basic idea and scientific approach in work system design

8/11/2019 Basic Idea and Scientific Approach in Work System Design

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Basic idea of scientific approach

Developed standard method of performing each job Selected workers with appropriate abilities for each job Trained workers in standard method Supported workers by planning their work and eliminating

interruptions Provided wage incentives to workers for increased output Good working environment


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Manufacturing Process

Process selection refers the way of decidinghow goods and services are produced.

The capacity, layout, equipment, and design

of work systems depends on it


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Process types

Job shop/ craft Batch Repetitive continuous


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Types of processingJob shop Batch Repetitive continuou

Description Customized goods/or services

Semi standardizedgoods/or services

Standardized goods/or services

High

Advantages Handling widevariety

Flexibility Low unit cost, highvolume

Vey elow c

Disadvantages Slow, high cost perunit, complexplanning andscheduling

Moderate cost perunit, moderatescheduling

Low flexibility, highcost of down time

Rigidvariechancost

Skill High skill Not so high Low skill Low t

Technology Normal Normal Higher level Highest


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Activity functionActivity Job shop Batch Repetitive Continuous projects

Cost estimation Difficult Somewhatroutine

Routine Routine Simco

Cost per unit High Moderate Low Low Very

Equipment used General purpose General purpose Special purpose Special purpose varied

Fixed costs Low Moderate High Very high varied

Variable costs High Moderate Low Very low High

Labour skills High Moderate Low Low to high Low t

Marketing Promote skills Promote skillsstandardizedgoods andservices

Promote skillsstandardizedgoods andservices

Promote skillsstandardizedgoods andservices

Pca

Scheduling Complex Moderate Routine Routine Comple

Work in progress

inventory

High High Low Low va


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Craft Production A work force skilled in design, machine operation, skill in

handling particular job Individuals taken for jobs based on skill Organization decentralized Use of general tools for doing a job and skill is impoerant for

execution Low production volume High cost Long time for execution


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Mass Production

Complete and consistent interchangeability of parts technology and work methods Simplicity of work, assembly Low skill employment Training and standard procedure Speed of operations Delinking work and technology Specialized single purpose operations High volume and low cost


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Lean

Flexibility in production Less volume and varieties Multiskilling Team work Quick change over of setup Better utilization of machines Affordable cost Speedy execution


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Advanced Manufacturing Advanced Manufacturing is a family of activities that (a) depend on the use and coordination of information,

automation, computation, software, sensing, and networking,and/or

(b) make use of cutting edge materials and emerging capabilitiesenabled by the physical and biological sciences, for examplenanotechnology, chemistry, and biology.

This involves both new ways to manufacture existing products, andespecially the manufacture of new products emerging from newadvanced technologies .

President Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Report to the President onEnsuring

American Leadership in Advanced Manufacturing USA


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Advanced Manufacturing

An advanced manufacturing production system is capable of

furnishing a mix of products in a small or large volume, with both theefficiency of mass production and the flexibility of custommanufacturing to respond readily to customer demand and desiredquality.

Advanced manufacturing results from substantive advancements(whether incremental or break through) over the current state of art inthe production of materials and products. These includeimprovements in manufacturing process and systems.

Advanced manufacturing produces goods that minimize use ofresources while maintaining or improving cost and performance.


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Customers

Product & Service

Business Process

InformationParticipants

Technology

EnvironmentInfrastructure

Strategy


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Registration

Chamber

hall Hall

Assistants

Register ,issueslips,enter inbookAlotdoctor

Assistant

Collectbooks ,prioritywaiting

Doctor

DiagnosePrescriptiontests

Assistant

Depositbook,wait

A

CollStudprescPickPackSet sHand

medbook

Hospital activities


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Flipkart

Website

Search

Identify

Details- availability, price,

delivery time, alternatives

Place order

Confirmation

Delivery date

Delivery

payment

Flipkart Future Retails

Valuation cr 30,000 2775

Revenues cr 6000 11,366

Assets cr 487 11,349Stores warehouses 6 319
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/Flipkart.docxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/Flipkart.docxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/Flipkart.docx


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Status- workers involvement

Despite the major advances in computers and operation technology,people are still the heart of business.

