baroque art characterized by movement, intensity, tension, energy, vivid color, theatre, use of...
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Baroque ArtBaroque Art
Characterized by movement, intensity, Characterized by movement, intensity, tension, energy, vivid color, theatre, use of tension, energy, vivid color, theatre, use of intense light, stark contrastsintense light, stark contrasts
Rejects the limits of previous styles of artRejects the limits of previous styles of art Shocks audienceShocks audience Seeks to restore power to the church of Seeks to restore power to the church of
RomeRome Variations in style due to three catagories Variations in style due to three catagories
of supporters:of supporters: Church in Counter ReformationChurch in Counter Reformation Aristocratic Court of Louis XIVAristocratic Court of Louis XIV Bourgeois merchants of HollandBourgeois merchants of Holland
17th century trends
• During the Renaissance, wealth and conspicuous consumption become very cool
• During the Middle Ages, the wealth of the church was seen as corrupt, the church was too powerful, abuses of the church began to be recognized
• Therefore, the Reformation….• New churches were formed…
– Luther-Lutheranism– Calvin-Calvinism– Knox- Presbyterian– Henry VIII- Anglicanism
17th century trends
• The Roman Catholic Church’s response was the Counter Reformation– They try to reform– It’s too late– People already left the church– Church sends out missionaries– Church also starts the Inquisition…terror…
burning people at the stake
17th century trends• People wanted very rich decoration, flamboyant, lots of emotion,
very showy, wanted to decorate homes• There was a rise in secular art and music because of increase in
wealth• Some areas have no religious art because of religious beliefs
(Calvinism)• Church loses grip over people…Individuals become more powerful
with choices involving religion and education• People begin to take pride in their countries…the beginning of
Nationalism• Kings and queens become more powerful over people especially if it
is a Protestant country because the Pope’s power has dwindled
Baroque-Counter Reformation Baroque-Counter Reformation ArtArt
Caravaggio, Gentileschi, and BerniniCaravaggio, Gentileschi, and BerniniDynamic, colorful, often violent, Dynamic, colorful, often violent,
flamboyant, emotional , intenseflamboyant, emotional , intenseThe focus with this style is an answer The focus with this style is an answer
or “counter-attack” by the Roman or “counter-attack” by the Roman Catholic ChurchCatholic Church
Architecture: IL GESU- “CHURCH OF JESUS”
Il Gesu Counter Reformation Baroque style Founded in 1534 by Ignasius Loyola Church became a model for Roman
Catholic churches Strong accents of double paired pilasters Central portal of double cornice
Caravaggio Shocking subject matter Unbalanced; opposed to balance and restraint Nonrealistic Dramatic lighting Paintings have intense psychological impact Caravaggio said nature would be his only teacher His life is as dramatic as his art…He killed a man
in a fight, nearly fatally wounded in another fight, died during a violent rage over a misunderstanding
The Martyrdom of St. PeterCaravaggio
Caravaggio’s Deposition
How many people?
Who is half-nude?
Actual or implied light?
The Flagellation of Christ
The Crucifixion of Saint Peter
Gentileschi Violent subject matter Used same style as Caravaggio A woman Heroic women were her preferred subject In the next painting, Gentileschi chooses
the exact moment of the execution The extreme contrast between light and
dark emphasizes the horror of the scene
Gentileschi’s Judith Slaying Holofernes
Bernini Probably the last artist to fully represent the
Counter Reformation A sculptor and an architect Produced very emotional art with intense energy Rome was his city and he left his stamp
everywhere, especially the piazza of St. Peter’s and the Baldacchino, canopy over St. Peter’s tomb
Bernini
• The piazza of St. Peter’s
Bernini’s David
Bernini’s Ecstasy of St. Theresa Saint is in state of rapture Overcome by love for God Arrow in hand of smiling
angel represents pain of love for God
Velasquez Concerned with nature and optical effects of light Not interested in religious subjects His Maids of Honor is one of the most celebrated
works of the century Page 354
Enormous depth in painting: people are in all areas of the room, mirror shows people where the audience is, the door opening goes farther into the background
A painting about space and light
Velasquez’ Maids
Aristocratic BaroqueAristocratic Baroque
Regal style- glamour, grandeur, and gloryRegal style- glamour, grandeur, and glory Rubens and van Dyck were leading Rubens and van Dyck were leading
painterspainters Versailles is the supreme example of Versailles is the supreme example of
architecturearchitecture Artists made money working in the courts Artists made money working in the courts
of kings and queens: Fredrick the Great of of kings and queens: Fredrick the Great of Prussia, Maria Theresa of Austria, Peter the Prussia, Maria Theresa of Austria, Peter the Great, Catherine the Great of Russia, Louis Great, Catherine the Great of Russia, Louis XIV, XV, and XVI of FranceXIV, XV, and XVI of France
Rubens Lived in an exciting time of new changes as
people like Galileo and Kepler help change people’s vision of the world
Lived in a bloody time of misogynistic witchcraft trials and the Inquisition
Nevertheless, Rubens praised the human spirit and the beauty of the natural world
His temperament was wholly positive and sunny
Rubens The Raising of the Cross
Anthony van Dyck Portrait painter for court Elegant portrayals always improved upon
the model Came under patronage of Charles I of
England
Van Dyck
Baroque ClassicalBaroque Classical
Grand manner but a style that Grand manner but a style that emphasized line and natural color.emphasized line and natural color.
