ban_ve_luyen_noi_tieng_anh

8/6/2019 Ban_ve_Luyen_noi_Tieng_Anh

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BN V LUYN NI TING ANH

TI SAO NGI VIT NI TING ANH KHNG HAY?

C ln nghe u cu hi V sao dn Vit mnh ni ting Anh khng hay, rt kh? (1)

ti cng mun bnh lon i cht v vn ny. Mt mt, bo dn mnh ni ting Anhnghe c chui qu, sai, v vn cn n v d nghe hn khi dng ting Anh nh Anh Tu,Anh Thi, Anh Trung ng, Anh n, Anh Phi... Nhng mt khc, bo dn mnh ni tingAnh hay th cng sai lun, nghe ngang ph, ch c ci d nghe.

Ting Vit c bn l m n, c bit ging Bc kh thun, khng c cc ging nng vm tit c trng (accent), nn hc cc ngoi ng khc khng b nh hng nhiu vaccent. Tuy nhin, ting Vit ni khng c trng m v ng iu (v c 5 thanh ri,ng iu lm g na), nn hc cc ting ca chu u thng cng ni ngang ngang v uu nh ting Vit, nhng cng nh th m d nghe (nu ni chm v r tng ch).

Tuy nhin, tm hiu nguyn nhn v mt mi trng nh trn cng ch c g v trisinh ra th. Ti xin a ra mt s kinh nghim bn thn trong khi luyn ging ni.

Lm g, ngi ta cng d mc mt s im vng mc dn n sai lm (pitfalls), khinvic thc hin kh thnh cng theo mun. Ni ting Anh cng khng l ngoi l. Trcht, c nhng im d mc cn trnh khi hc ni ting Anh nh sau:

1. ch ngi y ging

Ngi ta thng kh thin cn nu cha i su vo mt vn nht nh, c bit khi mibt u hc hay tp luyn mt ci g . S thin cn ch ngi y ging ny dn n cch qu l:

a. t mc tiu khng cao:

Trc khi lm g ta cng phi t ra mc tiu r rng gip cho vic thc hin c nhhng (ngi phng Ty gi l phng php Backcasting). Nhng thng thng khingi ta km (do mi bt u hc) nn hay b mc bnh ch ngi y ging, khng bitth no mi l t yu cu, cha ni th no mi l gii th gn nh khng c khi nim.Khi ngi ta mi hc ting Anh, nu thy mt ngi ni chuyn c vi ngi ncngoi thy l kinh lm, v ch mong c nh th l tho mn lm ri. Ri khi bt utm to c cht cn bn, th li thn tng nhng ngi phun ting Anh nh gi (bt lunh ni ng hay sai).

Thng thng, ngi Vit mnh cng ch t mc tiu n th l ht, nn khi ni tingAnh c lu lot, nh gi, th thng t tho mn mnh m khng c gng trau di,nng cp n ln na. c bit nhng ngi hc chuyn v ting Anh cc trng Ngoi


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Ng, hay hn na l ngi c i nc ngoi th cng coi thng, v ngh rng mnh ciu kin v mi trng nh th, th no m ch gii ting Anh ni chung v ni ting Anhni ring. Vi mt suy ngh u tr dng vy, nn t l nhng ngi gii ting Anh cngnh ni ting Anh hay ngi Vit l rt khim tn, khng ngoi l nhng ngi c iukin i hc bng ting Anh, k c Vit Kiu.

V vy, c th t mt kt qu cao trong hc ting Anh ln ni ting Anh, ta cn phi tmc tiu rt cao. Ring v chuyn ni, th ta phi ly mc trn l cc chnh khch M hayAnh (nhng ngi c ti hng bin) m phn u. iu ny khng hn c ngha l ta s

phi ni hay c nh h, tt nhin v l thuyt, chng no cha ni c nh h, ngha lta vn c th phi c gng luyn tp tip. Tuy nhin, v thng con ngi him ai c tht 100% mc tiu c, thng l mt s % nht nh no , nu ta t mc tiu thp t, thd t 99% cng ch th bng t mc tiu cao cht vt nhng t 50% thi.

Trong trng hp ny cng th, nu ta t mc tiu ch l ni lu lot, th c khi ta ch t

gn c mc y, ngha l cha c g l gh gm c, nghe vn c th kh nh thng.Nhng nu t mc tiu l Bill Clinton, th ch t khng ni hay bng ng ta (m ni haybng th qui no c con ngi ti nng hng bin th) th cng phi ni hay ch km g,hay thm ch hay hn c ngi bn ng bnh thng. Phi lm cho ngi bn ng phingc nhin khi ta va ct ln mt cu ni, th mi tm coi l ni ting Anh kh. Gingngi Vit ta thi, khi nghe ngi nc ngoi ni mt th ting Vit chun xc, ta cngch trm tr b b i ch, nh?

b. Tinh tng n khoai nng (2)

Ngi ta khi t c mt ci g trong mt ngui khc th thng b tt t mn, t kiu mdn gian gi l tinh tng hay tinh vi. Chnh v th, h cng thch th hin, m cng thchth hin th tm hn cng bt an, cng d mc tt loi choi m khng ni cho chun theo mnh c. Hn na, v tinh tng, nn h khng bit mnh, c ngh l mnh gii lm, vth cng khng th pht hin ci sai, ci km ca mnh m phn u tip.

