barbados national primary school survey 2020
TRANSCRIPT
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Barbados National Primary School Survey 2020:Drug Use & Related Issues Among the Primary School Population
Laura Foster
Survey Coordinator/NCSA Research Assistant
National Council on Substance Abuse
October 5, 2020
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Presentation Outline
• Survey background
• Methodology
• Data analysis
• Key findings
• Trend analysis
• Conclusions & Recommendations
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Survey Background
• The Barbados National Primary School Survey 2020 is the 3rd of its kind to be conducted in Barbados
• Previous surveys were conducted in 2006 and 2009
• Prevalence survey - Primarily focused on the levels of drug use among Class 3 & Class 4 students enrolled at public & private primary schools across Barbados
• Also examined: • Common drug sources
• Locations of use
• Age of first use
• Factors associated with drug use
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Survey Background• New variables included in this round:
• Parental involvement
• School experience
• Social media use
• Video gaming
• Bullying
• New drugs added include:
• Lean
• E-cigarettes
• Energy drinks
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Methodology: Sample Selection
• A representative sample of 1958 students from 50 schools (46 public, 4 private) participated in the survey
• The sample was selected using a two-stage stratified cluster methodology:
• Schools selected in the 1st stage
• Classes selected in the 2nd stage (All students in selected classes were included)
• Proportional sampling was employed & a stratified sampling frame was used at both stages
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Methodology: Survey Administration
• The survey was conducted during January & February 2020
• Students completed a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 47 closed-ended items
• Questionnaire administration took place in a group setting within the classrooms of participating schools
• Trained Field Officers read the questions aloud to students who then marked their responses on the provided questionnaires
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Data Analysis
• Weighted data was used to reduce bias in the results & make them more reflective of the wider target population
• Mainly descriptive analysis (percentages, means, etc.)
• Some inferential statistics were used to determine the relationship between drug use and other variables
• Select results were compared to those from 2006 and 2009 in an effort to identify trends
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Key Findings
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Participants
Mean age: 10 years with a standard deviation of 0.732
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Drug Use Indicators
• Lifetime use: Proportion of students who have ever used the substance in question
• Past year use: drug use in the past year/12 months preceding the survey
• Past month use: drug use in the month preceding the survey.
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Lifetime Drug Use
51
.7%
39
.7%
20
.9%
13
.3%
4.8
%
4.5
%
4.3
%
4.1
%
3.3
%
2.3
%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
Alcohol Energy
Drinks
Inhalants Alcohol +
energy drink
mix
Tobacco
cigarettes
Fanta Marijuana E-cigarettes Lean Any other
drug
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Past Year Drug Use
26
.9%
25
.2%
12
.6%
1.7
%
2.3
%
2.0
%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
Alcohol Energy
Drinks
Inhalants Tobacco
cigarettes
Fanta Marijuana E-cigarettes Lean Alcohol +
energy drink
mix
Any other
drug
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Past Month Drug Use
18
.0%
18
.7%
8.6
%
0.7
%
1.5
%
1.2
%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
20.0%
Alcohol Energy
Drinks
Inhalants Tobacco
cigarettes
Fanta Marijuana E-cigarettes Lean Alcohol +
energy drink
mix
Any other
drug
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Trend Analysis: Lifetime Prevalence
Substance 2006 2009 2020
Tobacco cigarettes 5.0% 7.2% 4.8%
Alcohol 49.3% 52.9% 51.7%
Inhalants 27.5% 44.9% 20.9%
Marijuana 2.8% 4.8% 4.3%
Fanta - 3.4% 4.5%
N.B. Interpret with caution due to the introduction of weighted data in 2020
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Age of 1st UseSubstance Average Age
Inhalants 7.0 years
Tobacco Cigarettes 7.5 years
Fanta 7.8 years
Energy Drinks 7.8 years
Alcohol 7.9 years
Marijuana 8.2 years
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Top 3 Most Common Sources
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Top 3 Most Common Locations of Use
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Risk & Protective Factors
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What are risk & protective factors?
