basic microgravity sciences

7/29/2019 Basic Microgravity Sciences

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Microgravity Science

By

Vibhor Jajoo

Aayam 2013

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Vibhor Jajoo

www.jajoovibhor.co.nr


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Plan of Talk

1. What is Microgravity?

2. How To Achieve Microgravity Environment?

3. Uses and need of research in Microgravity?

4. Application in different branches of Engineering

5. Design your ISS Experiment

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Microgravity is ??(multiple choice)

A. Anywhere in outer space.

B. In a room at NASA where they turn

gravity off.

C. Gravity for microbes.

D. A condition where the effects of

gravity are greatly reduced.

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Vibhor Jajoo



4/27

Microgravity is ???(multiple choice)

A. A small push

B. A large pull

C. Low gravity

D. Zero gravity

E. Slightly seriousF. Freefall

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Vibhor Jajoo



5/27

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Personal Experience of Microgravity

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Months

International

Space Station

Seconds

Drop

Tower

Seconds

Parabolic

Aircraft

Days

Space

Shuttle

Minutes

Sounding

Rocket

Microgravity Facilities

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Drop Tower

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Drop Tower Capsule

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Parabolic Aircraft

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Sounding Rocket

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Vibhor Jajoo



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What phenomenon associated with a physical,chemical, or biological system to explore with

gravity seemingly turned off for a period of time?

How would this system that is interesting to me

behave differently if I could turn gravity off? Andwhat might I learn from such an experiment?

Most people to assume that any science carried out in

space is solely for the benefit of space missions and

that any real world applications are purely spinoffs.

This is far from the truth, there are many industrialbased researchers who find microgravity invaluable in

solving ground based problems.

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Vibhor Jajoo



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Fluids are any materials that flow when force is

applied. On Earth, fluids conform to the shape of acontainer.

Fluids

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Fluids importance???

Industry

Power generation,

refrigeration

Heating, ventilation, andair conditioning in

vehicles, schools, homes,

and other buildings.

Aerospace andaeronautics

Environment

Weather patterns

Pollutants in the

atmosphere

Climate change

Earthquake-resistant

buildings

Ocean motions

Biology

Blood flow

Respiration

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Microgravity Fluids Research Areas

Dynamics and Stability

Multiphase Flow

Interfacial Phenomena

Complex Fluids

Heat and Mass Transfer

air

water

air

water

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Effects of Microgravity on Fluids

1. Density Differences

Buoyancy-Induced Convection

Sedimentation

2. Surface Tension

3. Capillary Flow

4. Foaming

5. Interface Shapes

6. Compressibility

7. Location in a Container

Buoyancy Induced Convection

As a result a great deal ofresearch has gone in to how

boiling and evaporation occurs in microgravity and how

cooling especially spraycooling can be optimised. All

of this research, carried out principally for a space

environment, can be applied directly and immediatelyback on Earth when devising any new equipment that

requires efficient heat transfer.

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Combustion Science

Radiation

Conduction

Convection

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Combustion Science in Microgravity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Ox

y

g

e

n

%

Current (ampere)

Micro G

1 G

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Microgravity in Fundamental PhysicsThese devices make use of the

tightly defined frequencies of certain

atoms such as caesium to

constantly calibrate a microwavecavity resonator (essentially a

sophisticated simple harmonic

oscillator). The accuracy of the

measured frequency though is

limited by the temperature of the

gas and so the kinetic energy of the

atoms. High temperatures meanhigh velocities and so the

frequencies are Doppler shifted,

some to higher and others to lower

frequencies. This leads to a

smearing out of the central

frequency. The answer is to cool the

atoms down to a fraction of a Kelvin.

However even atoms drop in a

gravitational field and so they can

only be held for a short period of

time. The longer they can be held

the more accurate the clock can be.

The best we can do on Earth is to

throw a packet of caesium atoms in

to the air (well a vacuum actually)and excite them on the way up and

An atomic clock called PHARAO

(Projet dHorloge Atomique

Refroidissement dAtomes en

Orbite) will improve on this though.Sitting outside the European

Columbus laboratory of the ISS it

will produce packets of extremely

cold caesium atoms (less than 1

mK). A stream of these packets will

pass first in to a microwave cavity

that is tuned close to the resonant

frequency of the atoms. In this

cavity they receive a shot of

microwaves that excites them to the

higher energy level. They then

pass, very slowly, down the tube to

a second detectorcavity. There they

give up some of the energy that

went into their excitation. The moreenergy they give up the closer the

original exciting microwaves must

have been to the central frequency.

The clock electronics feeds this

information back to the first cavity

and so the frequency can be

automatically adjusted to home inon the central frequency. The result

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Life Science in Microgravity

Protein crystal growth

Produce medicines that are more effective while

producing fewer side effects.

Cell tissue culturing in microgravity may be used for

replacing damaged tissues, treating diseases, or

eventually replacing organs.

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Vibhor Jajoo



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Effects of Microgravity on humans?

There is no up or down so vestibular system in the

ear effected Symptoms include headaches, nausea, loss of

appetite Body Sensors in the upper body signal that the

body has too much fluid. The work of the kidneys

increases and they eliminate more fluid from the

body. The heart doesnt have to work as hard apparent

weightlessness plus less fluid to pump cause theheart to shrink.

Bones lose calcium. 7.5 g Calcium lost per month

Vitamin D levels go down due to less exposure to

sunlight.

Takes 3-4 times mission

duration to regain muscle and

bone upon return to Earth.

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Vibhor Jajoo



24/27

What phenomenon associated with a physical,

chemical, or biological system to explore with

gravity seemingly turned off for a period of time?

How would this system that is interesting to me

behave differently if I could turn gravity off? Andwhat might I learn from such an experiment?

Designing of an ISS Experiment

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Vibhor Jajoo


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Create a design methodology for the development of micro-gravity

laboratories for the research and maturation of space technologies

Review ofmg and remote research facilities

The conjunction of

The International Space Station

present a perfect low-cost environment for the development and

operation of facilities for space technology research

Build and operate experiment using the data available foroperations aboard the ISS

Description

Iterative Research

Support Multiple Scientists

Design Principles that guide the design of a research facility for

space technology maturation utilizing the ISS

Chapter

Conclusions

&

Contributions

Results

Experimentation

Hypothesis

ObjectiveMotivation

& Other

Facilities

ISS & Facility

Characteristic

Design

Principles &

Frameworks

Evaluations

Conclusions/

Contributions

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

SSL Design

Philosophy

Approach for design ISS experiment

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Vibhor Jajoo


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1. Variables - Choose your experimental variables.

Plan your ISS experiment

2. Questions - Pick one or more questions that you would like to investigate.

3. Analyses and measurements - Select the analyses and associated

measurements that you will perform to answer your questions.

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Vibhor Jajoo



27/27

Thank YouVibhor Jajoo


basic microgravity sciences

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