bangladesh university of engineering and technology · o tanguar haor is located in the floodplain...

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Course No.: WFM 6303

Course Title: Integrated Water Resources Management

Presented by

Group 4

Kazi Samsunnahar Mita 1015282032

Mehanaz Moshfika 1015282048

Proposition of a IWRM strategy for North

East Haor Area in Bangladesh: An

Application of Multi Criteria Analysis.

Introduction • North-East region of Bangladesh has one of the most unique

wetlands not only of Bangladesh but also of South Asia. • The Government of Bangladesh declared Tanguar Haor as an

Ecologically Critical Area in 1999 considering its critical condition as a result of overexploitation of its natural resources and declared as a Ramsar site in 2000.

• The rich biodiversity, notable occurrence of wildlife especially waterfowl is one of the most significant features that allowed this area to gain the designation as a Ramsar site.

• It directly sustains the livelihoods of over 56,000 people from 88 surrounding villages and largely contributes to the country's food production and security.

Location of Study area

Objectives of the study

The primary objectives of the study are

To conduct a situation analysis of water resources management of Bawlai river including the Tanguar haor.

To assess the degree to which IWRM principles are currently applied in management of water in the haor basin.

To develop/ improve upon Water Management Plan by incorporating IWRM principles and tools (consistent with the National Water Management Plan- NWMP).

Characteristics of Study Area

• Geography o Tanguar Haor is located in the floodplain of the Surma

River.

o Tanguar Haor lies in the northeastern part of the country adjacent to the Indian border at 25°05'-25°12' North/91°01'-91°07' East.

o Although several hundred kilometers from the sea, Tanguar Haor is located at an altitude of only 2.5-5.5 meters above sea level, and water movement is generally sluggish.

Characteristics of Study Area • Geology

Subsidence is continuing at an estimated rate of 20 mm per year.

It is observed that the soil texture varies from clay, clay loam and loam.

• Topography Study area belongs to Susang Hills & Piedmont and

Haor Basin physiographic sub-regions .

The elevation of the Tanguar Haor ranges from a maximum of 10 m to a minimum of 0.65 m PWD. The average elevation is nearly 5m PWD.

Hydrology

Besides surma and kushiyara river study area is also influenced by Dhanu,

Baulai and Jadukata Rivers.


• Water Quality Due to Deforestation in the sub-basin, Lack of sanitation,

Absence of latrines, increasing population pressure water quality is degrading day by day.

Decline in water quality has increased higher incidence of waterborne diseases, effects on fish and other aquatic lives.

Characteristics of Study Area Land and Water Resources • Fisheries

– It is one of the 'Mother Fisheries' of a total of six of the country.

– The estimated number of fish species is 141 under 35 families. The number is around half of Bangladesh's total 350 freshwater fish species.

• Freshwater swamp forest

– In swamp forests, the water table is typically very close to the surface.

– This continuous inundation gives rise to a habitat that is floristically distinct from the surrounding forests.


• Physical Infrastructure

Kanda :The villages at haor are built on elevated land, mostly artificial hillocks, locally known as kandas. Roads: The communication system in Tanguar Haor is also highly dependent on seasons. There is no permanent paved road network in the haor. Education Poor infrastructure, overwhelming poverty, poor communication system exerts challenges for the education system in Tanguar Haor, reflected to having high degree of illiteracy. Fuel and Electricity None of the village around Tanguar Haor is linked to the national electricity grid, and there are no diesel powered generators either. Even though few solar connections exist in the locality, they are mostly used by and are accessible to the rich farmers.


• Population – provides livelihood to villagers living in 88 island-

like villages which administratively falls under two Thana (police station) and 4 unions.

– Recent estimate (BBS, 2011) shows that about 35 millions people live in these four unions.

– Having dominance by Bengali people, a small quantity of 10% belongs to the Garo and Hajong ethnic minority groups .

