basic microbiology jeopardy weill cornell medical college - qatar
TRANSCRIPT
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Basic Microbiology
Basic Microbiology
JEOPARDYJEOPARDY
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The 20 years following the elaboration of this man’s
postulates for proof that a bacterium caused a specific disease are known as the
“Golden Age of Microbiology”
The 20 years following the elaboration of this man’s
postulates for proof that a bacterium caused a specific disease are known as the
“Golden Age of Microbiology”
Who is Robert Koch?Who is Robert Koch?
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The “nuclear region” of bacterial cells.
The “nuclear region” of bacterial cells.
What is the nucleoid?What is the nucleoid?
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Binding of lac repressor to DNA and binding of trp repressor to DNA are both examples of this
type of regulation.
Binding of lac repressor to DNA and binding of trp repressor to DNA are both examples of this
type of regulation.
What is negative regulation?
What is negative regulation?
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The preferred method of sterilization whenever possible.
The preferred method of sterilization whenever possible.
What is autoclaving?What is autoclaving?
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Two antibiotics that inhibit the elongation cycle of protein
synthesis.
Two antibiotics that inhibit the elongation cycle of protein
synthesis.
What are chloramphenicol and erythromycin?
What are chloramphenicol and erythromycin?
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These genetic elements are not capable of autonomous
replication, but can form copies of themselves that can insert
into replicons.
These genetic elements are not capable of autonomous
replication, but can form copies of themselves that can insert
into replicons.
What are transposons?What are transposons?
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The pink color of Lac+ colonies on MacConkey media is due to a pH indicator that changes color
as a result of this.
The pink color of Lac+ colonies on MacConkey media is due to a pH indicator that changes color
as a result of this.
What is acid production by the bacteria using lactose as
a carbon source?
What is acid production by the bacteria using lactose as
a carbon source?
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70S versus 80S70S versus 80S
What is the difference in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?
What is the difference in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?
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The proton motive force used to generate ATP for bacteria is
established by pumping protons across this structure.
The proton motive force used to generate ATP for bacteria is
established by pumping protons across this structure.
What is the cell membrane?
What is the cell membrane?
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A culture of bacteria sensitive to streptomycin is plated on agar media
containing streptomycin. A few colonies arise. In the absence of evidence for gene exchange with other bacteria, this genetic process must be responsible for the ability
of some of the bacteria to become streptomycin resistant.
A culture of bacteria sensitive to streptomycin is plated on agar media
containing streptomycin. A few colonies arise. In the absence of evidence for gene exchange with other bacteria, this genetic process must be responsible for the ability
of some of the bacteria to become streptomycin resistant.
What is mutation?What is mutation?
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Unique recombination mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Borrelia recurrentis produce new bacterial
types. This is the general term given to this process.
Unique recombination mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Borrelia recurrentis produce new bacterial
types. This is the general term given to this process.
What is antigenic variation? or What is antigenic switching?
What is antigenic variation? or What is antigenic switching?
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The fates of pyruvate under fermentative conditions can produce a variety of endproducts. Identification
of these products is often used for this purpose.
The fates of pyruvate under fermentative conditions can produce a variety of endproducts. Identification
of these products is often used for this purpose.
What is bacterial identification?
What is bacterial identification?
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This genetic term accounts for the fact that the hospital environment yields larger
numbers of antibiotic resistant bacteria than the community
environment.
This genetic term accounts for the fact that the hospital environment yields larger
numbers of antibiotic resistant bacteria than the community
environment.
What is selective pressure?
What is selective pressure?
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Cocci, bacilli, spiralsCocci, bacilli, spirals
What are the basic shapes of bacterial
cells?
What are the basic shapes of bacterial
cells?
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Both contain peptidoglycanBoth contain peptidoglycan
What are Gram-positive and Gram-negative
cells?
What are Gram-positive and Gram-negative
cells?
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This mechanism of gene transfer in bacteria requires close cell-to-
cell contact.
This mechanism of gene transfer in bacteria requires close cell-to-
cell contact.
What is conjugation?
What is conjugation?
