basic ropes and knots

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FUNDAMENTALS ON ROPE FUNDAMENTALS ON ROPE RESCUE TECHNICIANS’ RESCUE TECHNICIANS’ TRAINING TRAINING FRRTT FRRTT ROPES and KNOTS ROPES and KNOTS

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Page 1: Basic Ropes and Knots

FUNDAMENTALS ON ROPE FUNDAMENTALS ON ROPE RESCUE TECHNICIANS’ TRAININGRESCUE TECHNICIANS’ TRAINING FRRTT FRRTT

ROPES and KNOTSROPES and KNOTS

Page 2: Basic Ropes and Knots

By By Scouter Michael.Scouter Michael.

Ordinarily, when you want to put a rope to Ordinarily, when you want to put a rope to work, you have to tie a knot in it. And if you work, you have to tie a knot in it. And if you know only a few basic knots you can make know only a few basic knots you can make your rope work much more efficiently. Knots your rope work much more efficiently. Knots are used to join two ropes together, or to are used to join two ropes together, or to shorten one rope - and to "tie up", tow, haul, shorten one rope - and to "tie up", tow, haul, hoist and support objects. Most knots are hoist and support objects. Most knots are fairly simple to master - a little practice and fairly simple to master - a little practice and you'll he surprised what you can do with a you'll he surprised what you can do with a rope. rope.

Page 3: Basic Ropes and Knots

  

Rope RescueRope Rescue

When victims are located above or When victims are located above or below in rescue situation, the most below in rescue situation, the most efficient and sometimes the only efficient and sometimes the only means of reaching and getting them means of reaching and getting them to safer grounds is by the use of to safer grounds is by the use of ropes, knots and rope system. ropes, knots and rope system.

Page 4: Basic Ropes and Knots

Most rescues takes place under severe Most rescues takes place under severe environmental conditions, thus, rope rescue environmental conditions, thus, rope rescue technicians should be able to do knots under technicians should be able to do knots under stress, in the dark, when cold, using only one stress, in the dark, when cold, using only one hand and with diminished physical activity.hand and with diminished physical activity.

  The inability to do knots may be a The inability to do knots may be a signsign of a of a lack of desirelack of desire to develop the basic to develop the basic skills to be a safe team member.skills to be a safe team member.

Page 5: Basic Ropes and Knots

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROPE IN CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROPE IN THE FIRE SERVICE:THE FIRE SERVICE:

  Life Safety RopeLife Safety Rope

Kernmantle Kernmantle - - a rope a rope construction utilizing a poly-ester construction utilizing a poly-ester cover for the best abrasion cover for the best abrasion resistance and durability braided resistance and durability braided over a nylon core.over a nylon core.

– also means also means corecore and and sheath.sheath.

Page 6: Basic Ropes and Knots

The core (kern) is made up of The core (kern) is made up of continuous fibers, usually nylon, continuous fibers, usually nylon, that runs the entire length of the that runs the entire length of the rope.  rope.  

The core is protected by a sheath The core is protected by a sheath (mantle) made of tightly woven (mantle) made of tightly woven nylon or other synthetic fiber that nylon or other synthetic fiber that provides the remainder of the provides the remainder of the rope’s strength.rope’s strength.

Page 7: Basic Ropes and Knots

2 types of Life 2 types of Life Safety Rope:Safety Rope:

Page 8: Basic Ropes and Knots

Dynamic (high stretch)Dynamic (high stretch)- elasticity is 60% of its length - elasticity is 60% of its length without breakingwithout breaking- for long falls such as rock - for long falls such as rock climbing to reduce the shock of climbing to reduce the shock of impact on both the climber and the impact on both the climber and the anchor systemanchor system- disadvantage is raising or - disadvantage is raising or lowering heavy loadslowering heavy loads  

Page 9: Basic Ropes and Knots

Static (low stretch)Static (low stretch) - elasticity is 20% of its length- elasticity is 20% of its length

without breakingwithout breaking– suitable for raising and lowering suitable for raising and lowering

heavy loads heavy loads – Mostly used in rappelling and in Mostly used in rappelling and in

other instance where only very other instance where only very short falls are a possibility.short falls are a possibility.

  

Page 10: Basic Ropes and Knots

2.Utility Rope - used in any 2.Utility Rope - used in any instance, excluding life safety instance, excluding life safety applications, where the use of applications, where the use of rope is required. rope is required.  

Page 11: Basic Ropes and Knots

MOST COMMON MOST COMMON TYPES OF ROPE TYPES OF ROPE CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

::

Page 12: Basic Ropes and Knots

Laid Rope – Laid Rope – composed of three composed of three strands twisted strands twisted together to form the together to form the final rope. Twisted final rope. Twisted ropes are susceptible ropes are susceptible to abrasion and other to abrasion and other types of physical types of physical damage.damage.

Page 13: Basic Ropes and Knots

Kernmantle Rope Kernmantle Rope – jacketed type. – jacketed type. Composed of braided Composed of braided covering or sheath covering or sheath (mantle) over the load-(mantle) over the load-bearing strands (kern).bearing strands (kern).

