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Test BankChapter Four

True/False

The Strategic Importance of Learning and Perception, pages 131-133

1. At VF Asia, learning goals are tied into individual performance evaluations and to the strategic goals of the organization.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 132

AACSB Tier 1: Diversity AACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Knowledge

2.At VF Asia, associate learning, development, and knowledge sharing are some of the crucial drivers of the VF Corporation’s new strategy.Answer: True Difficulty: Hard Page: 131


3.Continuous learning based on trying new things plays a critical role in an organization’s capability to gain and sustain a competitive advantage.

Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 133AACSB Tier 1: Diversity AACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Knowledge

Fundamental Learning Principles, pages 133-141

4.Learning refers to relatively temporary changes in human capabilities that occur as a result of experience rather than a natural growth process.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 133

AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics Blooms: Comprehension

5. Learning is defined as a process through which individuals maintain their behavior based on positive or negative experiences in a situation.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 133

AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics Blooms: Comprehension

6. Intellectual skills can be considered a learning outcome.

Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 133AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Comprehension

7.An example of learning is when past experience with a particular situation affects future behavior when the situation occurs again. Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 134

AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Comprehension

8.Learning is driven by experience with a particular situation.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 134

AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Knowledge

9.Very few behaviors exhibited by associates and managers are intentional.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 134


10. Operant conditioning theory and social learning theory can both be used to explain learning.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 134


11. Behaviorists adopted the position that all behavior is the result of simple conditioning.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 134

AACSB Tier 1: Diversity AACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Comprehension

12. B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist who believed that people don’t need to think to learn.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 134

AACSB Tier 1: Diversity AACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Comprehension13. The Social Learning Theory was developed by Albert Bandura.

Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 134


14. The Social Learning Theory accepts the idea that higher mental processes are extremely irrelevant in human learning.Answer: False Difficulty: Hard Page: 134

AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: comprehension

15. The Social Learning Theory states that humans do not need to directly experience a particular situation to develop some understanding of the behaviors that are rewarded in that situation.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 134


16. The following is an example of positive reinforcement: if working harder and smarter removes the frown from a manager’s face, then an associate may attempt to work harder and smarter.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 135


17. Punishment results when the introduction of a negative consequence results in the individual being less likely to repeat the behavior.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 135


18. Punishment is a form of negative reinforcement.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 135


19. Waiting for a considerable amount of time before punishing an individual’s undesirable behavior is optimal when trying to extinguish that behavior.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 135


20. Delivering a punishment in an objective fashion is optimal when trying to extinguish an individual’s undesirable behavior.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 136


21. Optimally, managers should listen to the offending party’s explanation before taking any disciplinary action.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 136


22. The crash of a Korean Air 747 can be partly attributed to heavy-handed punishment delivered by captains for unwanted subordinate input.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 136

AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics, Group DynamicsBlooms: Analysis

23. It is difficult to use extinction unless a manager has full control over all reinforcing consequences.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 136


24. A reinforcement schedule in which a reward does not occur after each instance of a behavior or set of behaviors is termed a spontaneous reinforcement schedule.Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Page: 138


25. A continuous reinforcement schedule occurs when a reward is given after each instance of a behavior or set of behaviors.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 138


26. Extinction is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is followed by the presence of a previously encountered positive consequence.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 136


27. The Social Learning Theory rejects the idea that learning can also occur by anticipating consequences of others’ behavior or by modeling others.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 139


28. The Social Learning Theory proposes that people also learn by observing others.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 140


29. Basketball players are reinforced through a variable ratio schedule each time they make a basket.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 139


30. A variable ratio reinforcement schedule occurs when a reinforcement is introduced after the desired behavior has occurred a fixed number of times.Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Page: 139


31. Although the fixed-ratio schedule can produce a reasonably high rate of desired behavior, it can also result in a short period immediately following reinforcement when the desired behavior does not occur.Answer: True Difficulty: Hard Page: 139


32. Overlearning means that performing the new behavior takes a lot of conscious thought so that the performance becomes automatic.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 141


33. The concept of self-efficacy is part of the Operant Conditioning Theory.Answer: False ` Difficulty: Medium Page: 140


34. Self-Efficacy is an individual’s belief that he or she will be able to perform a specific task in a given situation.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 140


35. Employee motivation to learn is not increased when employees understand why what they are learning is important.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 141


