basic concept of personality
TRANSCRIPT
Personality
Does Personality include –
Eternal appearances and behaviour
The inner awareness of self as a
permanent organizing force and
The particular organization of measurable
traits, both inner and outer.
Definition of Personality
It is the dynamic organization within
the individual of those
psychophysical systems that
determine his unique adjustments
to his environment.
Personality
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.
Personality Traits
Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.
Major Determinants of Personality
Biological Factors
Heredity
Brain
Physical features
Cultural Factors
Family Factors
Social Factors
Situational Factors
Theories of Personality
Intrapsychic Theory
Type Theories
Trait Theories
Self-Theory and
Social Leaning Theory
Intrapsychic Theory
The components of Personality:- IdEgoSuperego
Intrapsychic Theory
(untamed passion, sex instincts, Biological urges, aggressive and
destructive Impulses.
Unconscious Id
preconscious
Ego(Conscience Ego ideal)
consciousSuperego
Freud’s conception of the Personality
Structure
Level of consciousness
Characteristics
Id Unconscious Primitive component containing the sexual instincts, biological urges, aggressive and destructive impulses. Source of the libido. Operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification. Impulsive, amoral, and selfish.
Ego Largely consciousPartly unconscious
Logical, rational component, which functions to satisfy the id’s urges and carry our transactions in the real world. Acts according to the reality principle
Superego Both conscious and unconscious
The morale component, consisting of the conscience and the ego ideal. Sets moral guidelines, which limit the flexibility of the ego.
Defence Mechanisms
Repression
Projection
Denial
Rationalization
Regression
Reaction Formation
Sublimation
Type Theories
A. Sheldon’s Physiognomy Theory
Sheldon identifies three body types
Endomorph
Mesomorph
Ectomorph
Body type Behavioural temperament
Endomorphy Softness and spherical appearance; highly developed abdominal area; underdevelopment of bone muscle etc.
The endomorphic type of individual usually has a love for comfort, eats heavily, likes to be around people and desires affection. He is even tempered, shows a relaxed posture, reads showily, and is tolerant of others, and easy to get along with others. He prefers to be led than to lead.
Mesomorphy Hard and rectangular physique with a predominance of bone and muscle; strong, tough and injury-resistant body; well equipped for strenuous physical demands.
The mesomorphic individual likes physical adventure and risk-taking. He needs muscular and vigorous physical activity. He is aggressive and insensitive toward others. He tends to be noisy and courageous; he desires action, power, and domination. He is athletic and seeks outdoor activity.
Ectomorphy Linear and fragile; flat chest and delicate body; usually thin and light-muscled.
He displays restraint, inhibition, and desire for concealment. He tends to be distrustful of people. He works well in closed areas. He reacts over quickly, sleeps poorly, and prefers solitude when his mind is troubled. Also he prefers not to attract attention to himself. Typically, he is anxious, ambitious, and dedicated.
The BIG FIVE Personality
Traits or FIVE FACTOR
MODEL (FFM)
Core Traits Descriptive characteristics of High Scores
Conscientiousness Dependable, hardworking, organized, self disciplined, persistent, reasonable
Emotional stability Calm, secure, happy, unworried
Agreeableness Cooperative, warm, caring, good natured, courteous, trusting
Extraversion Sociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive, gregarious
Openness to experience
Curious, intellectual, creative, cultured, artistically sensitive, flexible and imaginative
Those with extraversion are likely to be successful
in sales and management as a whole.
Those with high agreeableness become
successful in public / customer relations and HR
particularly in conflict handling.
Study indicates that those with high conscientiousness
have high level of performance
Those with a strategic management style are characterized
by conscientiousness and openness to experience.
Those with a strong interpersonal management style are
characterized by extraversion and openness to
experience.
In today’s workplace, groups / team are
becoming more important. The Big Five
Traits are also predictive of team
performance.
Higher the average score of team members
higher is the performance of the team.
Carl Jung’s Extrovert-introvert Theory:-
He believed that a person can be typed into
either
1. Extrovert Or
2. Introvert based on two mental
processes:-
a. Perception &
b. Judgment
Jung then further divided perception into:-
1. Sensing &
2. Intuition
AND Judgment into:-
1. Thinking
2. Feeling
Personality Types
• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)
Personality Types
• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.
Where do you get your energy ?
• Extraversion (E)
• Outgoing• Interacting• Speaks, then thinks• Gregarious
• Introversion (I)
• Quiet• Concentrating• Thinks, then speaks• Reflective
Where do pay attention to and collect information on?
• Sensing (S)
• Practical• Details• Concrete• Specific
• Intuiting (I)
• General• Possibilities• Theoretical• Abstract
How do you evaluate and make decisions ?