– Depending on religion, majority of the population is Muslim (about 78%) and rest others are Hindu.


• Land use Even though agriculture and fishing are the dominant land use for this region, other practices such as forests and pastures and reed-beds are also common and provide a considerable amount of livelihood depending on season.

• Ecosystem Tanguar Haor is a hot spot for biodiversity and one of the richest areas in Bangladesh, having at least: 150 wetland plant species, 135 fish species, 11 amphibians, 34 reptiles.


• Socio-Economic Conditions

With varying sizes, the villages remain disconnected from mainland for at least six months in a year, basically in the monsoon season.

In the region, about 95% people are directly dependent on haor for their livelihood.

Surveying on 800 people, IUCN found that annual income from agriculture is less then the households engaged in fisheris/ small business holder.

Characteristics of Study Area • Water Scarcity

– Despite being a large wetland, pure drinking water is a crisis for the people in all seasons. In dry seasons, they suffer from water scarcity and in wet seasons from flooding.

– In the past, communal ponds and wells were used to fulfill drinking water demand.

– With the assistance from many development organizations and government, a considerable portion of the population is now using tube wells for drinking water. At Tanguar Haor 88.3% people have access to tube well, whereas the national average is 97%.

Characteristics of Study Area • Causes of land degradation, water pollution and ecosystem

degradation – Water pollution has become a major concern for maintaining Haor

ecosystem health. • The use of agro-chemicals, especially in ricefields, affects aquatic

organisms.

• Human excreta are another major pollutant (affect water quality, adding to eutrophication and increasing the level of coliform bacteria).

– Ecological disturbance has appeared as a problem at Tanguar Haor,

especially in the winter season when fishing activities, agriculture and livestock grazing all peaks and there is an influx of an additional several thousand fishermen to the haor, along with their families.

Extractive and Non Extractive use of Water

Extractive water use:

1. Agriculture

• Historically, the area within Haor has been a single crop area, but with the development in agricultural science and extension activities, and with the introduction of HYV rice, the cropping pattern has changed considerably.

• Almost 12.5 % of Tanguar Haor's land that dries up in winter is used for rice cultivation .

• Surface water irrigation is major source of soil moisture during dry season.


2.Domestic use • Despite being a large wetland, pure drinking water is a crisis

for the people of Tanguar Haor in all seasons. In dry seasons, they suffer from water scarcity and in wet seasons from flooding.

• At Tanguar Haor 88.3% people have access to tube well, whereas the national average is 97% .

• Only 10.7% of the household or 11.6% of the people have access to sanitary latrines (there is strong doubt whether the water-sealed sanitary latrines are at all functional in these villages).

• 77% defecate directly to the local rivers, canals and creeks using bamboo-made, or semi-open or open latrines.


Non Extractive use

1. Fisheries Resources

• Tanguar Haor contributes about 14% of total fish production of Sunamganj District and about 0.67% of National Fish production.

2. Livestock & Ducks

• Approximately 1,000-1,500 head of cattle and a small number of buffalo are kept in the haor area during most of the year. In the past, their numbers used to be greater, but these have dropped since 1993, when the leaseholder of Tanguar Haor imposed fees for the fattening of cattle in the haor of up to Tk. 10,000-12,000 per 100 head for one season.

• Domestic duck are widely kept in the haor and their numbers are estimated to be in the range of 10,000-20,000. Since 1993, the leaseholder of Tanguar Haor has imposed a fee of Tk. 3,000(about US$ 60) per 100 ducks per season, for keeping these animals in the haor's waterways and beels.

Existing Water Management Projects • Flood Risk Reduction Activities in Sunamganj

(FRRAS), Phase -II

Project Goal & Objectives:

The overall goal of the project is to reduce the vulnerability to flash floods and improved food security for affected communities in Sunamganj.

Project Location: Project has covered six sub-districts of the Sunamganj District namely Derai, Sulla, Jamalganj, Tahirpur, Dharmapasha and Daskin Sunamganj.

