bds overview dec09
TRANSCRIPT
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Battery Design LLCCBD Battery Design LLCCBD
Overview of Battery S ® Design Studio® with
ExamplesExamples
Robert M SpotnitzRobert M. [email protected]
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CBD Battery Design Studio®Battery Design LLC
C y g
A user-friendly interfacebetween battery designers and users for costing, sizing, and correlation of test dataand correlation of test data to performance, safety, and life predictions.
Development started APR1999i t f
pinterface
I t
SizeCostLab
Input ModelOutput
PowerImpedanceLifeAb t
Data
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Abuse, etcUser
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CBD Battery Design Studio®
a standardized interfaceBattery Design LLC
CObjective: Exchange of battery information.
D t
BatteryDesignsTests
interface DataAnalysis
InputInput
OutputModels
Input
Output
User Size, Cost, PowerImpedance, LifeAbuse etc
ColleagueBattery developerCathode makerAbuse, etc Cathode makerSeparator makerEtc.
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CBD BDS Specification of Physical Design
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This is first attempt to standardize specifications for lithium-ion battery components.
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CBDBDS is a platform for different models
Battery Design LLCC
Different models can be applied to same cell design.
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CBDExample – Visualize data from different battery cyclers
Battery Design LLCC
BDS provides tools to work with experimental and simulated data.
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CBD What BDS ProvidesBattery Design LLC
CTools• To analyze data• To visualize cell designs• To compare experiments with models• To visualize model results
Database• Database
Standard platform for accessing design programs and simulation modelsprograms and simulation modelsA better way to design and develop batteries
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batteries
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CBD Features of BDSBattery Design LLC
C1) User-friendly interfaces for input of various cell designs (stack, spiral)2) Visualization tools for examination of results2) Visualization tools for examination of results3) Cell sizing and costing4) Database of components (active matls, electrolytes, separators, etc.)5) Physics-based models ) y6) Circuit models7) Testers – cycler, oven, ARC, DSC8) Pack Design9) Optimization/Regression routines for fitting model parameters to
experimental data - fits results from multiple cells and tests simultaneously
10) Sensitivity Analysis – how parameter changes affect results10) Sensitivity Analysis how parameter changes affect results11) Verification – determine # of experiments necessary to obtain user-
specified confidence limit12) Gap Analysis – determine suitability of a battery for an application
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13) Security – encrypted files
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CBD 1) User-friendly interface for cell design input
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CBD 2) Visualization tools for examination of results
Battery Design LLCC
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CBD 3) Cell sizing and costingBattery Design LLC
C ) g g
Reports can be exported to Excel®
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CBD 4) Database of componentsBattery Design LLC
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Create a new recordCreate a new record
Save the current record
Delete the current record
Save the current record
Delete the current recordDelete the current record
Associate an information file wwhen there is more detailed in
l if f t ’ d
Delete the current record
Associate an information file wwhen there is more detailed in
l if f t ’ dexample, if a manufacturer’s das a pdf (or Word) file, that filerecord.
example, if a manufacturer’s das a pdf (or Word) file, that filerecord.
00005 i
Add notes about a record; te00005 i
Add notes about a record; te
Multiple databases possible.
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p p
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CBD 5) Physics-based models Battery Design LLC
C ) y
Developers can add their own models.
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pModels can be proprietary.
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CBD Unit Cell Model (pseudo-2D)Battery Design LLC
C (p )
PorousN ti
PorousPositive
DischargeAnodeNegative PositiveSeparatorActive φ2
φi2x
cBinder
Cathodeφ1 Li+CathodeCollector
AnodeConductiveAdditive
AnodeCollector Cathode
Active
j14SEI
jncs
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CBD Variables (c, i2, Φ2, Φ1, jn, cs)Battery Design LLC
C ( , 2, 2, 1, jn, s)
3Liquid-phasesalt concentration,mol mc −2
2
Liquid phasesalt concentration,mol mLiquid-phasecurrent density,A m
ci −
2
1
Liquid-phase potential, VoltsSolid-phase potential, Volts
φφ−−1
2
p p ,
Localcurrent density at activesurface,A mnj
φ
−3Solid- phase Li concentration,sc − 3mol m
Temperature will be considered later
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Temperature will be considered later
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CBD Newman’s Dual Equations (c, i2, Φ2, Φ1, jn, cs)
Battery Design LLCC
Liquid-phase mass balance
Φ2, Φ1, jn, cs)
( ) ooo cdDDtajtcDc
⎟⎞
⎜⎛ −=−+
∇⋅−⎟⎞
⎜⎛ ∇⋅∇=
∂ +2 ln1,1εε imass balance
Solid-phase Ohm’s law
( )
( )set
on
fRTi
cdDDtaj
Fc
t
⎞⎛ ∂
∇−=−
⎟⎠
⎜⎝
+⎟⎠
⎜⎝
∇∇∂ +
12
ln2
ln1,1
κφσ
τε
i
Liquid-phase Ohm’s law
Ki h ff’ l
( )( )
oA
aCaj
ctcf
FRT
⋅∇−=−∂
+
∇−⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
∂∂
++∇−= +
21
22
1
ln1ln
ln12
φφ
κφκ
i
i
Solid-phase b l
Kirchoff’s law
( ) ss
s
n
rcDN
rNr
rtc
FtaCaj
∂∂
−=∂
∂=
∂∂
∇=∂
+
2
2
2
,1
i
mass balance
Butler-Volmer( ) ( ) ( ) ca
ssn RTF
RTFccccFkj
rrrt
cca
⎭⎬⎫
⎩⎨⎧
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −−⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛−=
∂∂∂
1 expexp ηαηαααα
16
seineq RjU −−−= 21 φφη
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CBDBD Modifications to Dual Model
Battery Design LLCC
Coupled to sizing programsp g p gTemperature and concentration dependent solid-phase diffusiondependent solid phase diffusion coefficientsMultiple active materialsMultiple active materialsSide reactions (lithium deposition, self di h )discharge)Choice of kinetics expressions (linear, Tafel, Butler Volmer)
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CBDEnergy Balance for Insertion ElectrodeL Rao and J Newman J Echem Soc Vol 144(8) 2697 (1997)
Battery Design LLCC L. Rao and J. Newman J. Echem. Soc., Vol. 144(8) 2697 (1997).
