baroque (1600 - ) style · baroque (1600 - 1750) structures •prelude •this is a short,...

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Baroque (1600 - ____) Style Characteristics Melodies are built up from ______________ (motifs) – they are repetitive Harmonies were simple using mainly ___ & ___ Use of ____________ The music often involves __________, where two or more different melodic lines are played (the texture is known as contrapuntal/___________) _________ change suddenly (this is known as terraced as there are ____ gradual changes) Baroque music is ________ (use of ______/______ keys); contrast was created using ___________ to switch between keys New structures were developed such as _______ form (AB) and ___________ form (ABA) Use of a _____________________ (continuous bass part)

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Page 1: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Style

• Characteristics• Melodies are built up from ______________ (motifs) – they are

repetitive• Harmonies were simple using mainly ___ & ___• Use of ____________• The music often involves __________, where two or more different

melodic lines are played (the texture is known as contrapuntal/___________)

• _________ change suddenly (this is known as terraced as there are ____ gradual changes)

• Baroque music is ________ (use of ______/______ keys); contrast was created using ___________ to switch between keys

• New structures were developed such as _______ form (AB) and ___________ form (ABA)

• Use of a _____________________ (continuous bass part)

Page 2: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - 1750)Style

• Characteristics• Melodies are built up from short musical ideas (motifs) – they are

repetitive• Harmonies were simple using mainly I &V• Use of ornaments• The music often involves counterpoint, where two or more

different melodic lines are played (the texture is known as contrapuntal/polyphonic)

• Dynamics change suddenly (this is known as terraced as there are no gradual changes)

• Baroque music is tonal (use of major/minor keys); contrast was created using modulation to switch between keys

• New structures were developed such as binary form (AB) and ternary form (ABA)

• Use of a basso continuo (continuous bass part)

Page 3: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Style

• Instruments• _______ & ________ instruments played key roles• String instruments were important in Baroque orchestras (_______,

______, _______ & ____________________)• Keyboard instruments such as the _______ & ____________ were

also important.• Woodwind instruments e.g. ______, recorder, ______ &

___________ were also used.• Other instruments were available but more limited than in the later

musical period. _____ instruments such as ____________ & __________ were used but could only play a ________________ of notes as they didn’t have any valves.

• _____________ were generally very ______ due to the performance space available so music was often played by ____________________________.

Page 4: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - 1750)Style

• Instruments• String & keyboard instruments played key roles• String instruments were important in Baroque orchestras (violins,

violas, cellos & double basses)• Keyboard instruments such as the organ & harpsichord were also

important.• Woodwind instruments e.g. flute, recorder, oboe & bassoon were

also used.• Other instruments were available but more limited than in the later

musical period. Brass instruments such as trumpets & horns were used but could only play a limited range of notes as they didn’t have any valves.

• Orchestras were generally very small due to the performance space available so music was often played by chamber groups.

Page 5: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Structures

• A __________________ is a ______________ of soloists that are contrasted with the rest of the orchestra.

• A ________________ is where a single solo instrument is ‘____________’, allowing its performer to demonstrate the instrument’s capabilities, accompanied by an __________.

Page 6: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - 1750)Structures

• A concerto grosso is a small group of soloists that are contrasted with the rest of the orchestra.

• A solo concerto is where a single solo instrument is ‘showcased’, allowing its performer to demonstrate the instrument’s capabilities, accompanied by an orchestra.

Page 7: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Structures

• Forms• __________ means something in ‘two parts’/two sections.• ____________ is often used for Baroque ________ and

each section is repeated e.g. ______.• The B section should contrast to the A section, often using

_________ (changing key)• ____________ means something in ‘three parts’/three

sections.• Written down this looks like _____ or ___________ if the

sections are repeated.• The A section normally ends with a _______ cadence to

make the piece sound complete.• The B section often _________ to a related _______.

Page 8: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - 1750)Structures

• Forms• Binary means something in ‘two parts’/two sections.• Binary Form is often used for Baroque dances and each

section is repeated e.g. AABB.• The B section should contrast to the A section, often

using modulation (changing key)• Ternary means something in ‘three parts’/three

sections.• Written down this looks like ABA or AABBAA if the

sections are repeated.• The A section normally ends with a perfect cadence to

make the piece sound complete.• The B section often modulates to a related key.

Page 9: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Structures

• Prelude

• This is a ______, relatively ______ piece of music. It is a bit like an ________ to a longer piece of to a number of pieces.

• The ______________ of a ______ (a set of dances) is often a _________.

• In the Romantic period (later on), the term came to be used to describe a _____, ___________ piece.

Page 10: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - 1750)Structures

• Prelude

• This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of to a number of pieces.

• The first movement of a suite (a set of dances) is often a prelude.

• In the Romantic period (later on), the term came to be used to describe a short, stand-alone piece.

Page 11: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Structures

• Variations• These are when pieces start with __________ or tune, and then

__________ in different ways.• There are two main structures for variations: ‘_________________’ and

‘______________’.• In ________________ there’s usually a memorable ________ which is

played first. There is a short pause before the first _______ is played (this is a _________ version of the main theme). Each piece is a self-contained piece of music.

