behavioral ecology behavior-what an animal does and how it does it behavioral ecology-is a...
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Behavioral Ecology
• Behavior-what an animal does and how it does it
• Behavioral ecology-is a scientific field of study that looks at how behavior is controlled and how it contributes to survival and reproductive success
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Behavioral ecologists distinguish between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior
• Proximate causes of behavior focus on– Environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior– Genetic and sensory motor mechanisms
underlying a behavior
• Ultimate causes of behavior focus on– The evolutionary significance of a behavior
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• Ethology-study of animal behavior, particularly in their natural environments
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Types of Behavior
• Innate behaviors– Automatic, developmentally fixed
• Learned behaviors– Modified by experience
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Innate Behavior
• Fixed action patterns (FAP)– Sequence of innate behaviors that is
essentially unchangeable & usually carried to completion once it is initiated/triggered by a stimulus
– Example: in male stickleback fish, the stimulus for attach behavior is the red underside of an intruder
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(a)Without a red underside, no aggressive response
(b)With a red underside, strong response is produced
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Imprinting
• Type of behavior that includes both learning and innate components
• Generally irreversible
• Distinguished from other types of learning by a sensitive period– Limited phase in an animal’s development
that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned
– Example: young geese
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Konrad Lorenz showed that when baby geese spent the first few hours of their life with him, they imprinted on him as their parent
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Conservationists have taken advantage of imprinting in programs to save the whooping crane from extinction.
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• Many behaviors have a strong genetic component– Many animal movements are under
substantial genetic influences– These types of movements are called directed
movements
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Directed Movements
• Kinesis– A simple change in activity or turning rate in
response to a stimulus• Example: Sow bugs
• Taxis– More or less automatic, oriented movement
toward or away from a stimulus• Example: many stream fish
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-become more active in dry areas and less active in humid areas
-automatically swim in an upstream direction
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Animal Signals and Communication
• A signal is a behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior– Many animals
communicate through odors by emitting chemical signals called pheromones
pheromone perfume
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Environment Influences the Development of Behaviors
• Learning-is the modification of behavior based on specific experiences
• Habituation-is a loss of responsiveness to stimuli – “cry-wolf” effect
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Environmental Influences continued…
• Associative learning-learning to associate one feature of the environment with another feature– Classical conditioning-learning to associate
certain stimuli with reward or punishment• http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/
pavlov/index.html
– Operant conditioning-occurs as an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment
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Operant learning-associate behavior with a reward or punishment
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Behavioral Influences continued…
• Cognition-the ability of an animal’s nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information from sensory receptors
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Natural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and reproductive success• Foraging behavior-includes not only eating, but
also mechanisms used in searching for, recognizing, and capturing food. It represents a compromise between the benefits of nutrition and the cost of obtaining food.
• Mating behavior and mate choice- include the seeking or attracting of mates, selecting a mate, and competing for a mate
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• Agonistic behaviors-are often ritualized contests that determine which competitor gains access to a resource, such as food or mates.
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Social Behaviors• Altruism–occurs when animals behave in
ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of other individuals in the population
• Inclusive fitness-the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring
• The natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relative is called- kin selection
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• Social learning-learning through observing others