basic hematology

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SYED BASHEER UDDIN BASIC HEMATOLGY PRESENTED BY

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Page 1: Basic Hematology

SYED BASHEER UDDIN

BASIC HEMATOLGYPRESENTED BY

Page 2: Basic Hematology

WHAT IS HAEMATOLOGY ?Is the branch of biology, concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases.

WHAT IS BLOOD ?Is a specialized bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

Page 3: Basic Hematology

BLOOD components

Page 4: Basic Hematology

COMPLETE BLOOD PICTURE

Page 5: Basic Hematology

RED BLOOD CELLS also known as erythrocytes. mature red blood cells are

flexible biconcave disks. has a disk diameter of 6–8

µm and a thickness of 2 µm. Male: 4.50–6.50 x 106/µL Female: 3.80–4.80 x 106/µL Life span:- 120 days.

Page 6: Basic Hematology

RED BLOOD CELL INDICES:-

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)o Is the average size of a red blood cell and is calculated by dividing the

hematocrit (Hct) by the red blood cell count.

Normal range: 76 - 96 fLMean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) Is the average amount of hemoglobin (Hb) per red blood cell and is

calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the red blood cell count.

Normal range: 27-31 pg/cell.Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) Is the average concentration of hemoglobin in the given volume of

packed red blood cells and is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the hematocrit.

Normal range: 33-37 g/dL.

Page 7: Basic Hematology

PLATELET (Thrombocytes)

are small, irregularly shaped clear cell fragments (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus containing DNA)

Diameter :- 2–3 µm . Life span:- 7 – 14 days. Thrombocytosis: elevated

platelet count > 4.5 lakhs. Causes: infection, malignancy,

inflammatory disease. Deep venous thrombosis. Thrombocytopenia : decreased

platelet count < 1.5 lakhs. Causes: bone marrow

dysfunction, malignancy, auto-immune response, medication, chemotherapy.

Haemophilia

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HEMOGLOBIN Is the iron-containing oxygen-transport

metalloprotein in the red blood cells. Male:- 13.0 – 17.0 g/dL Female:- 12.0 – 15.0 g/dL Childerns:- 11.5 – 15.5 g/dL Increased Hemoglobin :-Polycythemia Decreased Hemoglobin :- Anemia

Hematocrit:-is the percentage (%) of the concentration of red blood cells in blood.Male:- 42.0 – 52.0%, Female :-37.0 – 47.0 %

Page 9: Basic Hematology

White blood cells ( Leukocytes)

Definition: blood cells that fight infection. Ref. ranges: 4.0 – 11.0 x 103

Increased = leukocytosisDecreased = leukopenia.Sub-divided into two categories viz. Granulocytes.Agranulocytes

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NEUTROPHIL (GRANULOCYTE)

Characteristic Functions:- Primary defense against bacterial

infection◦ Phagocytizes and digests

microorganisms.Morphology on Blood Smear:

◦ Granulocyte with neutral staining.◦ Nucleus with 3 to 5 lobes

connected by thin chromatin,◦ Cytoplasm with fine granules.Average diameter : 12-15 µm.

Normal range: 45-75%.

Increased: - neutrophilia.Cause: pyogenic bacterial infection.Decreased:- neutropenia.Cause: Vitamin B12 & folate deficiency,

blood cancer etc..

Page 11: Basic Hematology

EOSINOPHIL(GRANULOCYTE)

Characteristic Functions: Response to Allergic and Parasitic

InfectionMorphology on Blood Smear:

◦ Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin.

◦ cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin.

Average diameter: 12-17 µmNormal Range: 2 - 6%.Increased: . eosinophilia. Cause: asthama, hypersensitivity

reaction.Decreased : eosinopenia. Cause: alcohol intoxication, over

production of steroids in body (Cortisols).

Page 12: Basic Hematology

BASOPHIL(GRANULOCYTE)

Characteristic Functions: Play a role in parasitic infections

and allergies.Morphology on Blood Smear:o contain large cytoplasmic

granules which obscure the cell nucleus under the microscope.

o when unstained, the nucleus is visible and it usually has 2 lobes.

Average diameter: 10 – 14 µm.Normal range: 0 – 1 %.Increased: basophilia.Cause: chronic myeloid leukemia.Decreased:- : basopenia.Causes: Hyperthyroidism,

pregnancy, irradiation etc..

Page 13: Basic Hematology

MONOCYTECharacteristic Functions: Phagocytizes dead or damaged cells

◦ Monocytes move into tissue and become Macrophages

◦ Macrophages directly perform the phagocytosis

Morphology on Blood smear:◦ Mononuclear Leukocyte ◦ Slightly larger than a

Lymphocyte◦ Kidney shaped nucleus

Average diameter: 10 - 30 µm.Normal Range: 2-8% of White Blood

Cells.Increased : Monocytosis

Cause: tuberculosis, malaria, typhoid & Kala azar.

Decreased: MonocytopeniaCause: Aplastic anemia, Lymphocytic

Anemia, Glucocorticoids.

Page 14: Basic Hematology

LYMPHOCYTECharacteristic Functions: Primary source of viral defense and

AntibodyMorphology on Blood Smear : Mononuclear Leukocytes Small cells with minimal cytoplasm.Average diameter: 6- 15 µm. Normal Range: 20 – 45 %. Increased : lymphocytosis.Cause: viral infection, leukemia, bone

marrow cancer, radiation therapy etc..

Decreased: lymphocytopenia .Cause: acute stages of infection, excess

irritation etc..

Page 15: Basic Hematology

INTERPRETATION

Type of Cell Increase Decrease

Red Blood Cell (RBC)

Erythrocytosis or Polycythemia

Anemia or erythroblastopenia

White Blood Cells (WBC): leukocytosis Leukopenia

Lymphocytes lymphocytosis lymphocytopenia

Granulocytes Granulocytosis Granulocytopenia or agranulocytosi s

Neutrophils Neutrophilia neutropeniaEosinophils Eosinophilia Eosinopenia Basophils Basophilia Basopenia Platelets Thrombocytosis Thrombocytopenia All cell lines - Pancytopenia

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THANK YOU !!!

Syed Basheer uddin