5/25/2017

1

China Review

Geographic Features that Isolate China

• Himalaya Mountains – separate China/India

• Gobi Desert – separates China & Russia

• Huang He (Yellow) River – dangerous flooding

• Monsoons – seasonal winds that bring large amounts of rain 

Confucian Philosophy (no gods)

Confucius- China’s most influential philosopher (thinker).

The Analects- collected sayings

Know your place in society

5 Key Human Relationships Ruler – Subject Father – Son Husband – Wife Older Brother – Younger Brother Friend – Friend

Basic Beliefs of Confucianism

Rulers should be good moral examples. Filial Piety-respect for your elders. Education is the way to advance in society. Civil Service Exams-for government jobs. Family is the foundation of society

Daoism (Taoism)

• Laozi‐ founder

• People should live in harmony with nature.

• Follow “the way” of the universe.

• Balance between Yin (earth, female & dark forces) and Yang (heaven, male & light forces)

• *** Acceptance & Yielding***

Legalism

–Han Feizi ‐ founder

–Harsh laws, strict punishments

–Emperor Shi Huangdi

5/25/2017

2

Early Chinese Civilization

– Started over 4000 years ago in the Huang He River (Yellow River) Valley …deadly flooding

– Heart of China = Agriculture (farming)

– Terrace farming

Middle Kingdom

– Geographic features like mountains, deserts and jungles isolated Ancient China

– No cultural diffusion/act as barriers

– Heaven, Hell and China‐ Ethnocentrism (belief that your culture is better than others)

Dynasties of China

• During China’s history it has experienced rule by a number of dynasties (ruling families).

• Shang Dynasty

• Zhou Dynasty‐ first books, accurate calendar, silk making, Mandate of Heaven to overthrow the Shang.

Mandate of Heaven

• Heaven (gods) gave an emperor the right to rule.  

• When the ruler had heavens approval, things were good.  

• When the ruler lost the Mandate of Heaven, things were bad and it was time for a new dynasty (ruling family).

Signs the Ruler had the Mandate of Heaven

• 1.   Peace

• 2.   Prosperity $$$

• 3.   Building roads & canals

• 4.   Land given to the peasants

• 5.   People are protected

Signs the Ruler lost the Mandate of Heaven

• 1.  Natural disasters‐ floods, earthquakes,  storms

• 2.   High taxes

• 3.   Rulers corrupt

• 4.   Wars

• 5.   Famine (starvation) & Disease

5/25/2017

3

Dynastic Cycle

Qin Dynasty221 B.C.E. – 206 B.C.E.

Han Dynasty206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.

• Emperor Wudi

• Civil Service Exams based on Confucian teachings to get a government job, not family connections.

• Paper making from wood pulp

• Acupuncture

• Silk Road‐ 4,000 mile trade route from China to Italy.

Tang & Song Dynasties

• Golden Age

• Grand Canal‐ increased trade and travel

• Calligraphy

• Pagodas

Ming Dynasty

• Took control of China in 1368 C.E. by overthrowing the Mongols (who had been ruling for 900 years) and pushing them back behind the Great Wall.

• porcelain

• Overseas expansion

• Zheng He, a Chinese admiral exchanged luxury goods like silks and exotic animals with Europeans.

Reasons why westerners were interested in China….

tea, spices, porcelain, silk

trade rights

new markets for goods

5/25/2017

4

Imperialism in China

• British merchants traded opium in China in the late 1700’s.  China tried to stop imports of the addictive drug.  

• In 1839, to keep trade open the British and Chinese fought the Opium War.  

• Great Britain won because of their military and industrial strength.  

Treaty of Nanjing1842

*China had to pay for Great Britain's war costs

• Open ports to British trade

• Give Hong Kong to the British (until 1997)

• Extraterritoriality‐ British citizens in China live under British rules and tried in British courts.

Spheres of Influence

Boxer Rebellion1900

• The nationalist group “The Boxers” assaulted foreign communities across China in an effort to kick out foreigners.  

• Japan and western armies quickly defeated the boxers and forced the Chinese to grant foreigners even more concessions.

Sun Yixian1911

• President of the Chinese Republic

• Three Principles of the People

• Nationalism, Democracy & Livelihood (jobs)

• Stepped down because he couldn’t unite China.