Leading artist was PoussinLeading artist was PoussinStands in direct contrast to RubensStands in direct contrast to Rubens
Nicolas Poussin Emphasized line, lucidity, and control Lofty subject matter from ancient history,
mythology, and biblical stories He believed Caravaggio treated religious subjects
in a base and vulgar manner Classicist Objectivity, balance, control, rationality Painted in the style of Raphael with a triangular
arrangement of subjects
Holy Family on the Steps
Rape of the Sabine Women
The story of The Rape of the Sabine Women
• Livy tells another story about Romulus in the story of "The Rape of the Sabine Women." It seems that Romulus needed wives for the men who had joined his city.
• The Roman state had become strong enough to hold its own in war with all the peoples along its borders, but a shortage of women meant that its greatness was fated to last for a single generation, since there was no prospect of offspring at home nor any prospect of marriage with their neighbors. Then, in accordance with the decision of the senate, Romulus sent messengers to the neighboring peoples to ask for alliance and the right of marriage for the new people. . . But nowhere were the emissaries given a fair hearing. Some scorned, others feared the great power growing in their midst, both for themselves and for their descendants. . . Romulus, to gain time till he found the right occasion, hid his concern and prepared to celebrate the Consualia, the solemn games in honor of equestrian Neptune. He then ordered that the spectacle be announced to the neighboring peoples. He gave the event great publicity by the most lavish means possible in those days. Many people came, some simply out of curiosity to see the new city, and especially the nearest neighbor, from Caenina, Crustuminum and Antemnae; the entire Sabine population came, wives and children included. Received with hospitality in the houses, after having seen the position of the city, its walls, and the large number of buildings, they marveled that Rome had grown so fast. When it was time for the show, and everybody was concentrating on this, a prearranged signal was given and all the Roman youths began to grab the women. Many just snatched the nearest woman to hand, but the most beautiful had already been reserved for the senators and these were escorted to the senators' houses by plebeians who had been given this assignment.
• The Romans drove off the men, and took the women for their wives. The Sabine men did not give in so easily however. There was war between the Romans and the Sabines led by their king Titus Tatius. It was the women who finally brought peace to Rome. They persuaded their fathers not to fight their new husbands and the Romans accepted Titus Tatius as joint ruler with Romulus.
•
Versailles “royal style”: The Age of Kings Reinforced and enhanced the absolute rule
of the king Louis XIV said, “I am the state” and “It is
legal because I wish it.” He became king at five years of age.
