bases of anatomy - masaryk university · topographical) • comparative anatomy, experimental...
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BASES OF ANATOMY
MUDr. Marek Joukal [email protected]
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine
Masaryk University
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Recommended literature
• LECTURES
• Gray´s Basic Anatomy, Churchill Livingstone, 2013
• Instant Anatomy, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010
• Anatomy atlases: Netter, Sobotta, Pocket atlas etc.
• http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/
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INTRODUCTION INTO
ANATOMY
History, surface planes and directions on human
body, tissues
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Anatomy
• Science of form, organisation, structure and posture of human body
and its parts
• Macroscopic anatomy (systematic, general anatomy, special,
topographical)
• Comparative anatomy, experimental anatomy, applied anatomy
• „Anatemnein“= to cut, dissection
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Egypt – mummification
Greece – Hippocrates (460 B.C.) and his disciples – „Corpus Hippocraticum“
Aristoteles (384 B.C.) – tendons, nerves, joints
Hérofilos (335 B.C.) – dissection of human body (several terms, e.g. duodenum)
Galen of Pergamon (2nd century) – anatoym is a basic, dissection of animals
History
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Middle Ages – stagnation, dissection is prohibited, Galen´s medicine
Rennaisance – letterpress, dissections in faculties of medicine
Leonardo da Vinci (1452) – dissection, locomotor system, cardiovascular system
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„De humanis corporis fabrica libri septem“
- The first public dissection
„Tabulae anatomicae sex“
Andreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564)
Ján Jesenský (1655 – 1621) 1600 the first public dissection in
Prague
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William Harvey (1578) – Blood circulation
Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787) – Purkyně´s fibres, cells
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Anatomical orientation
Surface planes Anatomical position
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Longitudinal axis:
• Cranial (superior)
• Caudal (inferior)
Transverse axis:
• Medial
• Lateral
• Medius
• Medianus
• Dexter
• Sinister
Sagittal axis:
• Ventral (anterior)
• Dorsal (posterior)
• Internus (profundus)
• Externus (superficial)
Directions:
http://www.emsjunkie.com/anatomy-physiology/anatomical-position-directions-planes/
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Upper limb:
Radial (lateral)
Ulnar (medial)
Palmar
Dorsal
Lower limb:
Tibial (medial)
Fibular (lateral)
Plantar
Dorsal
Extremities
Proximal
Distal
Čihák, 2001
Čihák, 2001
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Parts of body hlava – caput
krk – collum (cervix)
trup – truncus
hrudník – thorax
břicho – abdomen
záda – dorsum
pánev – pelvis
horní končetina – membrum superius
paže – brachium
předloktí – antebrachium
ruka – manus
dolní končetina – membrum inferius
stehno – femur
bérec – crus
noha - pes
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http://www.paradoja7.com/human-body-parts-back-side/human-body-parts-back-side/
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Tissue
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscular tissue
4. Nervous tissue
A part of an organism consisting of a large number of cells
having a similar structure and function.
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Epithelial tissue
Covers the body, lines the cavities of the body and composes the glands
Simple epithelium: single layer of cells
• Simple squamous: thin
squamous cells, lining of
cavities (the mouth, blood
vessels and lungs)
• Simple cuboidal: cuboidal
cells, found in glands, duct
and portions of the kidney
tubules.
• Simple columnar: A single
layer of tall, skinny cells
(column shaped), found in
places like the lining of the
intestine and gallbladder
http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/tissues.html
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Stratified epithelium: the tissue is two or more cells thick
• Pseudostratified columnar: appears to be
composed of layers of cells, but is in fact
composed of just a single layer of cells, as
each cell touches the basement
membrane, line the nasal cavity, bronchi
and trachea.
• Stratified squamous: Many layers of cells
are present, the topmost layer is made up
of squamous cells, makes up the skin
surface and lining of the mouth, through
and esophagus.
• Stratified columnar: Many layers of
cells, the topmost layer is made up of
columnar cells, found in the mammary
ducts and epididymis.
http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=anatomy-histology-lab-1
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• Transitional: Multiple layers of cells,
but surface cells change from
rounded to flat to permit expansion
when needed, found in the urinary
bladder, renal pelvis and ureters.
• Glandular: Columnar and cuboidal
cells often become specialized as
gland cells which are capable of
secreting substances such as
enzymes, hormones, mucus, sweat
and saliva; e.g. salivary, sweat and
adrenal glands.
http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/tissues.html
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-i/tissues/epithelial-tissue.php
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Connective tissue
Connects and supports the structures of the body, providing structural
support and binding organs together.
Loose connective tissue – fibrocytes, skin
Dense connective tissue – regular (tendons), irregular (dermis)
Cartilage – chondrocytes, extracellular matrix, collagen and
elastic fibres
1. hyaline cartilage – the most common type of
cartilage, contains many collagen fibers; joints
2. elastic cartilage - many elastic fibers in the matrix;
auricular cartilage
3. fibrocartilage - tough and contains many collagen
fibers; intervertebral disc
Bone
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Bone
1. Osteocytes
2. Bone matrix – organic substances (osein), 20-40%
anorganic substances (Ca, P, F…), 60-75%
Lamellar organization – Havers canals
Spongy bone – trajectories, arcitecture
Compact bone
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/lab-ex-7-bone--cartilage/deck/10093140
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Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue is characterized by the ability to contract
when stimulated.