36. Associates need to use the experiences of others as the basis for learning.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 141


37. Research has revealed that feedback to employees can facilitate their learning process.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 141


Training and Enhancing the Performance of Associates, pages 141-148

38. OB Mod stands for Organizational Behavior ModerationAnswer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 142


39. The basic goal of OB Mod is to improve task performance.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 142


40. OB Mod is also referred to as performance management.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 142


41. PIGS stands for productive, immediate, goal-oriented, and situational feedback.Answer: False Difficulty: Hard Page: 144


42. OB Mod research reveals that performance improvements tend to be greater in manufacturing organizations than in service organizations.Answer: True Difficulty: Hard Page: 144


43. For jobs that are simple and routine OB Mod tends to be less effective.Answer: False Difficulty: Hard Page: 144

AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Analysis

44. OB Mod research reveals that performance feedback coupled with social reinforcements can be as effective as feedback coupled with monetary reinforcers.Answer: True Difficulty: Hard Page: 144


45. A simulation may be a useful tool for understanding the effects of a potential action.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 144


46. Although simulations are important they typically represent complex models of reality.Answer: False Difficulty: Hard Page: 145


47. A failure that does not result in learning is a mistake.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 146


48. A failure that results in learning is an unintelligent mistake.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 146


49. Learning from failure and OB Mod are ways that organizations can train their associates.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 148


50. “We are ladies and gentlemen serving ladies and gentlemen,” is the credo of the Four Seasons Hotel.Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Page: 147


51. Perception is comprised of eight basic stages.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 149


52. The first stage of perception is sensing various characteristics of a person, task or event.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 149


53. Impaired hearing can affect perception.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 149


54. The Halo Effect is considered a problem in the person perception process.

Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 152AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Knowledge

55. Research has revealed that an individual’s perceptions of another person cannot be influenced by his own internal states or emotions.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 150


56. The perceptual process is influenced by factors associated with both the perceiver and the general situation.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 150


57. People hold implicit person theories which are others’ theories about what personality traits and abilities occur together and how these attributes are manifested in behavior.Answer: False Difficulty: Hard Page: 152


58. Those people who believe that people cannot change are called entity theorists.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 152


59. The Halo Effect occurs when a person makes a specific assessment of another person and then uses this specific impression to interpret everything the person does.Answer: False Difficulty: Hard Page: 152


60. Assuming that most other people have the same values and beliefs as we do is known as projecting.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 152


61. A perception problem in which an individual bases perceptions about members of a particular group on a generalized set of beliefs is known as false belief.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 152


62. It is well documented that people associate those who are physically attractive with negative qualities and those who are unattractive with positive qualities.Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Page: 153


63. The process of deciding what caused a behavior is known as discernment.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 154


64. Interpreting another person’s behavior as being caused by internal or external factors depends upon our perceptions of the consistency, consensus and diligence associated with the behavior.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 154-155


65. When an individual attributes the behavior of others to internal rather than external causes, he or she is making what is called the “fundamental attribution error.”Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Page: 156


66. When an individual attributes their own successes to external factors and their failures to internal factors, he or she is using a “self-serving bias.”Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 156


67. An example of a self-serving bias was the Great Bear Wilderness rescue team blaming the crash survivors for the team’s failure to realize there had been survivors.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 157

AACSB Tier 1: Diversity

AACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Comprehension

68. Factors such as age, intelligence and gender have been found to influence perceptions of tasks.Answer: True Difficulty: Medium Page: 157


69. Task perception does not seem to be related to job satisfaction.Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Page: 157


Short Answer


70. Learning is fully __________ into the culture at VF Asia Ltd. Answer: integrated Difficulty: Medium Page: 132


71. The redevelopment of VF Asia Ltd.’s learning and development strategy illustrates the importance of learning to the overall ________ goals of the organization. Answer: strategic Difficulty: Medium Page: 132


72. To be competitive in the twenty-first century an organization must have associates and managers who can effectively ________ and _________.Answer: Learn and grow Difficulty: Hard Page: 133



73. Learning is defined as a process through which individuals ________ their behavior based on positive or negative experiences in a situation.

