniessouthern colonies

Led to general acceptance of religious Led to general acceptance of religious differencesdifferences

Domestic ManufacturesDomestic Manufactures

French and Indian War French and Indian War 1754-17631754-1763

AKA: Seven Years WarAKA: Seven Years War The British and French rivalry and The British and French rivalry and antagonism manifest itself in the antagonism manifest itself in the American colonies.American colonies.

A Series of limited wars: A Series of limited wars: Precursor of King William’s War 1689-1697Precursor of King William’s War 1689-1697 Queen Anne’s War 1701-1713 Queen Anne’s War 1701-1713 King George’s War 1744-48King George’s War 1744-48

The Ohio Company of Virginia gain The Ohio Company of Virginia gain charter to settle land and causes French charter to settle land and causes French to assert claims and build forts. to assert claims and build forts. MapMap

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War1754-17631754-1763

The Ohio Company of VirginiaThe Ohio Company of Virginia send troops to send troops to build fort and are expelled by Frenchbuild fort and are expelled by French

French build Fort DuquesneFrench build Fort Duquesne Washington-commanded a small force, attacks Washington-commanded a small force, attacks

and must retreat to and must retreat to Ft. NecessityFt. Necessity and later and later surrenders.surrenders.

Full scale war erupts and British send troops Full scale war erupts and British send troops but want colonial cooperationbut want colonial cooperation

At first colonials don’t support the war until At first colonials don’t support the war until the British promise to reimburse colonies for the British promise to reimburse colonies for efforts.efforts.

Albany Plan of UnionAlbany Plan of UnionBenjamin Franklin, Cartoon in the Benjamin Franklin, Cartoon in the Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

GazetteGazette, May 9, 1754, May 9, 1754

This cartoon shows a snake This cartoon shows a snake cut into eight pieces, each cut into eight pieces, each labeled with the name of one labeled with the name of one of the colonies. The position of of the colonies. The position of each colony in the snake each colony in the snake corresponds to the geographic corresponds to the geographic position of the colonies along position of the colonies along the American coast, with the the American coast, with the snake's tail pointing south and snake's tail pointing south and the head pointing north. the head pointing north.

The colonies, from tail to head The colonies, from tail to head (south to north), are: South (south to north), are: South Carolina, North Carolina, Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and New England New York, and New England (New England refered to the (New England refered to the colonies of Massachusetts, colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire). The and New Hampshire). The caption reads, "JOIN, or DIE."caption reads, "JOIN, or DIE."

The cartoon appeared along The cartoon appeared along with Franklin's editorial about with Franklin's editorial about the "disunited state" of the the "disunited state" of the colonies, and helped make his colonies, and helped make his point about the importance of point about the importance of colonial unity. At the time, there colonial unity. At the time, there was a superstition that a snake was a superstition that a snake which had been cut into pieces which had been cut into pieces would come back to life if the would come back to life if the pieces were put together before pieces were put together before sunset.sunset.

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War1754-17631754-1763

French were allied with most Indian tribes French were allied with most Indian tribes except Iroquoisexcept Iroquois

British invade under British invade under BraddockBraddock and are beaten and are beaten backback

Later the British, under new leadership, are able Later the British, under new leadership, are able to gradually divide the French powers and end to gradually divide the French powers and end up invading Canada, taking Quebec and up invading Canada, taking Quebec and Montreal. Montreal.

Peace of Paris, 1763Peace of Paris, 1763 effectively remove French effectively remove French presence in Canada and East of the Mississippi presence in Canada and East of the Mississippi including New Orleans (Was ceded to Spain).including New Orleans (Was ceded to Spain).

Effects of the French and Effects of the French and Indian WarIndian War

British now control most of North AmericaBritish now control most of North America British change their policy and relationship with British change their policy and relationship with

the Coloniesthe Colonies More taxesMore taxes will be charged in order to pay for war will be charged in order to pay for war

expensesexpenses No more movement West for colonists, No more movement West for colonists,

Proclamation line of 1763Proclamation line of 1763 Speculator, buy land and Speculator, buy land and sell it to immigrants for profit.sell it to immigrants for profit.

These changes will mark an end to Salutary Neglect These changes will mark an end to Salutary Neglect and bring a more direct control of colonies by and bring a more direct control of colonies by England and lead to the Revolution.England and lead to the Revolution.

Colonists begin to develop a sense of common identity, proud to be part of the British family, but perceiving clear distinctions.