• Risk factors are characteristics of school, community & family environments, as well as characteristics of students & their peer groups that are known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school drop out, teen pregnancy & violent behaviour among youth.
• Protective factors exert a positive influence or buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviour.
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Risk & Protective Factors Included in Survey• Gender & grade level
• Curiosity about drug use
• Perception of harm
• Ease of access
• Social media use
• Video gaming
• Bullying (victim & perpetrator)
• Parental involvement & supervision
• School experience (e.g. relationship with teacher, belief they can do well at school, feeling as though they are a part of their school, etc)
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Drug Use & Gender
• There were significant differences between boys and girls with respect to the lifetime use of:
• Cigarettes (χ2 = 16.59, p<0.01)
• Marijuana (χ2 = 11.47, p<0.01)
• Energy drinks (χ2 = 19.86, p<0.001)
• Fanta (χ2 = 22.15, p<0.001)
N.B. In each case, lifetime prevalence was higher among males
• There were no significant differences with respect to the lifetime use of alcohol or inhalants (p>0.05)
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Drug Use & Grade Level
• There were significant differences between Class 3 and Class 4 students with respect to the lifetime use of:• Alcohol (χ2 = 9.48, p<0.01)
• Marijuana (χ2 = 7.28, p<0.01)
N.B. Alcohol use was higher among Class 4 students while marijuana use was higher among Class 3 students
• There were no significant differences (p>0.05) with respect to the lifetime use of:• Tobacco cigarettes
• Inhalants
• Energy drinks
• Fanta
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Perception of Harm
89.1%
80.2%73.4%
66.8%
56.4%49.5%
31.1%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
Smoking
cigarettes
Using
marijuana
Drinking
alcohol
Smoking fanta Using
inhalants
Vaping Using lean
Percentage of Students Considering Drug Use to be Harmful
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Trend Analysis: Students Considering Drug Use to be Harmful
2009 2020
Smoking tobacco
cigarettes
86.2% 89.1%
Drinking alcohol 75.4% 73.4%
Using inhalants 61.2% 56.4%
Using marijuana 86.5% 80.2%
N.B. Interpret with caution due to the introduction of weighted data in 2020
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Drug Use & Perception of Harm
• A significant relationship was found between drug use and perception of harm:• Students who thought there was no harm associated with tobacco cigarette,
alcohol, inhalant & marijuana use were more likely to report using these substances.
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Ease of Access
55.5%
40.9%
27.7%
18.5%
12.0% 11.1%6.9%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
Inhalants Alcohol Tobacco
Cigarettes
Fanta Marijuana E-cigarettes Lean
Percentage of Students Considering Substances Easy to Access
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Trend Analysis: Ease of Access
Marijuana Alcohol
2009 2020 2009 2020
Easy 16.5% 12.0% 50.5% 40.9%
Difficult 20.4% 7.5% 10.7% 10.1%
Impossible 18.7% 15.5% 11.1% 15.4%
Don’t know 40.6% 65.0% 23.5% 33.5%
N.B. Interpret with caution due to the introduction of weighted data in 2020
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Drug Use & Ease of Access
Students who considered the following substances easy to access were more likely to report lifetime use:
• Marijuana - two times more likely (Odds ratio – 2.034)
• Inhalants - two times more likely (Odds ratio – 2.140)
• Tobacco cigarettes - two times more likely (Odds ratio – 2.395)
• Alcohol - three times more likely (Odds ratio – 3.288)
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Drug Use & Curiosity
• 18.7% of students reported being curious about trying drugs
• Students who reported being curious about trying drugs were more than 1.5 times more likely to report lifetime drug use (Odds ratio -1.615)
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Bullying
• 49.7% of students reported that another student had purposely tried to hurt them in the preceding month
• 27.7% of students admitted purposely trying to hurt another student in the preceding month
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Drug Use & Bullying
• There were significant differences et ee stude ts drug use a d bullying:
• Students who were bullying others (Purposely tried to hurt other student in the previous month) reported higher proportions of substance use (71.9% vs. 48.5%) Χ2 = 83.84, p<0.001)