• You can vary the melody in loads of ways:– _____________________– _____________________– _____________________ e.g. time signature.– _____________________ e.g. an extra melody over the top of the theme.– _____________________– _____________________ e.g. from major to minor or vice versa– _____________________– _____________________

Page 12: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - 1750)Structures

• Variations• These are when pieces start with one pattern or tune, and then change it

in different ways.• There are two main structures for variations: ‘theme and variation’ and

‘ground bass’.• In theme and variation form there’s usually a memorable melody which is

played first. There is a short pause before the first variation is played (this is a recognisable version of the main theme). Each piece is a self-contained piece of music.

• You can vary the melody in loads of ways:– Add notes to make it more complex– Remove notes to simplify the melody– Change the metre e.g. time signature.– Add a countermelody e.g. an extra melody over the top of the theme.– Change the tempo– Change the key e.g. from major to minor or vice versa– Change some/all of the chords– Add a different type of accompaniment

Page 13: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Structures

• Variations Continued

• ___________________ is a continuous set of variations with no pauses.

• The main theme (called the _____) is a ____________ which _________ throughout the piece (also known as _______________).

• Varying ________ & _________ become gradually more complex as the piece goes on.

• A piece you have played is _______________.

Page 14: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - 1750)Structures

• Variations Continued

• Ground bass is a continuous set of variations with no pauses.

• The main theme (called the ground) is a bass line which repeats throughout the piece (also known as basso ostinato).

• Varying melodies & harmonies become gradually more complex as the piece goes on.

• A piece you have played is Pachelbel’s Canon.

Page 15: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Melody Patterns

• Composers often create a melody by starting with a _______________, then _________ it using different techniques.– __________________ is turning the tune __________________

(the __________ are the same, but they go in the ___________________)

– ____________ is playing the tune ____________– If you switch the notes so they’re in reverse order and inverted,

you get _______________________– _________________ is when you repeat a pattern but start on a

___________ note. You can get ___________ and ___________ sequences.

– _______________ is when a phrase is repeated with ___________________. It works really well if another instrument/voice copies another and it overlaps.

– Use of an ____________ is when a pattern is played over and over.

Page 16: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - 1750)Melody Patterns

• Composers often create a melody by starting with a key phrase, then change it using different techniques.– Melodic inversion is turning the tune upside down (the

intervals are the same, but they go in the opposite direction)

– Retrograde is playing the tune backwards– If you switch the notes so they’re in reverse order and

inverted, you get retrograde inversion– Sequencing is when you repeat a pattern but start on a

different note. You can get ascending and descending sequences.

– Imitation is when a phrase is repeated with slight changes. It works really well if another instrument/voice copies another and it overlaps.

– Use of an ostinato is when a pattern is played over and over.

Page 17: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Ornaments

• Ornaments are _____________________.

• A __________ is lots of _____________.

• An _______________ is an extra note in the ________. At first it clashes with the chord, then moves to a note that belongs to that chord.

• An ______________ is a note that is “squeezed” in before the main note - ___________.

• A ________ starts off like a _____ but are often shorter.

• A _____ starts off on the note above the written note, then plays the written note, followed by the note below the written and ends back on the written note.

Page 18: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - 1750)Ornaments

• Ornaments are short, extra notes.

• A trill is lots of tiny quick notes.

• An appoggiatura is an extra note in the chord. At first it clashes with the chord, then moves to a note that belongs to that chord.

• An acciaccatura is a note that is “squeezed” in before the main note – crushed note.

• A mordent starts off like a trill but are often shorter.

• A turn starts off on the note above the written note, then plays the written note, followed by the note below the written and ends back on the written note.

Page 19: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Choral Music

• Choral music has been around for over ____ years.

• Most choral music was _____ (church music).

• Some were sung ___________ (without accompaniment).

• Choirs were originally all _____.

• Smaller choirs were known as _________ choirs.

• Sometimes you might hear a ____ section, where the soloist is accompanied by the rest of the choir or on their own.

Page 20: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - 1750)Choral Music

• Choral music has been around for over 600 years.

• Most choral music was sacred (church music).

• Some were sung a cappella (without accompaniment).

• Choirs were originally all male.

• Smaller choirs were known as chamber choirs.

• Sometimes you might hear a solo section, where the soloist is accompanied by the rest of the choir or on their own.

Page 21: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Choirs

• Male choir music that was written for 4 differentvoices: _______ (a boy soprano), ________/_______ (a high-pitched voice also known as falsetto), ______ (a high male voice) and a ____ (a low male voice).

• Some choirs are mixed-sex and arranged for SATB: _______ (a high female voice), _____ (a lower female voice), ______ (a high male voice) and a ____ (a low male voice).

• All-female choirs are usually ____ or ____. Male voice choirs are often _____.

Page 22: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - 1750)Choirs

• Male choir music that was written for 4 differentvoices: treble (a boy soprano), countertenor/alto (a high-pitched voice also known as falsetto), tenor (a high male voice) and a bass (a low male voice).

