bell work10/08/13 what features do scientists use to mark the boundaries (edges) of the lithospheric...
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Bell Work 10/08/13
What features do scientists use to mark the boundaries (edges) of the lithospheric plates (plate boundaries)?
Mid Ocean Ridges and deep sea trenches.
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Types of Plate BoundariesTypes of Plate Boundaries
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• Explains the following:– How oceans formed– How continents formed– How mountains formed– Cause of earthquakes– Cause of volcanoes
Theory of Plate Tectonics
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Plate Boundaries
• Plate tectonics states that the Earth’s crust is broken up into tectonic plates.
• These tectonic plates move over the Earth’s surface.
• Where two tectonic plates meet is called a PLATE BOUNDARY.
• Tectonic plates can be destroyed or created at these plate boundaries.
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Plate Boundaries
• Plate boundaries mark the edge of a tectonic plate. Where two plates meet.
• There are three general types:– Convergent (plates move towards each
other)– Divergent (plates move away from each
other)– Transform (plate move past each other).
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• There are two types:– Mid Ocean ridge – involves creation of new
seafloor (oceanic crust).– Rift Valley – involves breaking up a
continent (continental crust).
• What’s Happening?: A Divergent plate boundary is where two plates are moving away from each other creating new seafloor.
Divergent Plate Boundary
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Divergent Plate Boundary - MOR
Shallow EQ
Rift Valley
Volcanoes
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• MOR: Mid-ocean ridges occur in the center of ocean basins
• Rift Valley: Rift valleys occur within a plate involving continental crust.
Where do DPB Occur?
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Mid-Ocean Ridge Landforms
• Shallow EQ• Non-explosive
volcanoes with basaltic magma.
• Pillow basalts on seafloor
• Hydrothermal vents
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Rift Valley Landforms
• Shallow EQ• Both explosive &
non-explosive volcanoes.
• Weird magmas• Thinning crust• Long linear valleys• Faulting in crust
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Mid-Ocean Ridge of Iceland
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Rift Valley of Africa
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Red Sea Rift Zone
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Transform Plate Boundary Characteristics
What’s happening? Two plates are sliding past each other. Crust is neither created nor destroyed.
• There are two kinds of transform plate boundaries:– Transform fault – associated with continental plate– Fracture zone – associated with mid-ocean ridges
• Landforms found on this type of boundary is:– Linear mountains (moderate height)– NO volcanoes– Off set landforms– Moderate earthquakes with a moderate
depth
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Transform Plate Boundary
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SAN ANDREAS FAULT
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Fracture Zone
Caused by the spherical shape of the Earth
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Convergent Plate Boundaries (CPB)
• Ocean crust is destroyed at convergent plate boundaries or landmasses collide.
• Each depends on the type of crust involved:• There are three types of Convergent Plate
Boundaries– Ocean vs. Ocean crust (subduction zone)– Continental vs. Ocean crust (subduction zone)– Continent vs. Continent crust (collision zone)
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Subduction Zone
• Defined as a convergent plate boundary where one tectonic plate is destroyed underneath another tectonic plate.
• Ocean crust is destroyed at a subduction zone.
• Trenches mark the spot where subduction occurs.
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Ocean-Ocean CPB Characteristics
• Plate made of ocean crust is being destroyed by subducting under another plate of ocean crust.
• Also called a subduction zone.• The older, colder crust will be subducted
because it is more dense.• Large (9.0+) powerful earthquakes with
tsunamis are common.• Earthquakes are deep (near
asthenosphere)
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Ocean-Ocean Subduction Zone
Deep EQ
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O – O Subduction Landforms
• Deep trenches that parallel volcanic islands.• Explosive volcanoes with andesitic magma.• Associated with the ring of fire in the
Pacific.• Volcanic island chains (island arcs) form
due to ocean to ocean subduction.• Examples: Japan, Indonesia, Philippines,
and Aleutian Islands in Alaska
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Oceanic – Oceanic Subduction Zone
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Oceanic – Oceanic
Subduction Zone
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Oceanic – Oceanic Subduction Zone
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Continent-Ocean CPB Characteristics
• Plate made of ocean crust is being destroyed by subducting under a continental landmass.
• Also called a subduction zone.• Ocean crust is subducted because it is
more dense.• Large (9.0+) powerful earthquakes with
tsunamis are common.• Earthquakes are deep (near
asthenosphere)
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Continent-Oceanic Subduction Zone
Volcanic Mountain Chain
Deep EQ
Trench
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O-C Subduction Plate Landforms
• Subduction zones are marked by trenches.
• Deep, powerful EQ occur at all types• Explosive land volcanoes with andesitic
magma.• Continental volcanic mountain ranges
occur with Ocean to Continent subduction.
• Examples: Andes, Cascades in N. America, Mexico & Central America
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Continental – Oceanic Subduction Zone
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Continent-Continent CPB Characteristics
• AKA “Collision Zone”• Crust is shortened and folded but NOT
subducted. • Thick continental crust will not
subduct.• Large, inter-continent (9.0+) powerful
earthquakes• Earthquakes are deep (near
asthenosphere)
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Continent - Continent Collision Zone
Folded Mountain Range
Deep EQ
Shallow EQ
No Volcanoes
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C – C Collision Landforms
• Large folded mountain ranges mark where collision occurred.
• NO Volcanoes because there is no subduction.
• Crust is shortened and thickened.• Examples: Himalayan Mountains, Alps
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Formation of Himalayas