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It is generally believed that bacteria of this type lack the ability to produce superoxide
dismutase.
It is generally believed that bacteria of this type lack the ability to produce superoxide
dismutase.
What are anaerobic bacteria?
What are anaerobic bacteria?
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In DNA cloning, initial detection of clones often involves plating cells on
media containing a specific antibiotic for which the cloning
vector carries a resistance gene. Bacterial cells that receive the
plasmid vector will be able to grow on the antibiotic containing media. This is an example of this type of
genetic selection.
In DNA cloning, initial detection of clones often involves plating cells on
media containing a specific antibiotic for which the cloning
vector carries a resistance gene. Bacterial cells that receive the
plasmid vector will be able to grow on the antibiotic containing media. This is an example of this type of
genetic selection.
What is direct selection?What is direct selection?WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR
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Multiple antibiotic resistance is most often due to carriage of
plasmids of this type.
Multiple antibiotic resistance is most often due to carriage of
plasmids of this type.
What are R-plasmids?What are R-plasmids?
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This group contains many organisms that live in extreme
environments.
This group contains many organisms that live in extreme
environments.
What are Archaebacteria?
What are Archaebacteria?
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Suppression of frameshift mutations requires the insertion
or deletion of this many nucleotides in DNA near the site
of the original mutation.
Suppression of frameshift mutations requires the insertion
or deletion of this many nucleotides in DNA near the site
of the original mutation.
What is 1 or 2 but not 3
nucleotides?
What is 1 or 2 but not 3
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Conserved consensus regions are found –35 and –10 bases
upstream from the transcription start site in this region of the
gene.
Conserved consensus regions are found –35 and –10 bases
upstream from the transcription start site in this region of the
gene.
What is the promoter region?
What is the promoter region?
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Cells given this name reflect their ability to transfer
chromosomal genes to recipient cells at a high frequency due to integration of the F plasmid into
the donor chromosome.
Cells given this name reflect their ability to transfer
chromosomal genes to recipient cells at a high frequency due to integration of the F plasmid into
the donor chromosome.
What are Hfr cells?
What are Hfr cells?
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Bacteria replicate by this process.
Bacteria replicate by this process.
What is binary fission?
What is binary fission?
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This structure is often responsible for attachment of bacteria to body surfaces or
environmental surfaces.
This structure is often responsible for attachment of bacteria to body surfaces or
environmental surfaces.
What are pili?What are pili?
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UV-light is not an effective sterilizing agent due to this
property.
UV-light is not an effective sterilizing agent due to this
property.
What is poor penetration? or What is low energy spectrum?
What is poor penetration? or What is low energy spectrum?
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Extracellular component of some prokaryotes that contributes to
virulence by inhibiting phagocytosis.
Extracellular component of some prokaryotes that contributes to
virulence by inhibiting phagocytosis.
What are capsules?What are capsules?
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This code is used universally in all genetic systems to direct the
sequence of amino acids in a protein.
This code is used universally in all genetic systems to direct the
sequence of amino acids in a protein.
What is the triplet code? or What is the Universal
Genetic Code?
What is the triplet code? or What is the Universal
Genetic Code?
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Error prone DNA repair pathways lead to increases in
this.
Error prone DNA repair pathways lead to increases in
this.
What are mutations? or What are mutation
frequencies?
What are mutations? or What are mutation
frequencies?
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This physiologic state, either natural or artificially induced, is
required for cells to take up naked DNA.
This physiologic state, either natural or artificially induced, is
required for cells to take up naked DNA.
What is competence?What is competence?
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The stationary phase of bacterial growth is mostly a result of
these two events in a growing culture.
The stationary phase of bacterial growth is mostly a result of
these two events in a growing culture.
What are nutrient depletion and
accumulation of toxic substances?
What are nutrient depletion and
accumulation of toxic substances?
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Measurement of the phenol coefficient for a given
disinfectant is used for this purpose.
Measurement of the phenol coefficient for a given
disinfectant is used for this purpose.
What is standardization? or What is to compare disinfectants to one
another?
