BELLRINGER – DAY 5

Which generalization can most accurately be drawn from a study of Supreme Court cases Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education?a. The Supreme Court has issued consistent decisions in

cases involving rights of the accused. b. Supreme Court decisions are accepted without public

controversy. c. The Justices believe that social issues are best left for

state courts to decide. d. The Supreme Court has helped to determine public

policy.  

LEARNING TARGET

U9T10 – I can describe how the Cold War created tensions within the Western Hemisphere (Cuba, Latin America)U9T11 - I can explain the reasons behind the American entrance into the Vietnam War.U9T12 – I can describe the major military events that occurred during the Vietnam War (Vietnamization, Mai Lai Massacre, Cambodian invasion, etc)

BACKGROUND INFO

Cuba Fidel Castro was in power in Cuba and promised to

restore people’s rights and freedoms Once in power, he seized private businesses and

made offers to Soviet Union

Vietnam The French loses control of Vietnam and Vietnam

is spread into two sections (like Korea) North Vietnam is Communist and South is not Fear that it might spread lead to SEATO

(Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)

KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR

Kennedy also followed the Cold War policies of his predecessors. He continued the nuclear arms buildup begun by Eisenhower. He continued to follow Truman’s practice of containment.

New Strategy: Flexible Response - Strengthening American forces so the nation would have options other than nuclear weapons in times of crisis

THE BAY OF PIGS INVASION Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba in 1959 after a two year

guerrilla war against Fulgencia Batista, the U.S. backed dictator of Cuba. As Castro’s followers increased in number, his tactics grew bolder. When his rebel force marched on Havana, Cuba’s capital city, Batista fled the country. On January 9, 1959 Castro entered Havana and declared victory.

During his revolt, Castro gained support of many Cubans by promising to restore people’s rights and freedoms. Once in power, however, he followed a more radical course. His government seized private businesses, including American companies on the island of Cuba.

In addition, Castro began making anti-American speeches. U.S.-Cuban relations were further strained when the Soviet Union allied with Cuba in February 1960. Eisenhower responded by cutting diplomatic ties with Cuba.

WHAT WOULD YOU DO?

A. Speak out against Castro, but refuse to get involved militarily.

B. Begin a direct U.S. military campaign against Castro.

C. Pursue a public relations campaign in Cuba in support of positive U.S.-Cuban relations.

D. Train Cuban exiles to invade the island of Cuba in attempt to overthrow Castro.

WHAT REALLY HAPPENED:

BAY OF PIGS INVASIONKennedy • Kennedy learned that the CIA was training troops to

invade Cuba and topple Castro.• Kennedy was worried about Communism spreading to

Latin America.• Kennedy gave the go-ahead.

The Invasion• Bay of Pigs invasion failed.• Information was leaked early.• Air strikes failed.• Castro prepared for a land attack.• Invaders were captured and ransomed back to United

States.• Strengthened Castro’s ties to the Soviet Union

BERLIN WALL

Berlin had long been a problem for the Soviet Union. The western half of the city was an island of freedom surrounded by East Germany. In the first half alone, about 200,000 East Germans escaped Communism by slipping past guards to the safety of West Berlin. It was a concern that East Germany might use force to gain control of West Berlin. All agreed that Khrushchev was using Berlin to test America’s will in Europe.

WHAT WOULD YOU DO

A. Send military troops to dismantle the wall and open lines between West Berlin and East Germany.

B. Do not get involved militarily, based on the policy of containment.

C. Send 1,500 troops from West Germany to West Berlin.

D. Begin training East Germans to revolt against Khrushchev.

WHAT REALLY HAPPENED: BERLIN WALL CRISIS

Berlin’s Significance

Khrushchev demanded that the United States recognize East Germany as an independent Communist nation.

West Berlin was an island of freedom.

Many East Germans fled to West Germany through Berlin.

The Berlin Wall

On August 13, 1961, Khrushchev closed the crossing points between East and West Berlin.

A high concrete wall was built to prevent further escapes to freedom.

Kennedy sent more troops, and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson visited West Berlin.

Kennedy said “A wall is a … lot better than a war.”

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

U.S. actions in the Bay of Pigs and Berlin Crisis encouraged hard-line leaders in the Soviet Union. They pushed Khrushchev to be more aggressive.