Page 14: Basic Ropes and Knots

Rope Strength Rope Strength and Ratingand Rating

Page 15: Basic Ropes and Knots

Importance of Knot tying

• Knot tying is very important and useful in accomplishing different rescue operations such as rope rescue, water rescue and other emergencies.• The ability to tie a good knot will result to a successful rescue operation.• Knots are the link for many of the elements in

the high-angle, low angle and below-grade system.

Page 16: Basic Ropes and Knots

• The incorrect tying and improper application of a knot could result in serious injury or death on the part of the rescuer and the victim.

• Knots are used in tying ropes and webbing together, anchoring, improvisation, safety and others.

Page 17: Basic Ropes and Knots

• Most rescues takes place under severe environmental conditions, thus, rope rescue technicians should be able to do knots..

under stress / pressurein the darkwhen coldusing only one hand

and with diminished physical activity • The inability to do knots may be a sign of a lack of desire to develop the basic skills to be a safe team member.

Page 18: Basic Ropes and Knots

CLASSIFICATIONS OF A KNOT:

• Knot - is a rope intertwined with itself - a fixed, non-moveable place on a piece

of cordage that is achieved through turns, bends and tie-offs.

• Bend - is the intertwining of two ends of rope - a tie that unties to rope ends

• Hitch - is a knot that is dependent on a hoist object- a group of ties that wrap or attached to other objects or ropes.

• Loop - a turn of the ropes that crosses itself.

Page 19: Basic Ropes and Knots

ELEMENTS OF A KNOT: • Bight – formed by simply bending the rope

back on itself while keeping the sides parallel

• Loop – made by crossing the side of a bight over the standing part

• Round turn – consists of further bending ofone side of a loop

Page 20: Basic Ropes and Knots

Parts of a rope Parts of a rope (when used in making (when used in making knots)knots)

Running endRunning end

Working endWorking end

Standing partStanding part

Page 21: Basic Ropes and Knots

COMMON KINDS OF KNOTS

Page 22: Basic Ropes and Knots

Overhand on a bight / Loop Knot – used to form a single loop

Overhand / Single hitch – used as stopper knot

Page 23: Basic Ropes and Knots

Square knot / Reef knot – most common method in connecting two ropes of the same diameter. However, when diameters of the two ropes are not the same, it is possible for the knot to get loosened by sliding from each other

Page 24: Basic Ropes and Knots

Figure 8 – this is the base knot for all Figure 8 family of knots.Figure 8 on a bight – this is the preferred knot

when a secured loop is needed particularly at the end of a rope. Although not thoroughly correct, many out in the field use the term “Figure 8 loop’. This kind has lower strength loss than the bowline but harder to untie.

Page 25: Basic Ropes and Knots

Figure 8 Follow through – formed by tying a loose Figure 8 in the end of the rope and then threading the end of the second rope through the loosely tied Figure 8 in the fist rope.

In-line Figure 8 - same purpose as butterfly knot

Page 26: Basic Ropes and Knots

Prusik / Double cow hitch – the most used hitch in rescue work. Also used in personal attachment points for ascending and in system uses such as tandem prusik belays and haul prusik for mechanical advantage.

Half hitch – the base hitch for almost all hitches.Clove hitch – has a history of being used as a carabiner in climbing applications, but it is most often used in rescue work for securing the mid-point of a “guying” system for angle directional.

Cow hitch / Girth hitch – this knot is also used to attach rope or webbing to an anchor point or other object. Also used to connect a rope to an object such as stretcher and ladder.

Page 27: Basic Ropes and Knots

Bowline with a bight – a great mid-line loop that flows better in the direction of pull than butterfly knot.

Bowline – most versatile knot in rope rescue. It is stronger under tension and susceptible to “self-untying” so it must be backed up with barrel knot. Used to form a single loop that will not constrict to object it is placed around.

Double Bowline Triple Bowline

Page 28: Basic Ropes and Knots

Munter / Italian – maybe used as a single person belay.

Round turn, two half hitch – used to tie a rope to an object at its end or in its middle

Page 29: Basic Ropes and Knots

QUALITIES OF A GOOD KNOT:

• It can easily be tied and untied even after loading

• Easy to determine if tied correctly

• Once tied, it remains tied

• Minimal effect on rope strength

Page 30: Basic Ropes and Knots

W E B B I N G

It is preferable to rope because of the following reasons:

• In constructing a harness, it lies flat against the body and provides better support.

• An excellent material to use for slings for it loses very little strength when bent around a carabiner.• It is relatively inexpensive, lightweight, easy to

tie and can be cut to short lengths for many uses.

Page 31: Basic Ropes and Knots

2 Basic Forms:

• Flat Webbing – it is stiffer and difficult to tie into knots

• Tubular Webbing – more supple and easier to tie

2 types:1. Edge-stitched2. Spiral weaved