What is standardization? or What is to compare disinfectants to one
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Extended spectrum penicillins were developed for
effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
bacteria. This is the prototype example of this drug class.
Extended spectrum penicillins were developed for
effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
bacteria. This is the prototype example of this drug class.
What is piperacillin?What is piperacillin?
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For Southern blotting procedures, this macromolecule
is run on an agarose gel and blotted to nitrocellulose filters.
For Southern blotting procedures, this macromolecule
is run on an agarose gel and blotted to nitrocellulose filters.
What is DNA?What is DNA?
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Efficient expression of the lac operon requires removal of the
lac repressor and the application of this global regulator.
Efficient expression of the lac operon requires removal of the
lac repressor and the application of this global regulator.
What is CAP protein? or What is cAMP binding
protein? or What is CRP protein?
What is CAP protein? or What is cAMP binding
protein? or What is CRP protein?
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This type of gene transfer in bacteria is sensitive to DNase in
the media.
This type of gene transfer in bacteria is sensitive to DNase in
the media.
What is transformation?What is transformation?
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Synthetases are the enzymes responsible for charging these molecules with amino acids to be used in protein synthesis.
Synthetases are the enzymes responsible for charging these molecules with amino acids to be used in protein synthesis.
What are tRNA molecules?
What are tRNA molecules?
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Multi-enzyme complex composed of the 8-10 subunits
of DNA polymerase III along with DNA binding proteins, unwinding
proteins and other accessory structures.
Multi-enzyme complex composed of the 8-10 subunits
of DNA polymerase III along with DNA binding proteins, unwinding
proteins and other accessory structures.
What is the replisome?What is the replisome?
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The major cytoplasmic structural element of bacterial cells.
The major cytoplasmic structural element of bacterial cells.
What are ribosomes?What are ribosomes?
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Dormant bacterial form produced by limited genera like
Bacillus and Clostridium.
Dormant bacterial form produced by limited genera like
Bacillus and Clostridium.
What are endospores?What are endospores?
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DNA repair systems serve to repair various kinds of DNA
damage; UV-induced photodimers are usually
removed by this repair system.
DNA repair systems serve to repair various kinds of DNA
damage; UV-induced photodimers are usually
removed by this repair system.
What is excision repair?What is excision repair?
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Many new diagnostic procedures will use the polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) to rapidly identify bacteria. This procedure requires knowledge of the
DNA sequence to be amplified in order to produce these, which are required
to begin the process.
Many new diagnostic procedures will use the polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) to rapidly identify bacteria. This procedure requires knowledge of the
DNA sequence to be amplified in order to produce these, which are required
to begin the process.
What are primers?What are primers? WEILL CORNELL
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These covalent bonds effectively make the bacterial cell wall one large
polymer; they may form with or without cross-bridges depending on
individual species.
These covalent bonds effectively make the bacterial cell wall one large
polymer; they may form with or without cross-bridges depending on
individual species.
What are peptide bonds? or What are peptide
crosslinks?
What are peptide bonds? or What are peptide
crosslinks?
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Spontaneous mutation is most often a result of errors
in this process.
Spontaneous mutation is most often a result of errors
in this process.
What is DNA replication?What is DNA replication?
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Dideoxy nucleotides are useful for DNA sequencing procedures because they cause this during
DNA replication.
Dideoxy nucleotides are useful for DNA sequencing procedures because they cause this during
DNA replication.
What is chain termination? or What is
cessation of DNA synthesis?
What is chain termination? or What is
cessation of DNA synthesis?
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The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among many
bacterial species is most likely due to this type of genetic
exchange.
The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among many
bacterial species is most likely due to this type of genetic
exchange.
What is conjugation?What is conjugation?
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Multi-layer peptidoglycan, teichoic acids and lipoteichoic
acids
Multi-layer peptidoglycan, teichoic acids and lipoteichoic
acids
What is the Gram-positive
cell wall?
What is the Gram-positive
cell wall?
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These DNA fragments are produced by discontinuous
replication in the lagging strand.
These DNA fragments are produced by discontinuous
replication in the lagging strand.