Ti quen mt s ngi, u c kh nng ni ting Anh lu lot trc ng ngi, nhng vh ngh rng mnh th l qu kinh (so vi ngi Vit Nam) ri, nn ch nhn ln, ch nhnxung, mi m vn ch mt mc cho dn Vit lc mt, nhng dn Ty th e rng... Cl mi ngi phi c lc ng ra, hiu c th no mi l mc gii thc s, v t thyr rng ci yu km ca mnh, nhn ra rng con ng i n ch ti u cn gian nan lm,th mi c th tip tc vn ln c.

2. Hp tp n cm hp

Ngi Vit (m c ngi nc khc na) khi hc ni thng c xu hng thch ni nhanh,chc do nh hng bi nhng quan im nh "thng/con y ni ting Anh nh gi" vsuy ra n gii ting Anh. Bn cnh , ni nhanh bao gi cng d hn, v ni vo c, lp


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lim i cc ch sai. Nguyn tc ca mt mn g , chng hn trong th thao, i nhanh kh, nhng i chm m chun cn kh hn.

V d bn no chi trt tuyt, trt bng s thy i chm v ng k thut khngphi chuyn n gin. Nhng ngi tp th thao khng bi bn, thng c chi vi tc

nhanh khi bt u vo gung, v lm nhanh s d dn n trng thi xung c (phnkhch) m vo tay nhanh, ri dn dn khi hon thin trnh mi im m dn cn theoh thng tp hun chuyn nghip, ngi tp bao gi cng bt u mt cch chm ri nhngng k thut.

Trong ting Anh cng vy. Nu bn no ang c thi quen t nhin ni "nh gi", hay thni tht chm ri th xem, s thy rt kh, v pht hin ra mnh c nhiu ci sai th v phty. Hy i t t v chc chn, th chm m ng cn hn nhanh m sai.

3. Dc tc bt t

Thiu kin tr hay dc tc bt t l c tt ca con ngi. Trn bn v hp tp trongkhi ni, nay li l chuyn mun thu, hp tp vi vng t chy giai on trong qu trnhluyn ting. Bn thn ti chp chng t hc ting Anh t cui cp 1 bng mt cun sch thc ting Anh, lin tc t hc khng qua mt trng lp chnh thc no (tr mn tingAnh d hi bit bi c nm vo Ph thng v i hc) cho n khi hc xong i hc, tng present 3h lin tc trc hng chc gio s vi sinh vin Canada trong mt d n hptc v c h nh gi khng n ni. Vy m cho mi n 3 nm trc y mi phthin ra mnh ni khng chun rt nhiu ch, ch cha k n chuyn ni hay. Sau , ti

phi mt hn na nm tri luyn ni, mi ngy b ra t th 5 pht, nhiu th na gi

c t th 3 cu, nhiu th mt vi trang ting Anh, c th iu chnh ton b ging niln T vng ni ca mnh.

Sau , ti vn lun c thc trau di kh nng ni ca mnh mi lc mi ni tuy khngmang tnh cp tc (intensive training) nh vy na, c mt ging ni cng khng nni qu t ti khi ra gp bn b quc t. Tuy vy, vn cn nhiu iu phi phn u na lm.

***

Trn y l 3 im c bn thuc v nhn thc v thi , lm cn tr vic luyn ni tingAnh cho chun v hay. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu c im nh khc, cc bn c th t phthin thm. Ti xin tm dng vn ny y.

Nhng nguyn nhn ny ti nu ra lm im khi ng cho chnh ca ti l chia svi cc bn kinh nghim t luyn ging ni ting Anh ca mnh, hay ng ra l thay muvn t ni v luyn ging ni cha chun ca mnh.


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CHIN THUT TNG BC LUYN GING NI

1.Luyn t

Ci ln bt u t ci nh. Mun ni c cu chun th phi ni tng t chun. S c ngi

ci khy, t th lm sao m sai c. Va ri, c ngi bn ca ti i hc mt lp luynni, ng thy c cho c lp c mt cu rt n gin, v d "ecological thinking andecology protection should go together". Bn ti chc mm lm sao mnh c th c sai mtcu ni n gin n nhng vy. Nhng nhm to, vn sai nh thng, cc bn t phthin ci sai d mc y l g nh.