Khrushchev decided to upgrade Cuba’s defenses with aircraft missiles (SAMs) and continued to pump aid into Cuba. The Soviets pointed out that these were defensive weapons because of U.S. nuclear missiles placed in Turkey. Kennedy responded by ordering U-2 spy-plane flights over the island. On August 29, 1962 one of the flights detected the SAMs. The Soviets’ warned that a U.S. attack on Cuba would mean war.

Kennedy assembled a group of advisors known as the Ex Comm to help him decide on a response. On October 22 Kennedy went on television to tell Americans about the Soviet threat. As the world nervously watched and waited, several Soviet ships carrying missile parts continued toward Cuba. Khrushchev warned that trying to stop them would mean war. For several days in October 1962 the United States teetered on the brink of nuclear war as Kennedy sought a peaceful resolution to the Cuban Missile Crisis.

WHAT WOULD YOU DO?

A. Institute a naval blockade around Cuba.

B. Launch an air strike against missile sites.

C. Invade Cuba with U.S. ground troops.

D. Protest, but stay out of the conflict since it has very little violence involved

WHAT REALLY HAPPENED: CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

• Kennedy assembled a group of advisors, known as the ExComm, to help him plan a response. Ex Comm military members favored an air strike, perhaps followed by a land invasion of Cuba. Others argued for a naval blockade.

• Kennedy agreed with the naval blockade.

• Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missiles if the United States pledged to never invade Cuba.

• Both Kennedy and Khrushchev took steps to ease tensions between their countries.

• The Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed, ending atmospheric and underwater testing of nuclear weapons.

VIETNAM WAR GRAPHUse the data here to plot US military advisers and troop involvement on your bar graph

1967 – 490,0001968 – 540,0001969 – 480,0001970 – 325,0001971 – 160,0001972 – 25,0001973 - 50

1959 – 8001960 – 1,0001961 – 3,1001962 – 11,0001963 – 16,0001964 – 23,0001965 – 190,0001966 – 390,000

When was the U.S. most involved in the Vietnam War?

Which happened faster: escalation or withdrawal of troops?

1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 19730

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

Series1

VIETNAM WAR TIMELINE

For each year on your timeline, you must write: Event Significance (summarize!)

I will post a separate ppt for the info on each, include a nice photo, and students can walk through it like learning stations.

Follow along with the lyrics as I play each song.

In your groups, discuss the lyrics to help you determine the grievances held by the anti-war movement.

“Waist Deep…” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57Esi4AUVpA

“What’s Going On” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzPA-FrVu3I

“Masters of War” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U93ezKkrW6M (at 6:06)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9PomIRUlqQ “I Feel Like I’m Fixin’ to Die” - http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=dATyZBEeDJ4 “War Pigs” - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtqy4DTHGqg

THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT

"In view of developments since we entered the fighting in Vietnam, do you think the U.S. made a mistake sending troops to fight in Vietnam?" -- % saying No (Gallup)

THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT

ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT: CREDIBILITY GAP

Prompted by Tet Offensive (1968) and mounting casualties – the war would be much longer than originally thought.

Pentagon Papers (1971) revealed a long history of misleading the public

Reactions Americans began

questioning information coming from the gov’t and their promises of an impending end to the war

ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT: TV WAR View news clips

Reaction?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPmwkprZMic&feature=relatedhttp://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4155555n

ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT: THE DRAFT

30,000/month drafted Deferment process created

criticism -- average age 19, more likely poor, working-class, minority

Reactions Burning of draft cards,

fleeing the country, protests at draft induction centers

“Whitey’s War” – drain on resources and focus needed for domestic issues

ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT: MY LAI

Charlie Company had suffered several casualties at the hands of the VC

Entered the village of My Lai on a “search and destroy” mission

300 unarmed men, women, and children were killed

Reaction Once became public,

raised serious questions about leadership, morale, and discipline in military

ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT: CAMBODIA

Despite promises of Vietnamization, Nixon sent troops into Cambodia

Response Protests occurred on over

400 campuses 4 died and 16 were

wounded in protests at Kent State University

30 ROTC buildings set on fire

RESPONSES TO THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT

Loss of American credibility

Encourage communist revolution elsewhere

Can’t leave after so much loss of American life

Turned off by “extreme” anti-war activists

Shouldn’t abandon president during time of national crisis

Anti-war message emboldened the enemy and disheartened soldiers