1. Skeletal muscle: long, multinucleate
cells with visible striations,
voluntary muscle
2. Smooth muscle: short, cylindrical
cells, involuntary muscle; e.g.
digestive tract, walls of blood vessels
3. Cardiac (heart) muscle: short,
branched, striated cells, with one
nucleus at the center of each cell,
joined to their neighbors by
intercalated discs, involuntary
muscle
Čihák, 2001
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Nervous tissue
Highly specialized tissue, characterized by irritation,
conduction and integration.
Neuroglia - do not send or receive electrical
impulses, but support neurons (physical
support, providing nutrients, removing
debris and providing electrical insulation)
Neurons: carry electrical impulses.
Three main types of neurons:
1. Sensory neurons - conduct impulses
from the sensory organs (eyes, nose,
ears, etc) to the central nervous system
(brain and spinal cord).
2. Motor neurons - responsible for
conducting impulses from the central
nervous system to the effector organs
(muscles and glands)
3. Interneurons are those neurons that
connect sensory neurons to motor
neurons.
http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/types-of-neuroglial-cells
Čihák, 2001
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OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY
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Periost : nutrition
innervation
fractures healing
Spongy bone
Proximal
epiphyses Hyaline cartilage
Compact bone
Nutrient artery
Daphyses
Distal
epiphyses
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STH – hypofýza – nanism – gigantism
thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, calcium, sexual hormons etc.
Ossification and bone growth
Chondral ossification – long bones
perichondral ossification
enchondral ossification
ossification centre
Desmogenous ossification – bone of skull
Growth plate – longitudinal
growth
Periosteum– width growth Čihák, 2001
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X-ray picture of 4
year old children
Ossification centres
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Adenohypophysis dysfunction (higher or lower hormon production or cell receptors miss)
STH
a) gigantism
b) Nanism
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Bone connections
A) Synarthroses
(connective tissue, unmoveable)
1) Syndesmosis - suture
Čihák, 2001
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2) Synchondrosis: cartilage, symphysis pubica
Sobotta, 2007
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3) Synostosis – bone, e.g. sacral bone
Sobotta, 2007
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Joint capsule+ligaments
Joint cavity, synovia
Hyaline cartilage
Joint head
B) Diarthroses
(joint connection with contact, moveable)
Articular fovea
1. Simple joint – two bones
2. Composed joint – more than two
bones or two bones + discus or
meniscus
Sobotta, 2007
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Cruciate ligaments
Meniscus lateralis
Sobotta, 2007
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Meniscus med.
.
Meniscus
lat.
Tendo m.
quadricip.
Lig. cruciata, cruciformia
Sobotta, 2007
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AXIAL SKELETON
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Lordosi
s
Kyfosis
33-34 originally, 24 free
7 vertebrae cervicales
12 vertebrae thoracicae
5 vertebrae lumbales
5 vertebrae sacrales – os sacrum
4–5 vertebrae coccygeae – os coccygis
Columna vertebralis (vertebral column)
Costae (ribs)
Sternum
Lordosis
Kyfosis
Sobotta, 2007
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corpus
processus articul. sup.
Proc.spinosus
Facies art. costalis
ARCUS
VERTEBRA
Sobotta, 2007
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processus spinosus
Proc.transversus
foramen
corpus
Costa
Processus
articul.
Arcus
Sobotta, 2007
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Arcus post. - oblouk
foramen transversarium
+ arteria vertebralis
foramen
ATLAS – C1
Sobotta, 2007
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Dens axis
Foramen
transversarium
+ a. vertebralis
AXIS – C2
Sobotta, 2007
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Dens
Sobotta, 2007
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Sobotta, 2007
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atlas dens
Os occipitale
Sobotta, 2007
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Processus spinosus
C 1
a. vertebralis
Sobotta, 2007
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C 1 – C 7
Cervical part of
vertebral column
Sobotta, 2007
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C 1 - arcus
C 2 -dens
Os occipitale
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Os hyoideum
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vertebrae lumbales
L 1 - 5
Sobotta, 2007
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Promontorium
( L5 – S1 )
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foramina sacralia
pelvina
basis
os sacrum – S 1 – 5
Sobotta, 2007
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facies auricularis
canalis sacralis
(spinal nerves) Sobotta, 2007
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facies auricularis = S-I
apex
vertebrae coccygeae = Co 1-3
Sobotta, 2007
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ligamentum longitudinale
anterius
Connections of
the vertebrea
Sobotta, 2007
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Ligaments of vertebral column–
spinal, transverse
Sobotta, 2007
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Disci intervertebrales
Sobotta, 2007
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anulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposus
Discus intervertebralis
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anuls fibrosus
nucleus pulposus
foramen vertebrale + spinal cord
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MRI + perimyelography
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Thorax
Sobotta, 2007
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RIBS: -real 1-7
-false 8-10
-improper 11,12
Sobotta, 2007
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Costae (ribs):
pars ossea
cartilaginea
Sobotta, 2007
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rib
vertebra
Costovertebral connections
(on the body and transverse processes)
Sobotta, 2007
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processus spinosus
Proc. transversus
foramen
corpus
costa
processus
articularis
arcus, oblouk
caput
Sobotta, 2007
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Artt. sternocostales
Artt. interchondrales
STERNUM
Sternocostal connections
(on the body and transverse processes)
Sobotta, 2007