Answer: change Difficulty: Easy Page: 133AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics Blooms: Knowledge

74. Learning refers to relatively ___________changes in human capabilities as a result of experience.Answer: permanent Difficulty: Medium Page: 133


75. Specific outcomes associated with learning include verbal information, intellectual or motor skills, attitudes, cognitive strategies, and _________.Answer: new behaviors Difficulty: Medium Page: 133


76. _________Theory was developed by Albert Bandura.Answer: The Social Learning Difficulty: Medium Page: 134


77. ____________ was a behaviorist researcher who applied the concepts of operant conditioning theory to human behavior.Answer: B.F. Skinner Difficulty: Medium Page: 134


78. When behavior results in the introduction of a negative consequence, individuals are less likely to repeat the behavior. This is called _________.Answer: Punishment Difficulty: Medium Page: 135


79. Effective use of punishment in an organization includes _________ to the offending party’s explanation before taking action.Answer: listening Difficulty: Medium Page: 136


80. The textbook attributed the crash of a Korean Air 747 in part to ___________.Answer: heavy-handed punishment delivered by captains for unwanted subordinate input. Difficulty: Hard Page: 136

AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Analysis

81. The simplest schedule of reinforcement is the ___________schedule.Answer: continuous Difficulty: Medium Page: 138


82. When a reinforcement becomes available after a variable period of time it is termed a ________________schedule of reinforcement.Answer: variable interval Difficulty: Easy Page: 139


83. According to the ____________Theory, people also learn by observing others.Answer: Social Learning Difficulty: Medium Page: 139


84. An individual’s belief that he or she will be able to perform a specific task in a given situation is termed______________.Answer: Self-efficacy Difficulty: Easy Page: 140


85. ____________means that performing the new behavior takes little conscious thought, so that the performance becomes automatic.Answer: Overlearning Difficulty: Easy Page: 141



86. ___________is a formal procedure focused on improving task performance through positive reinforcement of desired behaviors and extinction of undesired behaviors.Answer: OB Mod Difficulty: Easy Page: 142

AACSB Tier 1: Diversity

AACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Knowledge

87. PIGS stands for ____________________ feedback.Answer: Positive, immediate, graphic, and specific Difficulty: Hard Page: 144


88. OB Mod research reveals that performance improvement tends to be greater in _____________organizations.Answer: manufacturing Difficulty: Hard Page: 144


89. A ________________is a representation of a real system that allows associates and managers to try various actions and receive feedback on the consequences of those actions.Answer: simulation Difficulty: Easy Page: 146


90. Simulations represent _________models of reality.Answer: simplified Difficulty: Medium Page: 146


91. “We are ladies and gentlemen serving ladies and gentlemen” is the credo of the ______________hotel.Answer: Ritz-Carlton Difficulty: Easy Page: 147


92. People hold __________theories which are personal theories about what personality traits and abilities occur together and how these attributes are manifested in behavior.Answer: implicit person Difficulty: Medium Page: 152


93. The _________effect occurs when a person makes a general assessment of another person and then uses this general impression to interpret everything that the person does.Answer: halo Difficulty: Medium Page: 152


94. Assuming that most other people have the same values and beliefs as we do is known as ________.Answer: projecting Difficulty: Easy Page: 152


95. When an individual bases perceptions about members of a group on a generalized set of beliefs about the characteristics of the group. __________can occur.Answer: stereotyping Difficulty: Medium Page: 152


96. The process of deciding what caused the behavior is known as ________.Answer: attribution Difficulty: Medium Page: 154


97. The __________occurs when an individual attributes the behavior of others to internal rather than to external causes.Answer: fundamental attribution error Difficulty: Easy Page: 156


98. When we attribute our own successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors we are making what is called_______________.Answer: a self-serving bias Difficulty: Medium Page: 156


99. Those people who believe that people cannot change are called________.Answer: Entity Theorists Difficulty: Medium Page: 152

AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics

Blooms: Knowledge

Multiple Choice


100. VF Asia’s unique approach to ____________ has certainly paid off.A) learningB) compensationC) hiringD) motivationE) both B and CAnswer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 132-133

AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics, StrategyBlooms: Comprehension

101. Learning processes help VF Asia tie individual training, development, performance evaluation, and rewards to the overall ____________ of the organization.A) strategic goalsB) goal orientationC) strategic visionD) both B and CE) financial performanceAnswer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 132

AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics, StrategyBlooms: Knowledge

102. To be competitive, organizations must have associates and managers who can effectivelyA) learnB) growC) compensate othersD) discernE) both A and BAnswer: E Difficulty: Hard Page: 133



103. Newly hired associates bring their own unique experiences, perceptions, and __________, with them into the organization.