• Rival warlords fought for power.

Chinese Civil War

• Jiang Jieshi‐ Nationalist leader of the Guomindang and supported by the middle class.

• Mao Zedong‐ Communist party leader and supported by the peasants.

• Long March‐ 100,000 Communist’s retreated 6,000 miles and only 20,000 survived.  Mao set up a base in Northern China.

5/25/2017

5

Reasons for Communist Success

• Support of the peasants.

• Support of women and rejecting the inequalities of Confucian philosophy.

• Hit‐and‐run guerrilla warfare.

• People thought Nationalists were corrupt.

Jiang Jieshi flees…

• In 1949, Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalist party of the Guomindang fled to the island of Taiwan, or the Republic of China (Capitalist Asian Tiger).

People’s Republic of China1949

• Mao Zedong‐ Communist, one party dictatorship

• Agricultural society into a modern industrial nation.

• Literacy increased

• Health care

• Social classes eliminated

• Women were equal

• Basic rights of all denied

The Great Leap Forward1958

• Goal:  Increase agricultural and industrial output

• People were put on communes, groups of people who lived and worked together.

• Production quotas

• Poorly made goods

• Farming output decreased

• Outcome:  Widespread famine and death

The Cultural Revolution1966

• Goal:  Renew people’s loyalty to communism and establish a more equitable society.

• Mao shut down schools and urged students to experience the revolution for themselves.

• Students formed Red Guards and attacked teachers, government officials and factory managers.

• Outcome:  economy slows, people fear arrest, no one is educated.

Deng Xiaoping1976

• Four Modernizations

• Farming‐methods modernized

• Industry‐upgraded

• Science and technology‐promoted & developed

• Defense‐systems and military forces improved

5/25/2017

6

Deng Xiaoping

• Ended communes.

• Allowed a small amount of capitalism.

• Farmers could grow extra food and sell it for a profit.

• Allowed some private business to produce goods and services.

• Allowed foreigners to own and operate businesses in a special zone.

Deng Xiaoping

• Results of Reforms:

• Economy grew

• Better standard of living for some

• Foreign relations and trade improved.

• Crime and corruption grew

• Gap between rich and poor increased

• Desire for political freedom…..

Tiananmen SquareMay 1989

• Demonstrators in Beijing occupied Tiananmen Square and demanded more political rights and freedoms.  

• When they refused to leave, the government sent in troops and tanks.  

• Thousands were killed or wounded.  Maintaining control and order were more important to the Chinese government than political freedom for their people.

Overpopulation

Over one billion people One Child Policy

Chinese government provides birth control

Financial Incentives to couples who limit their family to one child.

Return of Hong Kong

• 1842‐ Great Britain gained the island of Hong Kong.  It modernized and became very wealthy.

• July 1, 1997 Hong Kong was turned over to the Chinese government.

• China agreed not to change Hong Kong’s social and economic system for 50 years and allowed the island some self‐rule.

Korea

Cultural bridge between Japan and China (selective borrowing)

Korean War 1950-1953 North - Communist - Aligned with the Soviet

Union

South - Democratic – Aligned with the United States

Containment –stop the spread of communism

Stalemate (Demilitarized Zone-DMZ)

5/25/2017

7

North Korea

Totalitarian Dictatorship

Kim Jong IL- died in 2012 and his son Kim Jung Un took over.

Nuclear Weapons

Axis of Evil

People are starving

South Korea

Asian Tiger

Economic power

Kia cars, small electronics Wealthy Capitalistic Country

Aligned with the US

Which belief system was the basis for the civil

service exams given during the Han, Tang, and

Song dynasties?

(1) legalism  (3) Buddhism

(2) Daoism  (4) Confucianism

• Opium War (1839–1842

• Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864)

• Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901)

This series of events is most closely associated with the

(1) spread of communism to China and Korea

(2) growing concerns about the influence of the West in 

China

(3) alliance formed between Vietnam and China

(4) increasing expansion of civil and political rights in 

China

The Long March is significant in Chinese history because it

(1) ended Japanese occupation of China

(2) reinforced the concept of the Mandate of

Heaven

(3) caused the Boxer Rebellion

(4) established Mao Zedong as a revolutionary

leader

5/25/2017

8

5/25/2017

9

5/25/2017

10

5/25/2017

11