Implementing Agency: BWDB, Local Government and local administration and CBOs

Project Duration: December 2006 – 31 March 2010

• Project outcome – The greatest achievement of the project was found in

safeguarding the only crop Boro of the local community by protecting land from the damage of flashflood.

– Creating opportunity for employment and income generation

– Reducing the problem of water logging and farmer can plant & harvest paddy timely and effective manner.

– Increasing the conveyance capacity of drainage channels, elongate the time of flood and also reducing the magnitude of flashflood.

– Facilitating fish migration, fish spawning and creating opportunity for livelihood on particularly fishing.

Community Based Resource Management

Project

• Objectives of the project: The main objectives of the project are to:

– Increase the assets and income of 90000 households by developing self-managing grass-roots organizations to improve beneficiary access to primary resources, employment and credit.

• Project Area: Nine Upazilas of Sunamganj district (Sunamganj Sadar, Dakhin/south Sunamganj, Biswambarpur, Jamalganj, Tahirpur, Derai, Sullah, Dharmapasha, and Dowarabazar.)

• Implementation period: The project is for 12 years started in January 2003 and ended in June 2014.

• Outcome:

– A good number of targeted people have been mobilized, trained and brought under savings and credit, where maximum are women.

– Water and sanitation situation have been improved by installing tube-wells and latrines.

– Production has been increased by introducing improved varieties of crops and livestock.

Community Based Sustainable Management of Tanguar Haor

• Goal: To establish a co-management system and functional

for conservation, stabilization and sustainable use of the natural resources of Tanguar Haor that generates opportunities for significant improvements in the livelihoods of rural communities and contributes to the costs incurred by management .

• Project location: Tanguar Haor, Sunamgonj • Implementing Agency: The Ministry of Environment

and Forest through the IUCN Bangladesh Country Office.

• Project Duration: 2009 to 2015 as per project document.

Community Based Sustainable Management of Tanguar Haor

• Outcome • Outcome 1: Communities have capacity to negotiate,

manage and use the natural resources for better livelihood.

• Outcome 2: A well functioning co-management body composed of the state, local government and communities manages the Tanguar Haor following the wise use principle of Ramsar.

• Outcome 3: The Communities of the TH have Improved Livelihoods and Increased Income.

Master Plan of Haor Area

• Objective: The objectives of the Master Plan are to develop the resources of the area as rapidly as possible so as to promote the welfare of the people, provide adequate living standards, social services, and opportunity, and aim at the widest and most equitable distribution of income and resources.

• Implementing Agency: The Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board (BHWDB) has taken the initiative to prepare a comprehensive Master Plan with a view to preserve, protect and restore the eco-system as well as protect the people of this area from natural disasters and improve the livelihood of poor people.

• Implemenation period: Water resource related project will be implemented within 2021/2022

• Short Term: 1-5 years (from 2012/13 to 2016/17) ,

• Medium Term: 6-10 years (from 2017/18 to 2021/22),

Estimated implementation period of water resources related project

Master Plan of Haor Area

• Expected Outcome:

• Haor Master Plan offers the opportunity for developing a long term vision on the future governance of natural resources in the haor area and utilizing limited public and private resources more effectively through multiple objective oriented development projects.

Small Scale Projects

• Besides these large scale projects and plans, many small scale projects had been initiated in the study area by BWDB to fulfill locals demand.

• At Tanguar Haor, Among 40.91 km submersible embankment, BWDB rehabilitated 36.51 km. Also 3 pipe sluice and 2 regulator has been rehabilitate along with construction of a new regulator. Besides two cross dams have been constructed to protect crops during flash flood and water logging.

