basic pc hardware parts & peripherals

8/14/2019 Basic PC Hardware Parts & Peripherals

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Basic PC HardwareBasic PC Hardware

Parts & PeripheralsParts & Peripherals


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Basic PC Hardware Parts & PeripheralsBasic PC Hardware Parts & Peripherals

Input Devices

Output Devices

External peripherals

System Unit
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Display Technology

Often referred to as a monitorwhen packaged in a

separate case, the display is the most-used output deviceon a computer. The display provides instant feedback by

showing you text and graphic images as you work or play.


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Display Technology

CRT screen size LCD screen size

Most desktop displays use liquid crystal display (LCD) or

cathode ray tube (CRT) technology, while nearly all portable computingdevices such as laptops incorporate LCD technology. Because of their

slimmer design and lower energy consumption, monitors using LCD

technology (also called flat panel orflat screen displays) are replacing

the venerable CRT on most desktops.
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Display Technology

Resolution refers to the number of individual dots of color, known

as pixels, contained on a display. Resolution is expressed by identifyingthe number of pixels on the horizontal axis (rows) and the number on

the vertical axis (columns), such as 800x600. Resolution is affected by a

number of factors, including the size of the screen.


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MOTHERBOARDMOTHERBOARD


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MOTHERBOARDMOTHERBOARDMotherboards have come a long way in the last twenty years.

The first motherboards held very few actual components. The first IBMPC motherboard had only a processorand card slots. Users plugged

components like floppy drive controllers and memory into the slots.

Today, motherboards typically boast a wide variety of built-in

features, and they directly affect a computer's capabilities and potential

for upgrades. In this lecture we'll look at the general components of a

motherboard. Then, we'll closely examine five points that dramatically

affect what a computer can do.

Sockets and CPUs

The CPU is the first thing that comes to mind when many peoplethink about a computer's speed and performance. The faster the

processor, the faster the computer can think. In the early days of PC

computers, all processors had the same set of pins that would connect

the CPU to the motherboard, called the Pin Grid Array (PGA). These

pins fit into a socket layout called Socket 7. This meant that any

processor would fit into any motherboard
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MOTHERBOARDMOTHERBOARD

Today, however, CPU manufacturers Inteland AMD use a variety of PGAs, none of

which fit into Socket 7. As microprocessors

advance, they need more and more pins,

both to handle new features and to provide

more and more power to the chip.

Current socket arrangements are often named for the number of pins in

the PGA. Commonly used sockets are:

Socket 478 - for older Pentium and Celeron processorsSocket 754 - for AMD Sempron and some AMD Athlon processors

Socket 939 - for newer and faster AMD Athlon processors

Socket AM2 - for the newest AMD Athlon processors

Socket A - for older AMD Athlon processors


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Central Processing Unit -Central Processing Unit -

CPUCPU


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Central Processing Unit -Central Processing Unit -

CPUCPUMicroprocessor Logic

To understand how a microprocessor works, it is helpful to

look inside and learn about the logic used to create one. In the

process you can also learn about assembly language -- the nativelanguage of a microprocessor -- and many of the things that engineers

can do to boost the speed of a processor.

A microprocessor executes a collection of machine instructions

that tell the processor what to do. Based on the instructions, amicroprocessor does three basic things:


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Central Processing UnitCentral Processing Unit -

CPUCPUMicroprocessor Logic

Using its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor can perform

mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and

division. Modern microprocessors contain complete floating pointprocessors that can perform extremely sophisticated operations on

large floating point numbers.

A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to

another.

A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of

instructions
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Expansion SlotsExpansion Slots


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PCI ExpressPCI Express


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AGP AcceleratedAGP Accelerated

Graphics PortGraphics Port


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MemoryMemory


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Double Data Rate - DDRAMDouble Data Rate - DDRAM

Standardname

Memoryclock

Cycletime

I/O Busclock

Data transfers persecond

Modulename

Peak transferrate

DDR-200 100 MHz 10 ns 100 MHz 200 Million PC-1600 1600 MB/s

DDR-266 133 MHz 7.5 ns 133 MHz 266 Million PC-2100 2100 MB/s

DDR-300 150 MHz 6.67 ns 150 MHz 300 Million PC-2400 2400 MB/s


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabyte


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Synchronous Dynamic RAM -Synchronous Dynamic RAM -

SDRAMSDRAM

DDR SDRAM (double data rate synchronous dynamic random

access memory) is a class of memory integrated circuit used in computers. Itachieves nearly twice the bandwidth of the preceding [single data rate] SDRAM by

double pumping (transferring data on the rising and falling edges of the

clock signal) without increasing the clock frequency.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDRAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_data_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_data_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDRAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit


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Single In-line Memory Module -Single In-line Memory Module -

SIMMSIMM


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Dual In-line Memory Module -Dual In-line Memory Module -

DIMMDIMM

For use in PCs, DDR2 SDRAM is supplied in DIMMs

with 240 pins and a single locating notch. DIMMs areidentified by their peak transfer capacity (often called

bandwidth).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMM


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Flash MemoryFlash Memory


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Flash MemoryFlash Memory

Just about any computerthat you buy today comes with

one or more Universal Serial Bus connectors on the back. TheseUSB connectors let you attach everything from mice to printers to

your computer quickly and easily.
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CardsCards


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Video CardsVideo Cards

VidVid


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VideoVideo

CardsCards


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Sound CardsSound Cards


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DrivesDrives

A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly referred to as a hard drive,

hard disk orfixed disk drive,[1] is a non-volatile storage device which

stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic

surfaces. Strictly speaking, "drive" refers to a device distinct from its

medium, such as a tape drive and its tape, or a floppy disk drive and itsfloppy disk. Early HDDs had removable media; however, an HDD today is

typically a sealed unit (except for a filtered vent hole to equalize air

pressure) with fixed media
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_plattershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_plattershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk


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Hard Disk Drives - HDDHard Disk Drives - HDD


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Power SupplyPower Supply

One of the most important connections in the PC is that

between the power supply and the motherboard.

The two "AT style" power connectors, P8 (left) and P9.On the PC/XT, pin #2 of P8 is left unconnected.


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Automatic Voltage Regulator - AVRAutomatic Voltage Regulator - AVR


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UPS Un-interruptible PowerUPS Un-interruptible Power

SupplySupply


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External DevicesExternal Devices


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SpeakersSpeakers


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MouseMouse


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MouseMouse

Every day of your computing life, you reach out for yourmouse

whenever you want to move your cursor or activate something. Your

mouse senses your motion and your clicks and sends them to thecomputer so it can respond appropriately.
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KeyboardKeyboard


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KeyboardKeyboard

A keyboard's primary function is to act as an input device.

Using a keyboard, a person can type a document, use keystroke

shortcuts, access menus, play games and perform a variety of other

tasks.

A keyboard is a lot like a miniature computer. It has its own

processor and circuitry that carries information to and from that

processor. A large part of this circuitry makes up the key matrix.


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HUBHUB


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HUBHUB

Routers

The Internet is one of the 20th century's greatest communications

developments. It allows people around the world to send e-mail to one

another in a matter of seconds. They are specialized computers that send

your messages and those of every other Internet user speeding to theirdestinations along thousands of pathways.
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