What are Okazaki fragments?
What are Okazaki fragments?
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Mutants of this type require the addition of extra nutrients to minimal media to allow for
bacterial growth.
Mutants of this type require the addition of extra nutrients to minimal media to allow for
bacterial growth.
What are auxotrophs?What are auxotrophs?
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Stable inheritance of genetic information transferred to bacteria
requires that that information be part of a replicon or be incorporated into cells by some type of this process.
Stable inheritance of genetic information transferred to bacteria
requires that that information be part of a replicon or be incorporated into cells by some type of this process.
What is recombination?What is recombination?
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This is when the affinity of the lac repressor for binding DNA is
the highest.
This is when the affinity of the lac repressor for binding DNA is
the highest.
What is in the absence of lactose? or What is in the absence of inducer?
What is in the absence of lactose? or What is in the absence of inducer?
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These enzymes recognize unmodified DNA in specific
sequences and cut DNA within these sequences.
These enzymes recognize unmodified DNA in specific
sequences and cut DNA within these sequences.
What are restriction enzymes? or What are
restriction endonucleases?
What are restriction enzymes? or What are
restriction endonucleases?
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An alkylating agent used for sterilization.
An alkylating agent used for sterilization.
What is ethylene oxide?What is ethylene oxide?
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A series of culture tubes is inoculated first with bacteria, then with serial dilutions of an antibiotic.
This is the lowest amount of antibiotic that results in no visible
growth of the bacteria as measured by a lack of turbidity.
A series of culture tubes is inoculated first with bacteria, then with serial dilutions of an antibiotic.
This is the lowest amount of antibiotic that results in no visible
growth of the bacteria as measured by a lack of turbidity.
What is the MIC? or What is the minimal inhibitory
concentration?
What is the MIC? or What is the minimal inhibitory
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This is the protein the binds fluoroquinolone antibiotics.This is the protein the binds fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
What is DNA gyrase?What is DNA gyrase?
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Cleaves the -1,4 linkage of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl
muramic acid.
Cleaves the -1,4 linkage of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl
muramic acid.
What is lysozyme?What is lysozyme?
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Among the known functions of these enzymes are both a 5’ to 3’ and a 3’ to 5’ exonuclease
activity.
Among the known functions of these enzymes are both a 5’ to 3’ and a 3’ to 5’ exonuclease
activity.
What are DNA polymerases?What are DNA polymerases?
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These moveable genetic elements often encode antibiotic resistance
determinants.
These moveable genetic elements often encode antibiotic resistance
determinants.
What are transposons?What are transposons?
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Mutations of this type result in a change in reading frame of the
resulting mRNA.
Mutations of this type result in a change in reading frame of the
resulting mRNA.
What are frameshift mutations?
What are frameshift mutations?
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Plasmid DNA molecules must contain sequences of this type in
order to replicate and be transmitted from generation to
generation.
Plasmid DNA molecules must contain sequences of this type in
order to replicate and be transmitted from generation to
generation.What are origins of
replications? or What or ori
regions?
What are origins of replications? or
What or ori regions? WEILL CORNELL
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The inducer of the lac operon which works by binding the lac
repressor.
The inducer of the lac operon which works by binding the lac
repressor.
What is allolactose? or What is lactose?
What is allolactose? or What is lactose?
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Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis uses
Southern blotting alone or in combination with PCR to detect this.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis uses
Southern blotting alone or in combination with PCR to detect this.
What are differences among individuals?
What are differences among individuals?
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This is the mechanism of action of iodine as a disinfectant or
antiseptic.
This is the mechanism of action of iodine as a disinfectant or
antiseptic.
What is iodinates or oxidizes cell components? Or What is inactivation of enzymes by oxidation of amino acids in
their active sites?
What is iodinates or oxidizes cell components? Or What is inactivation of enzymes by oxidation of amino acids in
their active sites?
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Bacteria resistant to streptomycin are isolated after plating sensitive bacteria on media with streptomycin. Since there was
no access to other bacterial species, conversion to resistance in this case must be due to mutation. This is the most likely
protein to express the mutation to streptomycin resistance.