Problems Respondent’s opinion

Percent Rank

Damage of road communication due to flash flood 90 1

Damage of house and crops due to flash flood 86 2

Outbreak of different types of diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, fever etc.

during flood and after recession of flood water

76 3

Loss of crop production due to hail storm and cyclones 70 4

Unavailability of drinking water during flood and drought 66 5

Death of human and animals due to flood 60 6

Damage of rice and winter crops due to high pest infestation during Mid

January to Mid April

58 7

Embargo in fishing by government agencies 46 8

Lack of sanitary/ latrine facilities due to pollution of haor water 40 9

Lack of technical knowledge for crop production 28 10

Decrease of homestead area 18 11

Lack of capital 16 12

High management cost 12 13

Sudden extreme climatic event like drought, storm, excess rainfall, water

logging etc.

8 14

Identification of Problems

Source: Uddin MR., 2015

Multi Criteria Analysis

Define goals and objective

Goal: To create disaster resilient environment for achieving sustainable growth toward modern economy without harming the environmental balance. Objectives: Reduce impacts of disasters on local livelihood. Preserve and protect the ecosystems of wetland. Improve social and economic condition of people.

Suggestions Respondent’s opinion

Percent Rank

Multipurpose shelters establishment (like flood/disaster shelter, school,

community clinic, market, etc.) and new accommodation for community people,

security personnel, tourists etc. during disaster.

88 1

Infrastructure development (such as building roads and sub-

mergiblepucca/concrete embankments, protection walls, dredging, etc.)

80 2

Availability of early rice variety and training on production techniques such as

IPM (Integrated Pest management)

78 3

Dredging of adjacent rivers for easy water flow 64 4

Ecosystem friendly tree plantation (such as Hijal and Karoch, reeds) 56 5

Awareness creation for conservation of fish, birds, swamp forest etc. 50 6

Protection of water from pollution 46 7

Building mounds (killa) for livestock shelter during disasters 34 8

Alternate income generating opportunities such as ‘Ecotourism facilities/ service

provides (guiding to tourist)

30 9

Selection of Strategies

Source: Uddin MR., 2015

Strategy 1: Land use zoning Strategy 2: Early warning of flood and flash flood and shelters establishment Strategy 3: Reintroduce flood tolerant crop Strategy 4: Reconstruction of submersible embankment (Increasing height) with existing cropping pattern Strategy 5: Do Nothing

Selection of Strategies

Selection of Criteria/Indicators Objective Criteria/ Indicator Weight

Economic and social condition of

life

Regional Income 0.18

Foreign Currency earning 0.05

Employment 0.31

Nutrition 0.175

Sanitation 0.07

Education 0.07

Public health 0.075

Access to public property 0.07

Protect Environment and

Biodiversity

Change in Indicator flora 0.2

Change in Indicator fauna 0.2

Nutrients in soil 0.2

Groundwater recharge 0.2

Quality of surface water 0.2

Disaster resilient environment Loss reduction in agricultural production 0.22

Loss reduction in fisheries production 0.2

Reduction in no. of death due to disaster 0.3

Migration 0.1

Public infrastructure development 0.18

Construct analysis conditions

Scenarios Scenario one: Upstream intervention in watercourse by India lead to less inflow in Bangladesh. This phenomenon will cause severe erosion to downstream (Bangladesh). Scenario two: Climate change impact will lead rise in temperature and rainfall, would lead to more devastating flash flood and flood in terms of intensity and duration. Scenario three: Existing current condition of the area.

Constraints

World market prices Climate change (Magnitude and intensity of flood may increase) Livelihood change Crop pattern change Migration (employment opportunity) Population growth Political influence Conflict between local livelihood People’s acceptance of new adaptation choices Lack of waste management facility (household, industrial) Upstream intervention

Calculation

Step one: For a particular scenario, all the indicator has been assigned values between 0 to 100 (As per judgments for different strategies). Step two: All the assigned values to indicators has been standardized using following formula :

Step three: By multiplying weightage with standardized value we’ve got score of each objective. Step four: Lastly, for ranking the proposed strategies, score of three objective has been summed up.