Khi luyn t cn ch cc im sau:

a. Pht m: (hay m c, khng tnh trng m) ting Anh l th ting khng c quy tc,nhng ci khng c quy tc ca n cng li c quy tc, m ci s quy tc y cng li chng

c quy tc g. pht m ng tng t, ta va phi hc thuc, va phi lin tc t duy pht hin v ghi nh cc quy tc n du ca n. Mt vn t vng c coi l ti thiu dng l 5000, th cng vic ca cc bn khng phi l nh u, ti ngh rng bn s phinh ti thiu c ngn trng hp khc nhau. T nhng ci bt quy tc thng thng nhdoubt (dawt), debt (det) cho n nhng th qui thai nh bury ('be:ri) th ta khng c cchno khc l hc vt.

b. Trng m: ci ny mi gi l khoai. Sai v pht m th cn chm trc c, v tingAnh a phng thng khng p ng c nhu cu ny, chng hn ting Anh Latin, hc ch khc g ting Ty Ban Nha. Nhng trng m th phi tuyt i ch . Bn c th

pht m sai, thm ch sai tot, nhng nu ng trng m th ngi nghe vn nm bt ngon.Chc l mi ngi u bit, ting Anh cng nh mt s ngn ng phng Ty, ngi tanghe trng m l chnh. Nu ni ng trng m, th d c ni nh, hay b nhiu (nh nghequa ng in thoi r, hay trong lc n o) ngi nghe vn c th on ra c mnh nh ni.

Mt ln na, luyn trng m t phi luyn word by word, ngha l tng t mt, v vi 5000t vng th cng vic ca cc bn khng phi l nh. Tuy nhin quy tc trng m th c hm b lng hn.

Theo ti, phi mt 3 thng ch rn luyn hng ngy, th bn mi c th thay mu, hay tra hiu nh c cch pht m cho ci vn t vng chc chn khng phi l nh ca cc

bn.

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Mt s li trng m v pht m thng gp:


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No hy bt tay vo kim tra vn t ni (speaking vocabulary) ca mnh xem. Hy khkh bn mnh cun t in, v check cch c ca mnh vi mt vi t ph thng, ri nhnvo phn phin m, xem cc bn pht m v nhn trng m ng n c no. Cc bn

pht hin ra ch d sai ca ci cu v d trn kia cha? C rt nhiu im c th sai khipht m v nhn trng m, nhng c nhng li c bn thng mc nh sau:

a. c nh nhau khi bin trng thi t

Mi ngi khi hc ni mt cch t pht thng c tnh t, danh t, ng t (hay binth) vi cng mt kiu cho n d (cha ni nhng ngi c c bn yu cn khng phn

bit c u l tnh, danh, ng). Nhng chng thng bin khc so vi nhau trong cchvit, v t , pht m ln trng m cng khc nhau. Hy dng t in tra cc cp t sauk v trng m ln pht m: export(n) export (v) technology technological economy economic photograph photography, conservation conservative.... No cc bn thymnh khng n cha. Nhng bn no m khng sai nhng t ny l cng l rt tt ri,

c c bn v pht m.

Bn no m sai nhiu, th phi rt ch trng, bn cm thy con ng ni chun(cha ni l hay) cng khng h d dng, y l mt nguyn nhn c bn ti sao ngiVit ni sai nhiu.

C rt nhiu nguyn tc nh trng m cng nh pht m, ti khng mun ni ngay ray, v cng mt thi gian, nhng quan trng l ti mun cc bn t tm hiu trong qutrnh thay mu vn t ca mnh.

b. Thiu trng m phTrong mt t di 3 4 m tit tr ln, thng c trn 1 trng m. Ngoi trng m chnh(biu din bi du phy pha trn u, trc trng m) cn c trng m ph (biu din bidu phy pha di chn, trc trng m). V d environmental (in,vairn'mentl). Cc bncn phi c r c trng m ph ny, cn cc m cn li c th nut i. Quy tc thngthng i vi trng m ph l lun ng cch trng m chnh mt m (trc hoc sau).

c. Trng m nhn cha

Cc bn t sai trng m t vn thng mc li ny. ni c hay, th trng m chnhcn phi c m lng gp 2 2.5 ln m thng, v c di cng tng t, cn i vitrng m ph th cng phi 1.5 2 ln. Nhiu khi cc m khng phi trng m c th nut(c rt nh trong c hng), nhng phi nhn cc trng m rt r, rt to v di (cha ni lcn phi luyn na). Tm li l phi !

Cn nhiu li na, cc bn c kin ng gp thm cho phong ph.


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trng m ca cc t quan trng a m tit hay chnh l t quan trng n m tit.