Bacteria resistant to streptomycin are isolated after plating sensitive bacteria on media with streptomycin. Since there was
no access to other bacterial species, conversion to resistance in this case must be due to mutation. This is the most likely
protein to express the mutation to streptomycin resistance.
What is the S12 protein of the 30S ribosomal
subunit?
What is the S12 protein of the 30S ribosomal
subunit? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR
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Attachment of the bacterial chromosome to this may play a role in chromosome segregation
at cell division.
Attachment of the bacterial chromosome to this may play a role in chromosome segregation
at cell division.
What is the mesosome?What is the mesosome?
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Enzyme which is inhibited by rifampin.
Enzyme which is inhibited by rifampin.
What is RNA polymerase?What is RNA polymerase?
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Functionally contains an A-site and a P-site.
Functionally contains an A-site and a P-site.
What is a ribosome?What is a ribosome?
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Suppression of nonsense mutations is most often due to new mutations that result in changes to these molecules.
Suppression of nonsense mutations is most often due to new mutations that result in changes to these molecules.
What are tRNA molecules?
What are tRNA molecules?
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In bacteria, multiple genes are organized in one coordinately regulated transcription unit
called by this name.
In bacteria, multiple genes are organized in one coordinately regulated transcription unit
called by this name.
What is an operon?What is an operon?
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The mechanism by which aerobic organisms harness the energy
released by electron transport to achieve oxidative phosphorylation to
produce ATP.
The mechanism by which aerobic organisms harness the energy
released by electron transport to achieve oxidative phosphorylation to
produce ATP.
What is proton pumping? or What is the generation
of a proton gradient?
What is proton pumping? or What is the generation
of a proton gradient?
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Three properties of good DNA cloning vectors.
Three properties of good DNA cloning vectors.
What are origins of replication, selectable
genes, and unique restriction enzyme sites?
What are origins of replication, selectable
genes, and unique restriction enzyme sites?
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Alcohol in a 70% solution is a more effective antiseptic than a 100% solution due to this effect of the 100% solution on cells.
Alcohol in a 70% solution is a more effective antiseptic than a 100% solution due to this effect of the 100% solution on cells.
What is rapid dehydration of cells?
What is rapid dehydration of cells?
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This is the reason that Mycoplasma are not sensitive to
cephalosporins.
This is the reason that Mycoplasma are not sensitive to
cephalosporins.
What is they lack a cell wall?
What is they lack a cell wall?
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Lipid A, core polysaccharide, periplasm
Lipid A, core polysaccharide, periplasm
What is the Gram-negative
cell wall?
What is the Gram-negative
cell wall?
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This begins by recognition of bacterial promoter sequences.This begins by recognition of
bacterial promoter sequences.
What is transcription?
What is transcription?
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The most important protein involved in homologous recombination in E. coli.
The most important protein involved in homologous recombination in E. coli.
What is RecA protein?
What is RecA protein?
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Mutations that result in the premature termination of
translation.
Mutations that result in the premature termination of
translation.
What are nonsense mutations?
What are nonsense mutations?
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Certain chemical and physical agents that increase the frequency of mutation.
Certain chemical and physical agents that increase the frequency of mutation.
What are mutagens?What are
mutagens?
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A group of coordinately regulated genes which may not be located next to one another on the bacterial chromosome.
A group of coordinately regulated genes which may not be located next to one another on the bacterial chromosome.
What is a regulon?What is a regulon?
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This is the name given to organisms that can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.
This is the name given to organisms that can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.
What are facultative anaerobes?
What are facultative anaerobes?
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Cloning vectors that can replicate both in bacteria and in eukaryotic cells usually require separate sequence elements of
this type.
Cloning vectors that can replicate both in bacteria and in eukaryotic cells usually require separate sequence elements of
this type.
What are origins of replication for
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What are origins of replication for
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Detergents typically interact with this cell structure to effect
their mechanism of action.
Detergents typically interact with this cell structure to effect
their mechanism of action.
What is the cell membrane?
