Bell RingerHow did these three enlightenment philosophers shape America’s government?

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Rousseau

CHAPTER 11

Section 1: Civil War and Revolution

Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England

Section 3: English Colonial Expansion

Section 4: The Enlightenment

Section 5: The American Revolution

Enlightenment and Revolution in England and America

Taxes that cause dissatisfactionA. The seven years war left

England with a large debt.

England felt that the American colonists,

should help pay the debt.

B. The Sugar Act of 1764 (sugar and molasses)

The Stamp Act of 1765 (documents)

Trials held in the colonies against smugglers were held before judges only.

The colonist considered this a denial of the “rights of Englishme

n ” which guaranteed a trial by jury.

The call for IndependenceA. The colonist argued that they should not have to pay English taxes because they were not represented in the English Parliament.

“No taxation without representation.”

B. Those wanting independence were called Patriots.

But the people of the colonies were not united on

wanting independence.

Those opposed to independence were called Tories or Loyalists.

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The American Revolution

• Patriots• 'Whigs', 'Congress-men',

or 'Americans'

• included a full range of social and economic classes, but all agreed to the need to defend the rights of Americans

• Loyalists• "Tories", or "King's men" • about 15-20% of the

population remained loyal to the British Crown

• typically older, less willing to break with old loyalties, included many established merchants with business connections across the Empire

War BeginsA. The First Continental

Congress met at Philadelphia in September 1774.

The First Continental Congress urged colonists to take up arms and organize

militias.

B. Fighting erupted between colonists and the British army

at Lexington and Concord in April 1775.

In May 1775 the Second Continental Congress met to form an army, called the Continental Army, with

George Washington as commander.

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The American Revolution

Thomas JeffersonDeclaration of Independence

C. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress

approved the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson.

The Declaration of Independence was based on

the ideas of John Locke.

The BattlesA. By 1778, England had been

fighting for three years. They had won many sea battles, but were unable to capture the interior land of America.

This gave the Continental Army the will to continue fighting.

B. The Americans won a decisive victory at Yorktown, Virginia in

1781.

There the British general, Lord Cornwallis, surrendered his army to combined American and French forces.

Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation, America’s first constitution, did

little to provide for a strong central government.

United States was governed under the Articles from 1781

to 1789.

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The American Revolution

Articles of Confederation 1781

One-house congress; each state had one vote

Weak central gov’t – could not levy taxes or coin money; could not regulate trade with foreign nations or states; no chief executive; only courts were state courts

Power was in the hands of the States.

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The American Revolution

Philadelphia Convention 1787

James Madison and Alexander Hamilton from the outset wanted to create a new government rather than "fix" the existing one.

The result was the Constitution of the United States.

The ConstitutionA. The Constitution was created

in 1789 in which power would be shared between the

national government and the state government.

B.The federal government was divided into three branches,

each with some power to check the workings of the others.

Executive Branch - President

Legislative Branch – House of Representatives and Senate

C. The third branch of government was the Judicial

branch.

The Judicial branch would enforce the Constitution

as the “supreme law of the land.”

D. The Bill of Rights guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, press, petition, and assembly.

The Bill of Rights also guaranteed a trial by jury, and the protection of property

rights.

Many of the rights in the Bill of Rights were derived from the natural rights proposed by 17 & 18th century philosophers.

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The American Revolution

Effects of American Independence• Major event in world history

• Democratic gov’t was a radical idea at the time

• Restricted voting to males and property owners

How are the ideals of the Enlightenmentreflected in the Declaration of Independence

and the Constitution?