Basic Data AnalysisBasic Data Analysis

Chapter 14Chapter 14

OverviewOverview

Descriptive AnalysisDescriptive Analysis

TabulationTabulation

TabulationTabulation– Frequency tableFrequency table– PercentagesPercentages– Central tendencyCentral tendency

Cross-TabulationCross-Tabulation

Contingency TableContingency Table– MarginalsMarginals

Percentage Cross-TabulationPercentage Cross-Tabulation– BaseBase

Elaboration and RefinementElaboration and Refinement– Elaboration analysisElaboration analysis– Moderator variableModerator variable– Spurious relationshipSpurious relationship

Data TransformationData Transformation Calculating Rank OrderCalculating Rank Order

Displaying & Analyzing DataDisplaying & Analyzing Data

Tabular & Graphic Methods of Data Tabular & Graphic Methods of Data DisplayDisplay– TableTable– Charts and graphsCharts and graphs

Pie chartPie chartLine graphLine graphBar chartsBar charts

Analysis SoftwareAnalysis Software

Hypothesis TestingHypothesis Testing

HypothesisHypothesis– Null hypothesisNull hypothesis– Alternative hypothesisAlternative hypothesis

Hypothesis TestingHypothesis Testing

Hypothesis-Testing ProcedureHypothesis-Testing Procedure– Develop hypothesisDevelop hypothesis– Take sample and calculate sample Take sample and calculate sample

statisticsstatistics– Check for difference between obtained Check for difference between obtained

and expected valueand expected valueSignificance levelSignificance levelp>p>ααp< p< ααCritical valuesCritical values

Example ProblemsExample Problems

Page 362Page 362

Chi-square TestChi-square Test

Formulate null hypothesis and Formulate null hypothesis and determine expected frequency of determine expected frequency of each answereach answer

Determine the significance levelDetermine the significance level Calculate Calculate ΧΧ2 value2 value Compare calculated X2 with critical Compare calculated X2 with critical

X2X2

Chi-Square TestingChi-Square Testing

X=X=ΣΣ(O(Oii-E-Eii)2/E)2/Eii

Degrees of FreedomDegrees of Freedom Page 365Page 365

Choosing the Appropriate Choosing the Appropriate TechniqueTechnique

Number of VariablesNumber of Variables– Univariate v. BivariateUnivariate v. Bivariate

Scale of MeasurementScale of Measurement Type of QuestionsType of Questions