Cu trn thng thng s phi ni nh sau:

Being info...rmed that the e..xamina....tion resu..lt is re....ady, I

wa....nt ........to g..o to scho....ol ........right no...w. ( di chm biu hin di tng i)

Trong cu trn, cc t quan trng l examin(a)tion, w(a)nt, sch(oo)l, n(ow), v n mang lithng tin chnh cho cu. Vic chn trng m cu thc ra tu theo mi ngi ni v tu vovn cnh m ta nn nhn vo cc m tit khc nhau. Vic nhn trng m t v trng m cu , l mt yu t quan trng gip ta ni khng b nh sng bn, khin tc trong mtng cng gim ng k. y l iu m to thnh ci gi l NG IU ni.

No, gi l lc thc hnh, cc bn hy kim ngay mt trang ting Anh no m bn chol ph hp v cm sn cy bt ch. Trc ht c lt qua ri dng bt ch ngt nhp cu,

ng thi gch chn cc trng m cu. Sau l luyn c, vi cc yu cu sau:

Thong th ni chungTo v r rngNhn trng m t (1.5 2 ln di v to hn bnh thng)Nhn trng m cu (2 2.5 ln so vi bnh thng)Ngh gia cc ng (tu vo mi ngi, thng thng l khng di 1/3 1/2 giy)Dn dn nut cc m tit khng quan trng nh cc qun t (a, an, the) cc gii t (to, in,on, up tr khi ta mun nhn mnh cc qun t ny) v cc m khng phi trng mtrong t a m tit. K thut nut m l c nh v lt nhanh, gn nh khng m thot

ra khi cung hng.Luyn ht (nht l nhng bi ht c li nhanh th loi Pop Rock) l mt cch rt tt luyn nut m, t b tr cho luyn trng m (v khi cc m thng b nut th nhng mcn li s phi l trng m). Tuy nhin, cng phi lu , khng nhng nhp iu ht khcvi nhp iu ni, m i khi cc m cn b thay i so vi bnh thng ph hp vi biht (v d, cc qun t ng nh phi c lt th trong bi ht thnh thong vn c nhndi p ng cc giai iu). (4)

Chin thut luyn c l:

Luyn tng t: c tng t mt cho chun ri mi luyn c c ng (dng t in trapht m v trng m)

Luyn tng ng: c tng ng mt cho chun mt (vi) lt ri mi c c cu.

Luyn tng cu: c tng cu mt cho chun ri mi c c on.


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Ngoi cc yu t c bn trnh by cc phn trc, ni c hay cn cn mt yu tquan trng l Giai iu (melody). Giai iu cng c th chia ra 2 loi:

1. Giai iu ca t

Hay ng ra l giai iu ca trng m (ca t a m tit v m ca t n m tit). Khngch n thun nhn di v mnh cho i vi trng m ca t, m ta cn phi Luynna. Bi v trng m thng ko di gp i gp ri cc m khc, nn nu ta ch ko din ra v c to n ln mt cch chn phng nghe s rt n iu (khc vi ting Vit c 5thanh, c c ra c giai iu ri).

gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta phi luyn cc trng m sao cho nghe tht sinh ng.C rt nhiu phong cch luyn ty theo vng ngn ng, nhng 3 vng c trng l Anh,M v c, chng c cc tnh cht kh ring bit trn cng mt c s chung. Trong ,

Anh M c v c phong cch luyn nghe ngt hn c.

Vic luyn nh th no cho ng rt kh ni qua bi vit, hn na cn tu vo bn thchluyn theo kiu g, ch bn bo hy luyn theo kiu Th Nh K th ba u su tay ti cngchu. Tuy nhin, v c bn, vic luyn trng m kh ging vi thanh NG (~) trong tingVit, khi ko di ra v c trm bng mt cch r rng hn. Ngha l u tin bn thi mcho vng ln ri li xung, v kt thc hi ln mt cht. ( th cng m tng tnh hnh du ~). Nhng hy ch l nu c khan nh du Ng ca ting Vit (ct ln),th ch bao gi bn c ng c, phi nhn (di v mnh).

V l thuyt l th, nhng cho nhanh, cc bn nn tham kho ngay trn TV, radio haynghe ngi bn ng ni tp theo (bn ng y l cc nc ni ting Anh chnh thng).

2. Giai iu ca cu

Tng t, trong cu c cc trng m cu th tng ng cng phi c giai iu ca cu. Ciny kh c th miu t y. Ti ch mun lu cc bn v vn ny. y l im cucnh, tnh cht quyt nh cui cng n mt ging ni hay.

