basics of chemistry milady’s standard cosmetology cosmetology :

Basics of Chemistry

Milady’s Standard Cosmetology

Cosmetology:

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

“The greater the difficulty, the more glory in surmounting it. Skillful pilots gain their reputation from storms and

tempests.”

Epictetus


Objectives

• Explain the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry.

• Discuss the different forms of matter: elements, compounds, and mixtures.

• Explain pH and the pH scale. • Describe oxidation and reduction (redox)

reactions.


Matter

• Anything that occupies space, has physical and chemical properties, and exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.


Elements

• Simplest form of matter• Cannot be reduced without loss of

identity• 90 – natural• 22 – artificial• Identified by a letter symbol• C – O – H – N – S


Atoms and Molecules

• Atom: Particles from which all matter is composed.

• Molecules: Result of joined atoms.– Elemental molecule– Compound molecule


States of Matter

• Solid: Have shape, volume, weight (ice)• Liquid: Have volume and weight, no

shape (water)• Gas: Have no volume or shape (steam)


Physical and Chemical Properties

• Physical: Determined without a chemical reaction (color, odor, weight, density).


• Chemical: Determined with a chemical reaction (change identity – rusting iron, burning wood).


Pure Substances and Mixtures• Pure substances (distinct properties)

• Mixtures (elements combined physically)


Solutions, Suspensions, Emulsions

• Solution• Solute• Solvent• Miscible liquids• Immiscible liquids• Suspension• Emulsion


Surfactants• Head• Tail• Surfactant molecule• Oil in water

emulsion (O/W)


Surfactants

• Water in oil emulsion (W/O)


Other Physical Properties• Ointments

• Powders


Common Ingredients• Alcohol• Alkanolamines• Ammonia• Glycerine• Silicones• Volatile organic compounds


Potential Hydrogen and Ions

• Ion• Ionization• Anion• Cation


Water and pH

• Hydrogen ion (H+) is acidic.• Hydrogen ion (OH) is alkaline.


The pH Scale• pH: Parts

hydrogen or potential hydrogen

• The scale: 0 – 14

• pH 7: neutral


Acids• Acids

– pH below 7.0– Turn litmus paper from blue to red– Contracts and harden hair


Alkalis• pH above 7.0 .• Known as “base”.• Turn litmus paper from red to blue.• Feel slippery and soapy on skin.• Soften and swell hair.


Acid-Alkali Neutralization Reactions

• Pure water• Neutralizing shampoos and

normalizing lotions


Oxidation Reactions• Oxidation• Oxidation-reduction• Exothermic• Combustion


Reduction Reactions• Oxidized

• Reduction

• Oxidizing agent


Redox• Redox (a contraction from “reduction”

and “oxidation”)• Oxidation (relocating hydrogen)• Reduction (adding or subtracting

hydrogen)


Summary and Review• What is chemistry?• Why is a basic understanding of

chemistry important?• What is the difference between organic

and inorganic chemistry?• What are atoms?


• What are elements?• What are the physical and chemical

properties of matter?• What is the difference between physical

and chemical changes. Give examples.• Describe 3 states of matter.


• Explain elements, compounds, and mixtures.• What is the difference between solutions,

suspension, and emulsions? Give examples.• Define pH and the pH scale.• Explain the difference between oxidation and

reduction reactions.


Congratulations!

You’ve just completed one unit of study toward

program completion.

basics of chemistry milady’s standard cosmetology cosmetology :

Documents

chemical propertiesphysical

chemical reaction color

parts hydrogen

hydrogen ion oh

turn litmus paper

weight iceliquid

shape watergas

phhydrogen ion h