basic horticultural botany
DESCRIPTION
Basic Horticultural Botany. What is Horticulture?. Horticulture is the art and science of growing vegetable, fruit, medicinal and ornamental plants Agronomy covers the food and fiber and energy crops that are grown on large acreages and are usually seed propagated. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Basic Horticultural Botany
What is Horticulture?
• Horticulture is the art and science of growing vegetable, fruit, medicinal and ornamental plants
• Agronomy covers the food and fiber and energy crops that are grown on large acreages and are usually seed propagated
What are Horticultural Plants?
• Fruit– Tropical : mango, papaya– Subtropical: Orange, fig – Temperate: Apple, Pear
• A fruit is an enlarged ovary with seeds and attached parts
What are Horticultural Plants?
• Vegetables– Cool Season: broccoli
• Cauliflower, spinach,onion
– Warm season• New Zealand spinach
– In the grocery store language: Tomatoes, peppers and squash
• Vegetables Botanically are plant parts without ovary/seeds.
What are Horticultural Plants?
• Drugs– Plants that have medical
use: Echinacea, willow, Ginkgo
What are Horticultural Plants?
• Condiments/ spices:– Plants used to make
flavorings: mustard, curry
What are Horticultural Plants?
• Beverage Plants– Coffee, Tea, – Herbal Tisanes– Hops for beer– Agave for Tequila
What are Horticultural Plants?
• Ornamental Plants– Herbaceous – flowers
and foliage plants• Annuals• Perennials
– Woody trees and shrubs
• Ornamentals are planted for shade, beauty, Climate control, windbreaks…
Basic Botany/ plant classificationScientific names , Common namesKingdom
DivisionClass
Order Family
Genus ( pl. Genera)species( sp. or spp.)
Cultivar or variety
PlantaeTracheophytaAngiospermaeRosalesRosaceaeMalusdomestica‘Honeycrisp’
More terms used to classify plants
• Annuals- completes the life cycle in one season• Biennial – usually takes two years to complete
the life cycle ( carrots, cabbage)• Perennial- usually lives more than 2 years– Woody – trees and shrubs• Deciduous/ evergreen
– Herbaceous• Tender/hardy
Plant Structures
• Flowering plants are divided into to large groups: monocots and dicots
• Monocot means there is one seed leaf ( Cotyledon) in the seed. Dicot means two seed leaves.
Vegetative vs reproductive
• Annual herbaceous plant• Leaves, stems and roots are vegetative but can
be used in asexual reproduction• Flowers, seeds are sexual reproductive parts
Inside a herbaceous stem
Inside a woody stem
Cell types
• Parenchyma • Schlerenchyma
• 3 year old woody twig
Modified stems- often used in propagation
• Spur• Thorn • Stolon• crown
• Rhyzome• Tuber• Bulb• Corm
Leafa stem appendage with a bud at it’s base
Leaf types
Leaf margins
Leaf shapes
leaf
Buds
• Axillary• Terminal• Bud scales ( temperate)• Chilling requirements• Leaf/flower/mixed
Roots/ Function
• Absorb water and nutrients
• Anchor the plant in the soil
• Support the stem• Food storage• propagation
• First to emerge from the seed
• Positive geotaxis• No nodes• No leaves or flowers
Root vs Stem
Root cross sectionStem cross section
Roots
• Tap root ( dicot)• Fibrous roots
( monocot)• Lateral /secondary
root/branch root• Generally extend
beyond the top
Flowers
• Sexual reproduction• Built to attract
pollinators• People can be
considered pollinators
• Can be perfect (complete)
• Unisexual– Plants can be
monoecious or dioecious
Basic plant life cycle
• Dormancy: seeds or buds fail to grow when given good conditions.
• Vegetative: seedling to Juvenile
• Reproductive: when plant is large enough to flower
• Senescence: ripening of seed, and fruit, leaf drop
Dormancy
• Hormonal dormancy– Timed by hormones
many temperate plants show this ex. Apple trees
• Environmental dormancy– Cold or dryness keeps seed
from germinating
• Other types in seed dormancy
Vegetative growth
• The plant has to reach its mature stage before it can start flowering. In tomatoes this happens in 30+ days after transplant to the garden. In Apple trees it can be 5-7 years
Reproductive Growth
Primary Metabolism
• Photosynthesis– Sunlight– Chloroplasts in a live
plant– Carbon dioxide– Energy is changed from
light to chemical energy ( sugars)
– Oxygen released– Water is used and
produced
• Respiration– Energy is released from
sugars for plant energy– Oxygen is used– Water is used and
produced– CO2 is produced– Happens in dark and in
light– Occurs in all living cells
( mitochondria)
Photosynthesis
CO2+ H20 +sunlight +green plant C6H12O6 + O2+ H2O
RespirationC6H12O6 + O2+ H2O CO2+ H20 + 36 ATP
Transpiration
99 % of the water that enters the plant is used in Transpiration, 1% in metabolism
Plant growth Regulators
• Plant hormones or other chemicals that influence growth of plants.–Auxins -Gibberellins–Cytokinins -Abscisic Acid– Ethylene