Vigee-LebrunPortrait of Marie Antoinette and Her Children
Shows no hint of the danger just before her…That her husband would lose her crown and she her head
Bourgeois BaroqueBourgeois Baroque
Realistic styleRealistic style Art concerned with everyday subjectsArt concerned with everyday subjects Still lifes, landscapes, moral lessons, group Still lifes, landscapes, moral lessons, group
portraitsportraits Rembrandt, Hals, Leyster, and VermeerRembrandt, Hals, Leyster, and Vermeer New patrons of art were all people who could New patrons of art were all people who could
afford a painting to hang in their living roomafford a painting to hang in their living room Signified the coming age of world trade, free Signified the coming age of world trade, free
enterprise, industrial development, and enterprise, industrial development, and democratic societiesdemocratic societies
The focus here is in Holland with the hard-working The focus here is in Holland with the hard-working and pre-dominantly middle-classand pre-dominantly middle-class
Frans HalsDutch portraitist
Judith Leyster Genre paintings Especially liked to paint musicians
Judith LeysterThe Proposition
Rembrandt Worked with ease on portraits, genre paintings,
and history or landscape paintings Concerned with the human drama of the Old
Testament, the loving and forgiving God of the New Testament, and the life and passion of Christ
Shakespeare of seventeenth-century painters Best known for use of light for dramatic purposes,
number of self-portraits
Rembrandt’s Descent from the Cross
Rembrandt’s Nightwatch
Nightwatch A group of people like to dress up and play
war games Light plays an important role (the girl, the
man next to the Captain, the drummer) The shape is a V
Self-Portrait of Rembrandt
Another Rembrandt self-portrait
Jan Vermeer Vermeer did for ordinary rooms what
renaissance artists did for ordinary human bodies
Specialized in light-natural light streaming into an interior
Vermeer’s The Girl with the Red Hat
Light bounces off girl’s earring, eye, lips… as if she were caught in a soft-focus camera
Ruisdael Finest Dutch landscape painter Specialized in space
Still Life: a painting or other 2-D work in which the subject matter is an arrangement of objects brought together for their pleasing contrasts of shape, color, texture to create a nice composition
Common symbolic items in still life Clock, blown out candle, skull-death Fish, bread, wine- Christianity Cat- sneaky mischief, cheating Dog- faithfulness, loyalty Dice, cards, other games and alcohol- wasting
time, evil Money and jewelry- wealth, status
Still Life
Rococo ArtRococo Art Started after the death of Louis XIVStarted after the death of Louis XIV French court moved back to Paris to life in elegant intimate French court moved back to Paris to life in elegant intimate
salons, Parisian townhouses where manners and charm salons, Parisian townhouses where manners and charm were emphasizedwere emphasized
The French Revolution ended the Rococo period as well as The French Revolution ended the Rococo period as well as most of the lives of the French aristocracymost of the lives of the French aristocracy
Rococo art is Baroque art made small and lightRococo art is Baroque art made small and light Illustrates the superficial values of the aristocracyIllustrates the superficial values of the aristocracy Ornate style with gentle pastel colorsOrnate style with gentle pastel colors Often used rocks and shellsOften used rocks and shells Secular artSecular art Portrayed decadent society pursuing pleasure and escaping Portrayed decadent society pursuing pleasure and escaping
boredomboredom Celebrated the cult of pleasure, seduction, and loveCelebrated the cult of pleasure, seduction, and love Fairy tale like, often used gods from classical mythology or Fairy tale like, often used gods from classical mythology or
angels and saints of Christianityangels and saints of Christianity
Rococo ArtRococo Art
Does not address the social problems Does not address the social problems of the timeof the time
Response to aristocracy’s demand for Response to aristocracy’s demand for interior designinterior design
A style enjoyed by the aristocracyA style enjoyed by the aristocracySensual and light-heartedSensual and light-hearted
Watteau’s Gersaint’s Signboard
Francois Boucher’sVenus Consoling Love
Madame de Pompadour as Venus Erotic, sensual
Fragonard:The Last of the Exceptional Rococo Artists
Shows the pursuits of a frivolous aristocracy supported by 97 percent of the population
THE SWING
French Rococo Artists:Watteau, Boucher, and Fragonard
Watteau’s Embarkation for Cythera The amorous dalliances of a privileged
people as lyric poetry; elegant and refined
English Rococo: Gainsborough and Hogarth
The artificial elegance of the French Rococo had no place in an English society that was less frivolous and less decadent.
English Rococo shows the dashing, worldly taste of English high society.
Gainsborough’s Mrs. Sheridan is the very picture of the tasteful elegance admired by British society.
Gainsborough’s Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
Hogarth: Master Satirist Delighted in attacking English society
especially frivolousness, foolishness, hypocrisy, etc.
A visual Jonathan Swift
Marriage a La Mode II
Rococo Architecture
Neoclassic ART
French Neoclassic ArtFrench Neoclassic Art
More restrained, symmetrical, and More restrained, symmetrical, and proportionalproportional
Straight linesStraight linesGeometic shapesGeometic shapesCleanCleanPaintings are often darkPaintings are often darkLack emotionLack emotion
Jacques-Louis David A propagandist- placed his art talent at the service
of revolutionary ideas Extolled the virtues of patriotism and democracy Following are The Death of Marat and The Death
of Socrates Men of principle should be willing to die for their
ideas His artwork seems to be a cry for revolution