• Students who were victims of bullying (Other students purposely tried to hurt them in previous month) also reported higher proportions of substance use 60.2% s. 49.6% Χ2 = 22.02, p<0.001)
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Social Media Use During Past Week
15
.9%
8.5
%
5.1
%
42
.3%
28
.3%
13
.7%
8.2
%
5.1
%
39
.9%
33
.1%
18
.1%
8.8
%
5.1
%
47
.7%
23
.3%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
1 or 2 days 3 or 4 days 5 or 6 days Everyday Did not use social
media
Overall
Males
Females
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Drug Use & Social Media Use
• There was evidence of an association between social media use and lifetime use of:
• Tobacco cigarettes (Odds ratio – 4.431)*
• Alcohol (1.281)
• Inhalants (1.507)
• Marijuana (2.954)*
• Energy drinks (1.443)
* Evidence of a strong association
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Video Gaming During Past Week
20
.8%
9.4
%
7.2
%
32
.8%
29
.8%
19
.3%
10
.4%
7.8
%
44
.0%
18
.5%
22
.3%
8.5
%
6.7
%
21
.1%
41
.4%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
50.0%
1 or 2 days 3 or 4 days 5 or 6 days Everyday Did not play video
games
Overall
Males
Females
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Drug Use & Video Game Use
• There was evidence of an association between past week video game use and the use of:
• Tobacco cigarettes (Odds ratio - 4.064)*
• Alcohol (Odds ratio – 1.157)
• Inhalants (Odds ratio – 1.395)
• Marijuana (Odds ratio – 4.034)*
• Energy drinks (Odds ratio - 1.432)
* Evidence of a strong association
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Wrapping Up
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Conclusions
• Drug use at the primary school level remains minimal & is primarily experimental
• Alcohol & inhalants were the main substances used by students
• Very few students have experimented with lean
• The high use of energy drinks is notable as is the reported use of alcohol & energy drink mixes
• Age of first drug use is generally between 7 and 8 years
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Conclusions
• Family and friends are the most common sources for most drugs
• The home is the most common location of use for all drugs
• Drug use is related to: gender, grade level, bullying, social media use, video game use, ease of access & perception of harm
• Drug use was more likely among those who believe there is o risk asso iated ith the use of arious su sta es
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Conclusions
• Drug use was more likely among those who considered substances to be easy to access, suggesting that they may be readily available and easily accessible to many students
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Recommendations: Short Term
• Drug prevention education should be increased for primary school students of all ages
• Efforts should be made to ensure the delivery of the drug prevention education module within HFLE curriculum
• Drug prevention education should include: energy drinks, fanta, e-cigarettes & lean
• Social determinants associated with drug use should be factored into drug prevention efforts
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Recommendations: Medium Term
• Parents should be educated about the drugs used by young persons, the associated dangers, signs & symptoms of drug use & their role in drug prevention
• School-based prevention efforts should be buttressed with community interventions
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Recommendations: Long-Term
• Efforts should e ade to further restri t hildre s a ess to drugs
• Drug prevention education should be delivered using a national approach coordinated by the NCSA, including:• A national policy guiding the delivery of drug prevention education in primary
schools
• The identification & training of facilitators (e.g. teachers, parents, NGO staff, etc.)
• The development & delivery of a standardized curriculum
• Continuous monitoring & evaluation
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Take Home Message
• Drug use at the primary school level remains minimal & is primarily experimental
• Prevalence rates have generally decreased since 2009
• Efforts should be made to increase drug prevention education for primary school students
• Lean, vaping & social determinants of drug use should be incorporated
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Take Home Message
• Consideration should be given to a coordinated & structured approach involving the NCSA, teachers, parents & other stakeholders
• This approach can be buttressed with initiatives targeting parents & the wider community
• Childre s a ess to drugs should e further restri ted
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End of Presentation