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BASIC ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES The Brainstem & Cranial Nerves

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Page 1: BASIC ANATOMICAL STRUCTUREScontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/honam/limkyoungyuel/... · 2016-09-09 · position/movement because of this decussation of the fasciculi gracilis and

BASIC ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES

The Brainstem & Cranial Nerves

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The Brainstem and Cranial Nerves

The rhombencephalon is that portion of the brain that lies above the spinal cord and from which a number of cranial nerves emerge.

후뇌는 척수 위에 위치한 뇌부분이고 뇌신경이 출현하는 뇌의 특정영역이다.

The longitudinal organization of the neural tube is still recognizable in the brainstem, although it’s altered by the enlargement of the central canal into the fourth ventricle.

비록 중신관의 확장에 의해 제 4뇌실로 변화하였지만, 신경관의 종적 구성에서는 여전히 뇌간으로 인식된다.

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Draw and Label

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The Brainstem and Cranial Nerves

In keeping with its embryonic organization, the ventral portion of the brainstem is motor in nature (red), while the dorsal portion is sensory in nature (blue). 발생학적 구성을 유지하면서 뇌간의 앞쪽은 사실상 운동(빨강)인 반면 뒤쪽 부분은 사실상 감각(파랑) 영역이다.

Intermediate regions between these two areas are viscero-motor (white) and viscero-sensory (yellow). 이 두 영역사이의 중간 지역은 장기-운동(하얀)과 장기-감각(노랑) 영역이다.

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The Brainstem and Cranial Nerves

The secondary divisions of the rhombencephalon include the myelencephalon from which the medulla oblongata and 4th ventricle arise and the metencephalon from which the pons, cerebellum, are differentiated.

후뇌의 이차적 구분은 연수와 제 4뇌실을 포함하는 수뇌와 뇌교와 소뇌를 포함하는 후뇌로 나누는 것이다.

As we ascend in a rostral direction, the first structure upon which we will focus is the medulla oblongata.

앞쪽 방향으로 올라가면서 우리의 관심을 끄는 첫 번째 구조물은 연수이다.

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Medulla

The medulla oblongata is the most inferior portion of the brainstem. 연수는 뇌간이 가장 아래에 위치한 부분이다.

The inferior portion is closed and continuous with the spinal cord at roughly the level of the foramen magnum. 가장 아래에 위치한 연수는 뇌대공에서 대략적으로 척수와 연결된다.

The superior portion of the medulla is open and contains the 4th ventricle. 연수의 윗 부분은 열려있고 제

4뇌실이 있다.

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Ventral Medulla

Just below the pons, on the ventral (anterior) side of the medulla, are two roughly triangular structures called the pyramids. 뇌교의 바로 아래, 연수의 앞쪽(전)에 피라미드라는 2개의 삼각형 구조물이 있다.

The pyramids are composed of the largest motor tracts coming from the cerebral cortex, through the cerebral peduncles, on their way to the spinal cord. 피라미드는 대뇌로부터 내려와 척수로 가는 대뇌각을 통과하는 큰 운동신경로들로 이루어졌다.

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Pyramidal Decussation

In the area just above the transition from brainstem to spinal cord, most of the fibers contained in the pyramids decussate—cross—to the contralateral side.

뇌간에서 척수로 전이되기 바로 위에서 피라미드 내에 있는 대부분의 신경섬유들은 반대쪽 측면으로 교차한다.

The motor fibers which undergo this decussation in the pyramids belong to the lateral corticospinal tracts.

피라미드에서 교차한 운동신경섬유들은 측피질척수로에 속한다.

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lateral corticospinal tracts

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Pyramidal Decussation

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Lateral Corticospinal Tract

After they decussate, they descend in the lateral columns of the spinal cord, terminating in the ventral grey horns. 신경섬유들이 교차한 후 척수의 측각(기둥)을 따라 내려가 척수의 전회백질각에서 도달한다.