dTc Q ai U dv IV= ∑∫&, ,
:volume
p n l H llv
c Q ai U dv IVdt
v
− = − −∑∫
2
: rateof heat flow toenvironment
:enthalpy potential l
Qd UU T U⎛ ⎞= − ≈⎜ ⎟
&
,1 :enthalpy potential
:local open-circuit potential
H l
l
U T UdT T
U
= ≈⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ Energy
balance over entire
,
:closed-circuit potential:localcurrent density for reactionn l
Vi l
over entire cell
18
:I cell current
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CBD 6) Equiv. Circuit ModelsBattery Design LLC
C ) q
PNGV Circuit ModelPNGV Circuit ModelFive parameters OCV OCV’ R R COCV, OCV , Ro, Rp, C
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CBD PNGV Equiv. Circuit ModelBattery Design LLC
C q
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CBD 7) Testers mimic actual equipment
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CBD 8) Pack DesignBattery Design LLC
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CBD 9) Optimization/RegressionBattery Design LLC
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The objective of an optimization can be to maximize/minimize a value of the Report tab of a cell (“buildthe Report tab of a cell ( build optimization”) or the result of a test (“test optimization”).
Test optimization is typically used to regress model parameters to experimental data.
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CBD 9.1) Build OptimizationBattery Design LLC
C ) p
Select termination
Select
termination conditions
Select parameters t d
parameters to optimizeDouble-click onto vary and
set range of values to explore
click on “Target” to activate pop-up
i dp window with options (see next
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(page)
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CBD 9.2) RegressionBattery Design LLC
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Parameters specific to a cell (as opposed to those common to all cells)can becan be selected here
Multiple procedures can be used to fit parameters. Double-clicking on the Output column for the
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Double-clicking on the Output column for the procedure brings up “Options for Procedure” dialog.
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CBD ExamplesBattery Design LLC
C p
High-Power Cell Fit (Dual model)g ( )High-Energy Cell Fit • Dual Model• Dual Model• Circuit Model (Nelson)• Pack Simulation• Pack Simulation
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CBD HPPC SimulationBattery Design LLC
CCycle 1Cycle 1
Cycle 9
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CBD Rate Capability test at 20oC –simulation versus experiment
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CBD Discharge at –30 °C - not met
Battery Design LLCC
4 5Simulation
4
4.5e
/ V
3
3.5
Volta
g
2
2.5Cel
l
20 100 200 300
Time / min
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Time / minRequirement not met (1.21 Ah < 1.33 Ah)
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CBD Lithium-Ion Simulation with Empirical Models
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Nelson model - extendedGP26LGP26L
5 6R T R abs(I)o 0 1 2 3 4
1 0 1 2 0 1
T Temperature(K), I Current(amps)R (T, I) R R T R e R e R abs(I)
T1 I T1 , T2 I T2τ τ
⋅ ⋅
= =
= + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
= ⋅ + = ⋅ +( )TThIV
TETE
dtdTc ambp −+
⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞
⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛
−∂∂
−=31
1 3
1 3
Be
A (T A )0 2 4
B (T B )0 2 4
OCV(DODe), DOD A DOD
A(T, I) A e A A I
B(T, I) B e B B I
−
−
= ⋅
= ⋅ + + ⋅
= ⋅ + + ⋅
∫Energy balance solved
Etn⎟⎠
⎜⎝
43421
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t 0max
IdtDOD DOD
Q== + ∫ simultaneously
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CBD Comparison of Model to DataVoltage for C Discharge at 25°C
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GP26L CellGP26L Cell
R2=0.958Average error = 32.1 mVe age e o 3
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CBD Temperature for C Discharge at 25°C - Model versus Data
Battery Design LLCC
R2=0.923Average error = 0.82 oC
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CBD 6A Discharge-Voltage
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CBD 6A Discharge- Pack Temperature
Battery Design LLCC p
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CBD Comparison of Model to Thermal Image (10 A at 2.8 Ah)
Battery Design LLCC g ( )
50oC50 C
21oC
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CBD Comparison of Model to Thermal Image (10 A at 5.3 Ah)
Battery Design LLCC g ( )
61oC61oC
22oC
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CBD Comparison of Model to Thermal Image (10 A at 7.0 Ah)
Battery Design LLCC g ( )
66oC66oC
22oC
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CBD ConclusionBattery Design LLC
CUse of Battery Design Studio® as a common l tf f l i f b tt d t idplatform for analysis of battery data provides an
unprecedented opportunity to accelerate battery development by providingp y p gProgram Managers with a standardized, consistent, accessible means to evaluate and monitor programsmonitor programsDevelopers/Researchers with a user-friendly means to analyze data and present resultsA means to distribute data and models (encrypted)
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