• Thinking (T)
• Analytical• Head• Rules• Justice
• Feeling (F)
• Subjective• Heart• Circumstance• Mercy
How do you orient yourself to the outside world ?
• Judging (J)
• Structured• Time oriented• Decisive• Organized
• Perceiving (P)
• Flexible• Open ended• Exploring• Spontaneous
• The combination in four major dimensions yield 16 types.
• As example: An ESTJ personality is “Extraverted, Sensing, Thinking and Judging.”
• This type of person will interact with others (E), sees the world realistically (S), make decisions objectively and decisively (T) and likes structures, schedules and order (J) – he is a good manager.
• MBTI is used by numerous companies such as
AT &T, Exxon, Honeywell, HP and others in
selection as well as MDP.
Myers-Briggs Sixteen Primary Traits
Locus of ControlLocus of Control
The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate.
InternalsIndividuals who believe that they control what happens to them.
ExternalsIndividuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance.
Self-Esteem and Self-Monitoring
Self-Esteem (SE)
Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves.
Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.
Risk-Taking
• High Risk-taking Managers– Make quicker decisions– Use less information to make decisions– Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial
organizations
• Low Risk-taking Managers– Are slower to make decisions– Require more information before making decisions– Exist in larger organizations with stable environments
Personality TypesType A’s1. Are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;2. Feel impatient with the rate at which most events take
place;3. Strive to think or do two or more things at once;4. Cannot cope with leisure time;5. Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in
terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.Type B’s1. Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its
accompanying impatience;2. Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements
or accomplishments;3. Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their
superiority at any cost;4. Can relax without guilt.
Personality TypesProactive Personality
Identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs.
Creates positive change in the environment, regardless or even in spite of constraints or obstacles.
ValuesValues
Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence.
Value System
A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity.
Importance of Values
• Provide understanding of the attitudes, motivation, and behaviors of individuals and cultures.
• Influence our perception of the world around us.
• Represent interpretations of “right” and “wrong.”
• Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are preferred over others.
Types of Values –- Rokeach Value Survey
Terminal Values
Desirable end-states of existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.
Instrumental Values
Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values.
Trait Theories
A. Gordon Allport’s Personality Traits
Allport identified two main categories of traits:-
Common traits and
Individual traits.
Cardinal Traits
Central Traits
Secondary Traits
B. Raymond Cattell’s 16
Personality Factors
Cattell identified two types
Surface Traits
Source Traits
Self-Theory Self-theory rejects both psychoanalytic and behaviouristic
conceptions of human nature as too mechanistic portraying people as creatures helplessly buffeted about by internal instincts or external stimuli.
Carl Rogers is most closely associated with his approach of self-theory.
Rogers and his associates have developed this personality theory that places emphasis on the individual as an initiating, creating, influential determinant of behaviour within the environmental framework.
Social Learning Theory
Four processes have been found to determine the
influence that a model will have on an individual
Attentional Processes
Retention Processes
Motor reproduction processes
Reinforcement Processes
Direct
Vicarious
Self-administered
Personality Characteristics in Organizations
Locus of Control
Machiavelleanism
Self-esteem
Self-efficacy
Self-monitoring
Positive / Negative Affect
Risk Taking
Type A Personality
Measuring Personality
The Projective Tests
Behavioural Measures
Self-report questionnaire
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MPTI)
Matching Personalities and Jobs
Type Personality Characteristics Sample Occupations
Realistic: Prefers physical activities that require skill, strength and coordination
Shy, genuine, persistent, stable, conforming, practical
Mechanic, drill, press operator, assembly line worker, farmer
Investigative: Prefers activities involving thinking, organizing, and understanding
Analytical, original, curious, independent
Biologist, economist, mathematician, news reporter
Social: Prefers activities that involve helping and developing others
Sociable, friendly, cooperative, understanding
Social worker, teacher, counsellor, clinical psychologist
Conventional: Prefers rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities
Conforming, efficient, practical, unimaginative, inflexible
Accountant, corporate manager, bank teller, file clerk
Enterprising: Prefers verbal activities where there are opportunities to influence others and attain power
Self-confident, ambitious, energetic, domineering business manager
Lawyer, real-estate agent, public relations specialist, small
Artistic: prefers ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative expression
Imaginative, disorderly, idealistic, emotional, impractical
Painter, musician, writer, interior decorator.
Our personality shapes our behaviour.
We can better understand people if we know something
about his or her personality.
Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual
interacts and reacts with other people or groups.
Managers need to know about personality and personality
tests because they are useful in making hiring decisions.
It is important that employees personalities fit with the
overall organisations’ culture and with the characteristics of
the specific job which they have to perform.