Cortico=origin of the motor tracts;

Spinal=termination point of the motor tracts;

Lateral=the area of the spinal cord in which the fibers pass.

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Draw & Label

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Lateral Corticospinal Tract

In the ventral grey horns, the motor fibers synapse with motor neurons that terminate in skeletal muscles.

척수의 전회백질각에서 운동 신경섬유는 운동뉴런과 연접한다. 이 운동뉴런은 다시 골격근에 연결된다.

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Lateral Corticospinal Tract

As a result of the crossing, fibers that originate in the left hemisphere activate muscles on the right side of the body, and fibers that originate in the right hemisphere, activate muscles on the left side of the body.

교차로 인해 좌반구에서 시작된 신경섬유들은 우리 몸의 오른쪽 근육을 통제하고 우반구에서 시작한 신경섬유들은 몸의 왼쪽 근육을 제어한다.

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Dorsal Medulla

The dorsal portion of the medulla contains two pairs of prominent nuclei: the right and the left nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus.

연수의 뒤쪽 부위에는 2쌍의 두드러진 핵들이 있다: 박속핵과 설상속핵

These nuclei receive sensory fibers from ascending white matter tracts of the posterior column of the spinal cord.

이 핵들은 척수 후각의 구심성 백질로로부터 감각 신경섬유들을 받아들인다.

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nucleus gracilis & cuneatus

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nucleus gracilis & cuneatus

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Posterior Column

Lumbar and thoracic fibers from the lower limb area ascend in a bundle called the fasciculus gracilis (2) to end in the nucleus gracilis (4).

하지영역에서 시작된 요추와 흉부신경들은 박속이라는 신경다발을 따라 올라가 박속핵에서 끝난다.

Cervical fibers from the upper limb area ascend in another bundle called the fasciculus cuneatus (3) to end in the nucleus cuneatus (5).

상지영역에서 시작된 경부신경은 설상속이라는 신경다발을 따라 올라가 설상속핵에서 끝난다.

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Posterior Column The second order fibers arising from these

nuclei (6, 6’, 6”) cross the midline (7) forming the medial lemniscus (6), and then continue their ascent through the brainstem to the thalamus.

이 핵들로부터 나온 이차신경섬유들은 내측섬유띠를 형성하면서 가운데를 가로지른다. 계속해서 뇌간을 통과해 시상으로 올라간다.

Because of this crossing over, nearly all sensory impulses received on one side of the body are perceived in the opposite hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.

이 교차로 인해 우리 몸의 한쪽에서 감지된 감각자극은 반대쪽 대뇌피질에서 지각된다.

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Posterior Column

In other words, we have contralateral sensory perception of upper and lower body stimuli leading to conscious appreciation of touch, pressure, vibration, and joint position/movement because of this decussation of the fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus.

박속핵과 설상속핵에서의 교차 때문에 우리는 우리 상지나 하지에서 느끼는 접촉 , 압박, 떨림 , 관절의 위치나 움직임과 같은 감각들을 반대편 대뇌반구에서 느낀다 .

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Lateral Medulla

On each lateral surface of the medulla, an oval shaped projection called the olive contains the inferior olivary nucleus. 연수의 각 측면에 올리브라는 타원형의 투사가 하위올리브핵을 내포하고 있다.

Its fibers project to the cerebellum ensuring the efficiency of voluntary movements, especially precision movements. 하위올리브핵의 신경섬유들은 소뇌에 연결되어 있다. 이는 수의적 움직임, 즉 정확한 움직임을 보장한다.

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Lateral Medulla

Also contained within each olive is the accessory olivary nucleus which has fibers that project to the cerebellum to monitor maintenance of equilibrium, postural changes, and locomotion.

각각의 올리브는 부올리부핵을 포함한다. 이 것의 신경섬유들은 소뇌와 연결되어 균형유지, 자세변화, 이동을 모니터한다.