A) ways of behavingB) tasksC) coping mechanismsD) ideasE) none of the aboveAnswer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 133


104. Learning refers to relatively ________changes in human capabilities.A) permanentB) temporaryC) intermittentD) both B and CE) Both A and BAnswer: A Difficulty: Easy Page: 133


105. Which of the following can be an outcome of learning?A) attitudesB) cognitive strategiesC) verbal informationD) intellectual skillsE) all of the aboveAnswer: E Difficulty: Medium Page: 133


106. Learning is driven by experience with a ________situation.A) generalB) temporaryC) intermittentD) specificE) both B and CAnswer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 133


107. __________traces its roots back to a set of famous experiments involving cats, dogs and other animals in the late 1800s.A) Social learning theory

B) Conditioning theoryC) Operant conditioning theoryD) Social conditioning theoryE) Self perception theoryAnswer: C Difficulty: Easy Page: 134


108. ____________proposed that all human learning is the result of simple conditioning.A) BehavioristsB) Social learning theoristsC) Self perception theoristsD) Both B and CE) None of the aboveAnswer: A Difficulty: Easy Page: 134


109. The Social Learning Theory was developed by:A) Daryl BemB) B. F. SkinnerC) Albert BanduraD) William MasonE) Hugo TreanorAnswer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 134


110. Punishment differs from ____________in that an undesirable consequence is introduced rather than removed.A) positive reinforcementB) negative reinforcementC) continuous reinforcementD) intermittent reinforcementE) variable reinforcementAnswer: B Difficulty: Hard Page: 135


111. When behavior results in the introduction of a negative consequence, individuals are less likely to repeat the behavior. This is called______.A) discernment

B) extinctionC) punishmentD) reinforcementE) a reinforcement scheduleAnswer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 135


112. The crash of the Korean Air 747 was partly attributed to:A) reinforcementB) extinctionC) punishmentD) a reinforcement scheduleE) discernmentAnswer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 137


113. Organizations may desire to extinguish dysfunctional behavior by removing its reinforcing consequences. This procedure is called:A) extinctionB) punishmentC) internal punishmentD) interval reinforcementE) intermittent reinforcementAnswer: A Difficulty: Easy Page: 136


114. The four types of reinforcement contingencies used by organizations to change employee behavior are:A) extinction, negative consequences, positive reinforcement, punishmentB) positive reinforcement, punishment, extermination, negative reinforcement C) internal punishment, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinctionD) positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, extinctionE) none of the aboveAnswer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 135-136


115. A manager attempting to increase the likelihood of an employee repeating a desired behavior should use either positive reinforcement or ____________.

A) punishmentB) negative reinforcement C) extinctionD) encouragementE) none of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 135


116. A manager attempting to decrease the likelihood of an employee repeating an undesired behavior should use either punishment or ____________.A) punishmentB) negative reinforcement C) extinctionD) encouragementE) none of the aboveAnswer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 135-136


117. The simplest schedule of reinforcement is:A) intermittent B) continuous C) temporaryD) intervalE) variableAnswer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 138


118. ___________is often used to maintain learned behavior.A) Continuous reinforcementB) Intermittent reinforcementC) Temporary reinforcementD) Interval reinforcementE) None of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: Hard Page: 138


119. When reinforcement becomes available after a variable period of time, this is referred to as:

A) Variable ratio reinforcementB) Fixed ratio reinforcementC) Variable interval reinforcementD) Fixed intermittent reinforcementE) Variable intermittent reinforcementAnswer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 139


120. The variable ratio schedule is very common in:A) baseballB) softballC) basketball D) fishingE) All of the aboveAnswer: E Difficulty: Hard Page: 139


121. Social Learning Theory posits that learning occurs through the mental processing of:A) thoughtsB) situationsC) informationD) ratiosE) specificsAnswer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 139


122. According to the ____________people also learn by observing others.A) Social Learning TheoryB) Operant Conditioning TheoryC) Behaviorist TheoryD) Freudian TheoryE) Both C and DAnswer: A Difficulty: Easy Page: 139