V nguyn tc, cu ni phi ln bng xung trm vi cc mc ca n l cc Trng m Cu(xem pha trn). Cc trng m cu khng ch phi luyn nut v r hn cc trng mthng mt cch n thun, m n cn phi c vai tr lnh xng (lead) cc m tit quanhn. Ngha l trc v sau khi luyn trng m cu, th cc m tit quanh n cng phi cmt s hu thun lm nn nh th no ...

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CC PHONG CCH NI TRONG TING ANH PH THNG


10/17

Sau khi luyn c ging ni c giai iu, luyn lic ngon lnh, bn c th bc vogiai on luyn ni thc s hay luyn ni thc hnh (practical speaking). Lc ny, bn cth coi c xut pht im tng ng vi ngi mt bn ng thng thng. Thch thcca bn by gi l ni phi hay, phi hp dn ngi nghe, thm ch hp dn c ngi bn

ng.

Cng nh cc ngn ng khc, ting Anh c rt nhiu phong cch ni . Nu cc bn khngphn bit c cc phong cch trong cc tnh hung khc nhau, c b nguyn mt kiuging mi lc mi ni th d mc phi tt n ni lp bp nh g mc tc. Ni chuyn

phim qun nc phi khc vi tranh lun trong cuc hp, pht biu phi khc vi cbn tin

C rt nhiu phong cch, nhng ti tm chia ra cc phong cch chnh nh sau:

1. Ging ni chuyn thng thng:

y l phong cch ph thng nht m ai cng dng hng ngay khi tr chuyn. Chnh vth, n cng khng c quy tc g c, ai thch ni kiu g th ni, trm bng, u u, nh tou ok c. Nhng v tr chuyn thng di, phi ni nhiu nn ngi ta hay ni nhanh, ch ti trng m nhng t luyn, ng thi nut m tit ph rt nhiu. Cc bn c th thamkho trong cuc sng hng ngy, c bit l trn in nh (ci m ng ta vn ni l PhimM nghe kh b c).

2. Ging c bn tin, bo co

c bn tin, bo co hay cc loi hnh tng t bt u phi c tnh hnh thc (formal)ri. Ngi c bn tin c th ni nhanh chm tu (cc phng vin v pht thanh vin caBBC, CNN thng c bn tin hay bo co kh nhanh, c bit l tin nng). Nhng mtyu cu quan trng l phi r rng, mch lc (v i tng nghe l qun chng) v trungtnh, ngha l khng nn t cm xc c nhn vo cu ni (v bn cht thng tin l phikhch quan).

3. Ging c chng trnh khoa hc, phng s

Ging c cc chng trnh kiu phng s, khoa hc thng thc c yu cu cao hnging bn tin. N c cc tiu ch sau:

R rng mch lc (d nhin)Khoan thai ( ngi nghe cn c thi gian nm nhng thng tin, nht l thng tin khoahc)Mm mi vi mt cht truyn cm tng i (nhm mc ch li cun ngi nghe vocc thng tin thng l mi, ch khng phi a cm xc hay c nhn vo)


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4. Ging hng bin

y l cp kh nht trong vic ni. Ngay chuyn ni trc cng chng khng phi lvic d, nht l vi ngi Vit hay xu h. T pht biu, c din vn, n din thuyt hay

trnh by (present) hoc ngh/tranh lun (lut s chng hn) trc m ng i hi nhiuk nng kt hp, mt trong l ging ni hp dn. Ci ny l kt qu ca nng khiu cngvi luyn tp kin tr. Nu bn l ngi khng c khiu hng bin, th hy cn c b thngminh. Ngy trc c chuyn v mt ngi hi b ni khng ra hi, v sau nh hng ngyngm si ng ni t ting sng bin m tr thnh nh hng bin ni ting.

Ngoi cc yu cu mch lc v r rng, luyn phong cch rt xng ny ngoi cn phirt lu cc im sau:

Tc : c th lc nhanh dn dp, lc khoan thai im m nhn tng ch tu vo

ngi mun trnh by. c bit trng m cu phi rt ch trng v n nu bt ngi ni.Bnh thng ta c th ni vi tc trung bnh, nhng n cc t kho hay ng kho, taphi chm li, nhn mnh v r.

m lng: lc trm lc bng c kim sot, c bit ch thi m v luyn vng cctrng m cu hay t/ng kho.

Cm xc: cng truyn cm cng tt, v phong cch ny l phc v mc ch c nhn (hayi din mt t chc) nn cng khin ngi nghe ng tnh vi mnh th cng tt(motivating).Tu theo , ngi ni ho c cm xc ln ch ca mnh vo cu ni, nh

m iu khin tc v m lng theo mnh, gip cho vic biu hin (express) cci hn ca vn .

Trn y l 4 phong cch chnh trong ting Anh ni ring v cc ngn ng ni chung (kc ting Vit). Ngoi ra, cn c cc phong cch trung gian, hay kt hp gia cc phongcch trn, cc bn c th b sung thm cho a dng.