They can make or break it regardless of technology used. Technology is important but it is not the end. Workers can be a valuable source of insight and creativity because they

actually perform the job and are closer to the problem that arise. More and more companies are attempting to develop a spirit of

cooperation between employees and management. Companies are focusing attention to improve the quality of work life

through worker empowerment giving more say in the jobs.


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Skills neededSOURCE: Adapted from Skills of an Effective Administrator, by R. L. Katz, 1955, Harvard Businesspp. 33 42


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Work

J b d i


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Job design- http://www.ateneonline.it/chase2e/studenti/tn/6184-7_tn04.pdf

Work


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Work Work is defined as an activity in which a person exerts physical and mentato accomplish a given task or a duty. The task produce has some useful objective, commercial value and financ

benefits. The worker performing the task must apply certain skills and knowledge tcomplete the task or duty successfully. There is usually a commercial value activity and the worker is compensated for performing it.

Work is an activity in which one exerts physical and mental effort to accompgiven task or perform a duty

Task or duty has some useful objective Worker applies skills and knowledge for successful completion The activity has commercial value

The worker is compensated


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Human activity include physical and mental exertions by the worker. In some cases physical component dominate the activity, while inothers the mental component is more important. The work cannot be performed well unless the worker applies somecombination of physical and cognitive effort.


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The Pyramid Structure of work

Work consists of tasks. A task is an amount of work assigned tperson. It may be repetitive or non repetitive. Tasks consists of work elements and basic motion elements Basic motion elements- the movement body parts while doingwork Work element- series of work activities that are logically grouptogether. Reaching for the part etc. Many such work elements make up the total work content


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Task

An amount of work that is assigned to a worker or forwhich a worker is responsibleRepetitive task as in mass production

Time required = 30 seconds to several minutes

Non-repetitive task performed periodically,infrequently, or only once

Time required usually much longer than for repetitivetask


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Work elements A series of work activities that are logically grouped together because they

have a unified function in the task A work element is a single task that cannot be subdivided.Many such work elements make up the total work content

Example: assembling a component to a base part using several nuts andboltsRequired time = six seconds or longer

Basic Motion elements Actuations of the limbs and other body parts A work element consists of multiple basic motion elements

asic motion elements


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asic motion elements1. Transport empty (TE) reach for an object

2. Grasp (G) grasp an object

3. Transport loaded (TL) move an object with hand and arm

4. Hold (H) hold an object

5. Release load (RL) release control of an object6. Use (U) manipulate a tool

7. Pre-position (PP) position object for next operation

8. Position (P) position object in defined location

9. Assemble (A) join two parts10 .Disassemble (DA) separate multiple parts that were previously joined

11.Search (Sh) attempt to find an object using eyes or hand12. Select (St) choose among several objects in a group

13. Plan (Pn) decide on an action

14. Inspect (I) determine quality of object

15. Unavoidable delay (UD) waiting due to factors beyond worker control

16. Avoidable delay (AD) worker waiting

17. Rest (R) resting to overcome fatigue

Job consists of motask Many such jobs bu

carrier.

Ti /T k i


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Time/Task- occurs in Design Production Supply Chain Marketing ServiceTime- influence Repetitive work Non repetitive work Intellectual work Creative work Dedication and involvement

Production repetitive Production non repetit Logistics Service Knowledge

Occupation


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Jobs and discretion- Production workLow discretion High discretion

Work is done mostly in one location Workers will determine where they will do the j

Work done with basic training Done with good technical knowledge

Dominated by machine operations, procedure,predetermined activities

Workers manage their own schedule and pro

Methods, techniques are prescribed Workers determine the methods

Interaction with the same people every day Different types of people in the activities

Work performance mostly measured in quantity terms Measured mostly in qualitative terms

The tire of your car gets punctured on a high way. Describe the task

and work elements.


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Jobs and occupation

Four broad categories that reflect the work contentand job function:1. Production workers - make products2. Logistics workers - move materials, products, or peopl3. Service provide a service, apply existing informatio

and knowledge, communicate4. Knowledge workers - create new knowledge, solve

problems, manage

basic idea and scientific approach in work system design

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