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Medullary Cranial Nerves

The nuclei of origin for cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII attach at various locations along the length of the medulla.

뇌신경 VIII, IX, X, XI, & XII의 핵은 연수를 따라 여러위치에 붙어있다 .

Within the substance of the medulla is an area through which the cranial nerves pass and in which certain nuclear centers are found.

연수내에는 특정 핵센터가 발견되고 뇌신경이 지나가는 영역이다.

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Reticular Formation

This substance is known as the reticular formation (3, 3’, 3”).

이 것을 망상체라한다.

It occupies the anterior and lateral districts of the medulla oblongata and is situated behind the pyramid (5) and olive (7).

망상체는 연수의 앞쪽과 옆쪽을 차지하고 피라미드와 올리브 뒤에 위치한다.

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Reticular Formation_ lateral view

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Reticular Formation

Where Is It Located?

It's located in the central core of the brain stem, found close in the fourth ventricle.

망상체는 뇌간의 중심에 위치해있고 제 4뇌실 가까이서 발견할 수 있다.

What Does It Do?

It regulates cortical activity, motor activity, controls vital autonomic functions like respiration, cardio, vomiting. Helps regulate limbic activity in regard to emotional response, controls pain, obtains sleep, focuse on tasks without getting distract

망상체는 피질활동, 운동활동, 생명과 직결된 자동화된 기능(호흡, 심장, 구토)을 제어한다. 정사반응 조절하고, 통증을 제어하고, 잠을 자고, 방해없이 과제에 집중할 수 있도록 한다.

What Happens If Damaged?

State of fatigue, if destroyed, coma or even death. 피곤한 상태, 완전히 손상되면, 혼수상태나 죽음에 이른다.

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Reticular Formation

The reticular formation is caused by the intersection of bundles of fibers running at right angles to each other, some being longitudinal, others more or less transverse in direction.

망상체는 신경섬유다발들이 지각으로 교차해서 형성되어진다. 몇몇은 세로방향으로, 몇몇은 가로방향으로 형성된다.

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Reticular Formation & Cranial Nerves

In the substance of the reticular formation are the nuclei of origin or termination of several cranial nerves.

망상체의 구성물질은 핵에서의 출발점과 여러 뇌신경의 종착역이다.

Specifically, the nucleus of origin of the motor hypoglossal (XII) nerve, the nucleus of termination of the Vagus (X) nerve, and the nuclei of origin of motor fibers of the Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and accessory (XI) nerves.

특히, 운동설하신경 기원, 미주신경의 말단핵, 설인신경, 미주신경, 부신경의 운동신경이 기원하는 핵

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Medullary Reflex Centers

Also contained within the medullary reticular formation are three vital ref lex centers: 3가지 필수 반사센터는 연수망상체내에 있다. the cardiac center, which regulates the rate of heartbeat and

the force of contraction; 심장반사센터, 심박과 혈과축소의 강도를 조절한다.

the medullary rhythmcity center, which regulates/adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing; and 연수 리듬센터, 호흡의 기초리듬을 제어하거나 조절한다.

the vasomotor center, which regulates the diameter of the blood vessels. 혈관운동신경센터, 혈관의 직경을 조절한다.

Other centers in the medulla coordinate swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and hiccoughing (hiccupping). 연수의 다른 센터들은 삼킴, 구토, 기침, 재채기, 딸국질을 조정한다.

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Pons The metencephalon is the other secondary division of

the rhombencephalon. 후뇌는 후뇌의 이차적 구분 중 한 부분이다.

It further differentiates into the pons and the cerebellum. 후뇌는 뇌교와 소뇌로 더 구분된다 .

If we move rostrally, the pons is found superior to the medulla. 앞쪽에서 보면, 뇌교는 연수 위에 위치해 있다.

The word “pons” means bridge, and it is the portion of the brainstem located immediately inferior to the midbrain and anterior to the fourth ventricle.