Vic phn bit cc phong cch ni theo tnh hung l rt quan trng, ngi ni c thla chon ging ni cho ph hp, nhm t kt qu l truyn t thng tin n ngi nghemt cch ti u. Hn na, cc phong cch kh khc bit, khng th b nguyn cch ni tnh hung ny vo mt tnh hung khc c.

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n y ti tm kt thc lot lan man v luyn ni m ti c kt t kinh nghim cachnh bn thn ti, t ngy chp chng hc ni ting Anh. Hi vng n s bt gio iu vc tnh thc hnh cao hn, v ti chia s vi cc bn vi t cch cng l mt ngi ang thc, hiu r hn hon cnh ca nhng ngi hc sinh, c bit nhng vng mc thng


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gp m i khi cc thy gio v trnh qu cao khng th lng c t hc tr camnh.

Tuy nhin, cc bn phi da vo chnh sc mnh, t tm ti ra phng php ca ring mnhtrong qu trnh t rn luyn, vi s h tr ca cc tham kho c lc l TV, radio hay

ngi thc vic thc. Mi l thuyt sch v ch l gio iu, ch l cn b ca ngi vit(Trang T), thc t mi l quan trng, bi v:

Mi l lun u l xm xt, ch cy i l mi mi xanh ti

PH LC 1: CC QUY TC TRNG M V PHT M THNG GP

Qua qu trnh luyn t, ti xin cung cp mt s quy tc nm na v trng m. Ti khngmun l lun nhiu nh mt s ti liu v pht m khc, m ch trng n tnh thc hnh.Thit ngh, nh cc l lun pht m lm g, ci y dnh cho cc nh nghin cu ngn

ng. Nh trc tip cc trng hp thc t cn nhanh gn v tn b nh hn.

V tr tng i ca trng m so vi cc tip/hu t (suffix) c bit

* Ghi ch:

K hiu: ### trng m chnh ,### trng m ph Thng thng, cc trng m ph c thkhng c k hiu trong mt s t in, nhng khi ni, cc trng m ph bao gi cngc c kh r. Thc cht, r nht l trng m chnh, sau l trng m ph, cn cc mcn li th c th nut i.

Quy tc: Trng m ph hu ht ng cch trng m chnh 1 m tit (trc hoc sau). Mts ngoi l ng cch 2 m tit nh: classification de,terioration

1.Cc hu/tip t (suffix) thng l Trng m:

#eer: engineer, volunteer pioneer#ese: ,Japanese ,Vietnamese#ental: en,vironmental ,continental

2.Trng m thng ng ngay trc cc hu t (suffix) sau:

#ion: ,internation compassion religion fashion #ure: adventure creature pleasure injure (hu ht p dng cho Danh t, v ving t c mt s trng hp c bit nh insure, ensurev trng m ca ng tthng nm m tit th 2)#ity: mu,nicipality ,possibility activity family


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#ogy: technology biology ,methodology#aphy: biography photography#ian: ,indonesian indian#(i)um: ,auditorium aquarium momentum, #ial: material aerial

#ative (mostly in 4 syllabled words): talkativeconservative informative (exception:quantitative, qualitative)#ive (mostly in 2 3 syllabled words): conductive progressive, active passive#ic(al): informatic technological, angelic comic#ient/ienc#: efficien t/ce/cy proficien t/cy#ual: ,individual conceptual#ious: religious delicious ambitious # ify: identify modify#ish: English demolish establish

3.Trng m thng ng cch mt m tit trc cc hu t (suffix) sau:(ng nhin ch p dng cho cc t c t 3 m tit tr ln)

Ch : Mt s hu t n thng l trng m ph, hay ch t cng c c kh r (dtrong mt s t in khng ghi k hiu (,) l trng m ph)

*#ate: certifi,cate confis,cate *#ise/ize: industria,lise visua,lize *#age: sabotage heritage*#ism/ist: ,entomologist moder,nism/ist natura,lism/ist ( (tural) b c nut thnh

mt m l (tSral) nn (na) vn coi l cch (ism) mt m tit) *#er: phyloso,pher photogra,pher interpre,ter moni,tor bache,lor.. (ngoi tr mts danh t ch ngi c to nn bi vic thm (er) vo ng t 2 m tit vn thng ctrng m m tit th 2: perform > performer hoc vi trng hp c (#ator) nhcoordi,nator coope,rator v ging trng hp cha tip t ( #ate) )*#ory/ary: preparatory vocabulary laborotory fragmentary (nhng y l quy tcyu v c nhiu trng hp trng m nm ngay trc n ch khng cch: ,satisfactory,,manufactory hay trong t ch c 3 m tit: sensory)