What is the cell membrane?
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This compound inhibits the binding of f-met-tRNA to the 30S
initiation complex.
This compound inhibits the binding of f-met-tRNA to the 30S
initiation complex.
What is tetracycline?
What is tetracycline?
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Cell death due to -lactam antibiotics is generally due to
this.
Cell death due to -lactam antibiotics is generally due to
this.
What is osmotic lysis?
What is osmotic lysis?
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The prokaryotic organ of motility is made of thousands of
molecules of this protein.
The prokaryotic organ of motility is made of thousands of
molecules of this protein.
What is flagellin?What is flagellin?
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Begins at a single origin and proceeds bidirectionally.
Begins at a single origin and proceeds bidirectionally.
What is bacterial chromosome DNA
replication?
What is bacterial chromosome DNA
replication?
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This enzyme joins DNA fragments together and requires
a 3’-hydroxyl and a 5’-phosphate to accomplish its
task.
This enzyme joins DNA fragments together and requires
a 3’-hydroxyl and a 5’-phosphate to accomplish its
task.What is DNA
ligase?What is DNA
ligase?
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This type of transduction affords a relatively equal probability of transfer to all bacterial genes.
This type of transduction affords a relatively equal probability of transfer to all bacterial genes.
What is generalized
transduction?
What is generalized
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This regulatory process results in the premature termination of transcription events before the
production of full-length mRNAs.
This regulatory process results in the premature termination of transcription events before the
production of full-length mRNAs.
What is attenuation?
What is attenuation?
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Glucose degraded to 2 pyruvate with the net production of 2 ATP.Glucose degraded to 2 pyruvate with the net production of 2 ATP.
What is glycolysis?What is glycolysis?
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The specific target of -lactam antibiotics.
The specific target of -lactam antibiotics.
What is transpeptidase?
What is transpeptidase?
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Antibiotic resistance due to target site alteration is most often a result of this genetic
process.
Antibiotic resistance due to target site alteration is most often a result of this genetic
process.
What is chromosomal mutation? or
What is mutation?
What is chromosomal mutation? or
What is mutation?
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The major function of this structure is to protect bacterial
cells from osmotic lysis.
The major function of this structure is to protect bacterial
cells from osmotic lysis.
What is the cell wall?
What is the cell wall?
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A purine or pyrimidine base attached to 5’-phospho-2’-
deoxyribose.
A purine or pyrimidine base attached to 5’-phospho-2’-
deoxyribose.
What is a deoxyribonucleotide?
What is a deoxyribonucleotide?
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In bacteria this always begins with formylated methionine.In bacteria this always begins with formylated methionine.
What is a newly synthesized protein?
or What is protein synthesis?
What is a newly synthesized protein?
or What is protein synthesis?
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Sulfa drugs and trimethoprim affect different steps in folic acid
synthesis. Their use together results in a greater than additive effect of either one alone. This
is an example of this phenomenon.
Sulfa drugs and trimethoprim affect different steps in folic acid
synthesis. Their use together results in a greater than additive effect of either one alone. This
is an example of this phenomenon.
What is synergy?What is synergy?
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The term given to the fact that translation of mRNA in bacteria can begin before transcription is
completed.
The term given to the fact that translation of mRNA in bacteria can begin before transcription is
completed.
What is coupling of transcription and
translation?
What is coupling of transcription and
translation?
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The encoding of antibiotic resistance by these genetic
elements helps to account for the rapid evolution of various types of plasmids encoding
multiple resistances.
The encoding of antibiotic resistance by these genetic
elements helps to account for the rapid evolution of various types of plasmids encoding
multiple resistances.
What are transposons?
What are transposons?
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Penicillins and cephalosporins have this structural element in
common.
Penicillins and cephalosporins have this structural element in
common.
What is the -lactam ring?
What is the -lactam ring?
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Penicillin resistance is most often due to the production of
this enzyme by resistant bacteria.
Penicillin resistance is most often due to the production of
this enzyme by resistant bacteria.
What is -lactamase?What is -
lactamase?
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THE ENDTHE END