뇌교는 다리라는 의미이다. 뇌교는 뇌간에서 중뇌의 바로 아래에 있고 제 4뇌실 앞에 위치해 있다.

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Pons

It measures about 1” in length, and like the medulla, its basic anatomy can be organized into anterior (motor) and posterior (sensory) divisions.

뇌교의 길이는 1인치이고, 해부학적 구조는 앞(운동)과 뒤(감각) 영역으로 나뉜다.

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Ventral Pons

The anterior portion of the pons is called the pontine bulb.

뇌교의 앞쪽 부분을 뇌교팽대라고 한다.

It contains large numbers of descending motor fibers from the corticospinal tracts.

이 부분은 피질척수로로 내려오는 수 많은 운동신경섬유들을

포함하고 있다.

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Dorsal Pons

In the dorsal pons, we have the medial lemniscus (blue), the site of ascending sensory information tracts.

뇌교의 뒤쪽에서 상행 감각정보로인 안쪽섬유띠(파랑)가 있다.

The reticular formation of the pons contains a collection of pigmented cells containing neuromelanin and the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

뇌교의 망상체는 신경멜라닌과 신경전달물질 노르에피네프린을 포함하는 색소세포들의 집합체를 포한한다.

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Pontine Reticular Formation

This collection of pigmented cells is termed the locus coeruleus, with projections to the hypothalamus, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and the spinal cord. 시상하부, 소뇌, 대뇌피질, 척수에 투사되어있는 이 색소세포의 집합은 청반이라고 한다.

This “blue spot” has been implicated in maintaining arousal, dreaming, and the regulation of mood.

이 파랑 반점은 각성유지, 꿈꾸기, 감정조절에 중요한 역할을 한다.

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Pontine Reticular Formation

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Draw and Label

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Pontine Reticular Formation

Other important nuclei in the reticular formation of the pons comprise the pontine respiratory center.

뇌교 망상체에서 또 다른 중요한 핵은 뇌교호흡중추를 구성한다.

Specifically, the pneumotaxic area is found in the upper pons; the apneustic area is found in the lower pons.

특히, 호흡조절중추는 상위뇌교에 있고, 지속성흡식중추는 하위뇌교에 있다.

Together they work with the medullary rhythmicity area in the medulla to inhibit (PA) or facilitate (AA) respiration.

연수의 연수리듬영역과 함께 호흡을 억제 혹은 촉진하는 역할을 한다.

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pontine respiratory center

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pneumotaxic area(호흡조절중추 ) : a neural center in the upper part of the pons that provides inhibitory

impulses on inspiration and thereby prevents overdistension of the lungs and helps to maintain alternately recurrent inspiration and expiration

뇌교 상부의 신경중추는 흡기의 억제자극을 제공하여 폐의 과도한 흡입을 방지하고 흡기와 호기의 반복적 교대를 유지하도록 돕는다.

apneustic area (지속성흡식중추): The apneustic center of pons sends signals to the dorsal respiratory

center in the medulla to delay the 'switch off' signal of the inspiratory ramp provided by the pneumotaxic center of pons. It controls the intensity of breathing.

뇌교의 호흡중추는 연수의 뒤쪽호흡중추에 신호를 보내어 흡기램프의 신호를 끄는 것을 지연시킨다. 이는 뇌교의 지속성흡시중추에 의해 제어된다. 이는 호흡의 의도를 조절한다.

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Reticular Formation & Cranial Nerves

The cranial nerve nuclei and tracts that are located in the reticular formation are the Trigeminal (Vth), and the Abducens (VIth) nerves. 망상체에 위치한 뇌신경핵과 줄기는 삼차신경(V)과 부신경(VI)인다.

The Facial (VIIth) and the Vestibulococchlear (VIIIth) are located at the junction of the pons and medulla. 안면신경(VII)과 청신경(VIII)은 뇌교와 연수의 연접부위에 위치한다.