4. Mt s quy tc khc

i vi ng t v tnh t c 2 m tit, th trng m hu ht nm m tit th 2: importexport impact ... correct exact...

i vi danh t c 2 m tit, th trng m hu ht nm m tit th nht: exportimport impact effort...

i vi t c 4 m tit kt thc bng #ent #ence #ency #ant #ance th trng m ng


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m tit th 2: environment equivalen t/ce/cy significan t/ce...

i vi t c 3 m tit kt thc bng #ent #ence #ency th trng m thng ng mtit th 1 khi bt u c ph m: preferen t/ce consequent/ce cn ng m tit th2 khi bt u bng nguyn m (tr i) n thun (ngha l mnh nguyn m to nn m tit

th nht, khng kt hp vi ph m): emergen t/ce/cy occuren t/ce

i vi t c 2 m tit (c bit l danh t) th trng m thng nm m tit th nhtkhi c cc hu t sau: #ate, #ism/ist, #ent #er, #age, #ous: climate marxism artistpayment player manage famousPH LC 2: LAN MAN MT CHT V PHT M

1. Anh Anh v Anh M

Cc bn hc ni ting Anh thng bn khon l mnh nn theo phong cch Anh Anh (A

A)hay Anh M (A M). Thc ra theo phong cch no cng tt c, nhng mi ngi thngc xu hng snh A M hn, nh giu cng c khc nh.

Vy 2 dng ting Anh ny khc nhau nhng im no trong pht m:

Ph m (r): A M thng c r m (r) trong mi trng hp, cn A A th cm nu nkhng phi l ph m chnh. V d (sir): A M = [sr:] A A = [s]. Nhng thc ra, hu htcc dng ting Anh phng Ty nh Anh c, Anh H Lanhay c Anh c u gingA M trong trng hp ny. Ngha l ch c ting Anh thun mi ci bin th ny, cn liu rrrrrrr ht.

Ph m (o) ngn: A M c tng t nh [a] cn A A th vn l [o]. V d, (not): A M =[nat] A A = [not]

Cc nguyn m ngn khng phi trng m: trong A A, cc nguyn m nh e, a, i, o, u khi dng ngn (khc vi dng di th c k hiu ( sau phin m nh [o:], [a:]) th vnc nh thng, ngha l quy tc rt lung tung cn trong A M th c xu hng n ginho bng cch c thnh []. V d hu t (#ity) trong A A c l [ity] cn A M c l[ty] (#ful) trong A A l [ful] cn A M l [fl] (definite) trong A A [definit] cn A Mth [defnt] (certificate, n) trong A A l [stifikit] cn A M l [stifct] (contribute,v) trong A A l [cntribjut] cn A M l [cntribjut] iu ny c l v trong A M, xuhng nut m mnh hn, nn cc m tit khng phi l trng m (chnh hoc ph),thng ch c c gi ph m m nut i nguyn m. V th cc m s b bin i kiu:fi > [f() ] cate [kit] > [k()t]

Trn y l nhng im khc nhau ni bt gia 2 dng ting Anh chnh trn th gii lAnh Anh v Anh M (nu khng tnh Anh c vn b coi l hi nh qu). Tt nhin cnrt nhiu chi tit nho nh khc trong pht m nh ging iu, cch luyn Cn nu xt


15/17

mt cch ton din th ni bao nhiu cng khng ht v ng php, vn phong, cch dngt, im cu

2.Nhng li hay mc in hnh trong ni ting Anh

a.Khng phn bit khi thay i trng thi ng danh tnh:

Nh ni trn, khi bin i ng danh tnh (trng t khng tnh v n ch bin i rtnh bng cch thm ly vo cui, tr nhng tnh t bt quy tc), th chnh t ca t thngthay i, dn n s thay i ca trng m v nh mt h qu, pht m ca cng mt mtit gc cng thay i tng ng. Nhng ngi khng c luyn pht m c bn, thngmc li nh ng pht m v trng m cc m tit gc ca ng danh tnh ca cng mtt cho n n gin. Li ny c th do v tnh v khng bit, hoc do c tnh v bit nhngli nh.

Cc bn hy ch tng chi tit trong phin m ca cc v d sau:

Inform [info:m] information [,info:meiSn] informative [info:mtiv]Prefer [prif] preference [pref()rns] preferential [,pref()renS()l]Photograph [foutgraf] photograph y/er[ftogrf i/] photographic[,foutgraefik] -

Th no, chng khc nhau hi b nhiu chi tit y nh, t v tr trng m chnh v ph lnpht m???

Cc bn thy r rng l trng m thay i v tr. S d c s thay i v tr trng m bi v

khi bin ng danh tnh, cc tip/hu t thng c thm hoc bt, v s c mt ca cctip/hu t ny s tc ng n v tr ca trng m (e.g. Ph lc 1).