Results of Multi-criteria Analysis

Selected Strategies

Objective

Land use

zoning

Early warning

of flash flood

and shelters

establishment

Reintroduce

flood tolerant

crop

Reconstruction of

submersible

embankment with

existing cropping

pattern

Do

Nothing

Economic and

social condition of

life 0.6557 0.97433 0.6491 0.71877 0.57291

Protect

Environment and

Biodiversity 0.9143 0.4905 0.6167 0.4881 0.662

Disaster resilient

environment 0.6441 0.91 0.62644 0.71411 0.32568

Sum 2.2141 2.37483 1.89224 1.92098 1.56059

Rank 2 1 4 3 5

Scenario 1: Upstream diversion of water

Results of Multi-criteria Analysis

Scenario 2:More intense flash flood due to climate change

Selected Strategies

Objective

Land use

zoning

Early warning

of flash flood

and shelters

establishment

Reintroduce

flood tolerant

crop

Reconstruction of

submersible

embankment with

existing cropping

pattern Do Nothing

Economic and

social

condition of

life 0.65571 0.974333 0.6491 0.7188 0.5729

Protect

Environment

and

Biodiversity 1 0.593333 0.73333 0.5166667 0.5566667

Disaster

resilient

environment 0.634285 0.91 0.577619 0.68381 0.28095

Sum

2.289995 2.477666 1.960049 1.9192767 1.4105167

Rank 2 1 3 4 5

Results of Multi-criteria Analysis Scenario 3:Existing condition

Objective

Land use

zoning

Early warning

of flash flood

and shelters

establishment

Reintroduce

flood tolerant

crop

Reconstruction of

submersible

embankment with

existing cropping

pattern Do Nothing

Economic and

social condition

of life 0.7 0.97433 0.8705 0.8959 0.7796

Protect

Environment and

Biodiversity 0.7723 0.6762 0.6284 0.67733 0.522

Disaster resilient

environment 0.6441 0.91 0.62644 0.71411 0.32568

Sum

2.1164 2.56053 2.12534 2.28734 1.62728

Rank

4 1 3 2 5

Performance measuring indicator in water resources management economic and social condition of local people following indicators can be used: Regional income Employment Nutrition Access to resource disaster resilient environment following indicators can be used: Increase/reduction of affected area and population Economic loss during natural hazards No. of death of people during and after water related disaster biological and environmental indicators could be used in biodiversity monitoring(Sobhan, I. et al, 2012): Dominant plant species (for Tanguar Haor i.e. Hijal, Singra, Nal etc.) Bird species (for Tanguar Haor Purple Swamphen, Pallas's Fish Eagle, Ferruginous Pochard, Oriental Darter etc.). Fish (Rohu fish) Freshwater mollusks (Apple Snail) Ground water recharge Surface water quality

Key Findings

Early warning of flash flood and shelters establishment has got maximum prioritization which is similar to the demand of local people. Land use zoning is also good for scenario one (u/s diversion of water) and two (more intense flash flood due to climate change). Land use zoning helps to optimize the use of resources and hinders over-extraction. Reintroducing flood tolerant crop can be a suitable adaptation strategy. But as the current yield of flood tolerant crops is very low it is less preferred. If high yield flood tolerant crops can be introduced in the haor area, it will lessen necessity of structural intervention.

Conclusions

Conclusions • Step of Implementation The steps of implementation would vary depending upon the option. Nevertheless, there are a few steps mostly of a general nature, which will be required irrespective of the option selected.

• Early warning of flash flood : Early warning of floods and flash

flood is highly prioritized in all considered scenarios. So, irrespective of adapted management plan, early waning of floods should be added as component of management plan.

• Field surveys to identify affected groups, assess their needs and develop proper compensation measures.

• Field surveys to identify technical issues for preparing detailed designs and cost estimates.

bangladesh university of engineering and technology · o tanguar haor is located in the floodplain...

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