• Some choirs are mixed-sex and arranged for SATB: soprano (a high female voice), alto (a lower female voice), tenor (a high male voice) and a bass (a low male voice).

• All-female choirs are usually SSAA or SSA. Male voice choirs are often TTBB.

Page 23: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Operas and Oratorios

• An opera is a ______ set to music with singing and acting.

• In opera there are _____ types of song:– _______ (solo vocal piece, backed by the orchestra) –

they are used to show the thoughts and emotions of the main character.

– _______ (song for the soloist) – this tell the story and moves it along.

– _______ (choir sings together).

• An oratorio are _______ versions of operas. They often tell Bible stories and are a type of sacred music.

Page 24: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - 1750)Operas and Oratorios

• An opera is a story set to music with singing and acting.

• In opera there are three types of song:– Aria (solo vocal piece, backed by the orchestra) – they

are used to show the thoughts and emotions of the main character.

– Recitative (song for the soloist) – this tell the story and moves it along.

– Chorus (choir sings together).

• Oratorio are religious versions of operas. They often tell Bible stories and are a type of sacred music.

Page 25: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Handel

• Handel was one of the most important _________ in the Baroque period.

• He was __________ and was born in 1685. He moved to England in 1710 and dies in London in 1759.

• He wrote lots of famous music including _______ which tells the story of Jesus’ life. It is written for _____ soloists, ____ choir and full _________. Much of it is ____________ meaning one syllable has ____ of notes.

Page 26: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - 1750)Handel

• Handel was one of the most important composers in the Baroque period.

• He was German and was born in 1685. He moved to England in 1710 and dies in London in 1759.

• He wrote lots of famous music including Messiah which tells the story of Jesus’ life. It is written for SATB soloists, SATB choir and full orchestra. Much of it is melismatic meaning one syllable has lots of notes.

Page 27: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Handel – Coronation Anthem for

George II (suggested listening)• Handel wrote ______ anthems in total and each one is

divided into different sections. The lyrics are taken from the _______.

• The anthems need a large ____ and ________ to emphasise the importance of the event.

• Although _____ are used for most of the accompaniment, _______ fanfares are used to add to the ceremonial feel.

• Much of the music is in a _____ key. There are some ______ sections for the more sadder aspects of the coronation.

• Handel uses a variety of _______ to different effects. ‘God Save the King’ in ‘Zadok the Priest’ is sung ___________ in rich chords. The ‘Alleluja’ section of ‘Let Thy Hand Be Strengthed’ is __________, with parts weaving in and out.

Page 28: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Baroque (1600 - ____)Handel – Coronation Anthem for

George II (suggested listening)

• Handel wrote four anthems in total and each one is divided into different sections. The lyrics are taken from the Bible.

• The anthems need a large choir and orchestra to emphasisethe importance of the event.

• Although strings are used for most of the accompaniment, trumpet fanfares are used to add to the ceremonial feel.

• Much of the music is in a major key. There are some minor sections for the more sadder aspects of the coronation.

• Handel uses a variety of textures to different effects. ‘God Save the King’ in ‘Zadok the Priest’ is sung homophonicallyin rich chords. The ‘Alleluja’ section of ‘Let Thy Hand Be Strengthed’ is polyphonic, with parts weaving in and out.

Page 29: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Classical (1750 - ____)From Baroque to Classical

• Taste moved towards a ________ sound.• _______, _______ & ________ were key composers during

this time.• Music moved away from __________ sounds towards more

___________ music with clear melody lines and fewer ________.

• There was also a move towards more ________ dynamics.• The _____ was invented in 1700 and became more popular

than the harpsichord because it could be played _______ or _______ and dynamics could be varied.

• Other instruments (e.g. _________) were developed which led to important changes in the structure of the orchestra.

Page 30: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Classical (1750 - 1820)From Baroque to Classical

• Taste moved towards a simpler sound.• Mozart, Haydn & Beethoven were key composers

during this time.• Music moved away from polyphonic sounds towards

more homophonic music with clear melody lines and fewer ornaments.

• There was also a move towards more subtle dynamics.• The piano was invented in 1700 and became more

popular than the harpsichord because it could be played legato or staccato and dynamics could be varied.

• Other instruments (e.g. clarinet) were developed which led to important changes in the structure of the orchestra.

Page 31: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Classical (1750 - ____)The Classical Orchestra

• Orchestral music was written for _______ audiences.

• Orchestras grew during the classical period. They started off with mainly _____ and a couple of _____, ______ & ______.

• Later on, _______ were added as well a growing _________ section.

• Often the ______ would play the melody and the wind instruments would play extra notes to fill out the __________.

Page 32: Baroque (1600 - ) Style · Baroque (1600 - 1750) Structures •Prelude •This is a short, relatively simple piece of music. It is a bit like an introduction to a longer piece of

Classical (1750 - 1820)The Classical Orchestra

• Orchestral music was written for wealthy audiences.

• Orchestras grew during the classical period. They started off with mainly strings and a couple of horns, flutes & oboes.

• Later on, clarinets were added as well a growing percussion section.

• Often the strings would play the melody and the wind instruments would play extra notes to fill out the harmony.