S thay i v tr ca trng m khi bin i trng thi ng danh tnh ca t dn n mth qu l cch pht m ca cc m tit trong t cng thay i. Thng thng, c ccquy tc tng i sau:

Khi nm trng m (chnh v ph), cc nguyn m n thng c c theo pht mthun (kh ging pht m gc Latin) ca n: a [ae] e [e] o [o] (trong A M c li thnh[a]) i [ i] u [u/ju] Cc nguyn m kp cng thng c c theo quy c: ai [ei] ee, ie[i:] ea [e:]/ [i:] D nhin, quy tc ny chim mt % kh cao, ch vn c rt nhiu trnghp chng pht m theo quy c bng ch ci nh: a [ei] trong #ation [#eiS()n] e [ i]trong ecomomic [,icnomik] o [ou] trong #otion [#ouS()n] I [ai] trong finite[fainait]

Khi khng phi l trng m, cc nguyn m n thng c khc i, o [] e [ i] a [] u[a]/ [] c bit trong A M th a s c nut m thnh [] nh ni trn. Ccnguyn m kp th thng l bt quy tc, c khi pht m theo quy c, c khi lung tung c.


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Cc bn c th thy 2 quy tc trn qua cc v d trong bi ny, hoc c th l v d sau:

Academy (n) [kaedmi] academic (a) [,aecdemik]

Ngoi ra, ngay c khi t c gi nguyn dng chnh t khi thay i trng thi th c rtnhiu trng hp v tr trng m cng thay i.

Trng hp hay gp l cc t c 2 m tit m danh v ng t nh nhau, v d: impact(n)[impaekt] impact(v) [impaekt] export(n) [ekspo:t] export(v) [ikspo:t ] record(n)[rek:d] record [riko:d] (xem 4. Mt s quy tc khc, Ph Lc 1).

Mt s trng hp gi nguyn dng khc: hu t (#ate): ng t, pht m l [#eit] vc nhn nh mt trng m ph nhng nu danh tnh t th l [#it] (A A) hay [#t] (A M) v nhn nh hn: certificate(v) [stifi,keit]/ [stif(),keit] certificate(n) [stifikit]/

[stif()kt] elaborate(v) [ilaeb,reit] elaborate(n, a) [ilaebrit]/ [ilaeb()rt].

Tuy nhin, cng c rt nhiu trng hp bt quy tc. V d trong cc t 2 m tit c danhv ng t nh nhau, th c pht m ln trng m cng nh nhau lun, v d: reportdelayTrng hp gi nguyn nh th ny c khi nhiu hn c trng hp c bin i,nn khng bit l ci no mi gi l bt quy tc.

b. Mt s trng hp c th v pht m d sai:

Hu t (#age): sai: [#eidZ] ng: [#idZ] (heritage), c bit hn l sabotage

[saebtadZ]hu t (#ate) danh hay tnh t ch c mt trng thi khng bin i: sai [#eit] ng[#it]/[#t]. v d: climate [claimit]/[claimt] hostel mate [host()lmit]/[host()lmt]affectionate [afekS()nit]/ [afekS()nt]

hu t (#able): sai [#eibl] ng [#bl]. V d: vegetable: sai [vedZteibl] ng[vedZtbl] comfortable: sai [kamfteibl] ng [[kamftbl] (ngoi l: unable[aneibl]).

#ea#: kh l bt quy tc, khi th l [#i:], khi l [#e:], c bit l bin i khi bin i trngthi ca t, v d: threat (n) [thre:d] threaten [thri:t()n] read (v) [ri:] read (qu kh)[re:d] lead (v) [li:d]: lnh o lead (n) [le:d]: ch (ng m khc ngha)

Ngoi ra, c cc t c th m thng b sai: Knowledge: sai [nouledZ] ng [no:lidZ]tomb raider: sai [tomb raid] ng [tum reid] load: sai [lwad] ng [loud] (trnghp trong tin hc) exhibition: sai [,ikshibiSn] ng [,eksibiSn]


17/17

Li cui:

V pht m, tht chun theo mt dng Anh ng chnh thng nh Anh Anh, Anh M hayAnh c th l rt tt. Tuy nhin, quy tc pht m ca ting Anh kh lung tung v tnh phcp ca n cc vng a l trn th gii, ngay c trong cng mt quc gia hay mt vng,

pht m cng bin d rt nhiu. V th, khng nht thit phi qu hon thin cho vn ny, tr phi bn cc k cu ton.

Nhng bn phi rt lu v trng m, bi v d cc vng ni ting Anh ph cp no,ting Anh cng c ni theo mt quy c trng m chung nht. y l yu t hng u ni v nghe c thng nht, trnh nghe nhm d trong iu kin no.

ban_ve_luyen_noi_tieng_anh

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