123. The concept of self-efficacy is part of the _________theory.A) Social Learning Theory

B) Operant Conditioning TheoryC) Behaviorist TheoryD) Freudian TheoryE) Both C and DAnswer: A Difficulty: Easy Page: 140


124. When associates have high self-efficacy toward a particular task, they believe that they will:A) perform poorlyB) perform wellC) perform below the normsD) perform it efficientlyE) none of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: Easy Page: 140


125. Overlearning means that performing the new behavior takes ______thought.A) little subconsciousB) little consciousC) a lot of subconsciousD) a lot of conscious E) none of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: Hard Page: 141


126. __________means that performing the new behavior takes little conscious thought, so that the performance becomes automatic.A) OverlearningB) UnderlearningC) Rapid learningD) Intermittent learningE) Conscious learningAnswer: A Difficulty: Easy Page: 141


127. In addition to consequences and observation, other conditions that facilitate adult learning include all of the following except:

A) Understanding why learning the new behavior or material is importantB) Being able to apply what is being learnedC) Being able to substitute one’s experience for learningD) Being able to practice what is being learnedE) Being given feedbackAnswer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 141



128. As highlighted in the text, three learning methods organizations use to train and enhance the performance of associates are:A) OB Mod, simulations, learning from failureB) Empowerment, performance management, learning from failureC) Performance management, simulations, learning from failureD) OB Mod, experimentation, simulationsE) Both A and C are correctAnswer: E Difficulty: Medium Page: 142


129. OB Mod stands for:F)Organization Behavioral ModerationG) Organization Betterment ManagementH) Organization Behavior ModificationI) Organization Betterment ModificationJ) Organization Behavior ManagementAnswer: C Difficulty: Hard Page: 142


130. OB Mod is also referred to as:A) Management trainingB) Management motivationC) Performance managementD) Reinforcement managementE) Extinction managementAnswer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 142


131. PIGS stands for ___________ feedback.A) Partial, immediate, gradual, specificB) Partial, intermediate, gradual, specificC) Positive, immediate, graphic, specificD) Positive, immediate, gradual, sporadicE) Partial, intermediate, graphic, sporadicAnswer: C Difficulty: Hard Page: 144


132. OB Mod research reveals that performance improvements tend to be greater in:A) service organizationsB) sports organizationsC) educational organizationsD) manufacturing organizationsE) food organizationsAnswer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 144


133. OB Mod tends to be less effective in:A) service organizationsB) sports organizationsC) educational organizationsD) manufacturing organizationsE) food organizationsAnswer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 144


134. ________is a representation of a real system that allow associates and managers to try various actions and receive feedback on the consequences of those actions.A) A simulationB) OB ModC) OD ModD) A reinforcement modelE) An intermittent modelAnswer: A Difficulty: Easy Page: 146


135. Simulations represent __________models of reality.

A) complexB) simplifiedC) temporaryD) permanentE) inexperiencedAnswer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 146


136. A failure that does not result in learning is ______.A) wrongB) a mistakeC) a learning errorD) a correction errorE) a correction tendencyAnswer: B Difficulty: Easy Page: 146


137. A failure that results in learning is a(n):A) temporary failureB) permanent failureC) mistakeD) intelligent failureE) none of the aboveAnswer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 146


138. Organizations can train associates through:A) OB ModB) Learning from failureC) SimulationsD) Both A and BE) All of the aboveAnswer: E Difficulty: Medium Page: 142-146


139. “We are Ladies and Gentlemen serving Ladies and Gentlemen,” is the credo from:A) the Fours Season HotelB) the Aman Hotel Chain

C) The Ritz-Carlton HotelD) The Beverly Wilshire HotelE) The St. Regis HotelAnswer: C Difficulty: Easy Page: 147


140. _____can affect perception.A) Impaired hearingB) Impaired sightC) Prescribed medicationsD) AlcoholE) All of the aboveAnswer: E Difficulty: Medium Page: 149


141. An individual’s perceptions of another person can be influenced by his own:A) internal statesB) emotionsC) moodD) both B and CE) All of the aboveAnswer: E Difficulty: Medium Page: 149-150


142. Implicit person theories are ____________theories about what personality traits and abilities occur together and how these attributes are manifested in behavior.A) specificB) generalC) personalD) others’E) none of the aboveAnswer: C Difficulty: Hard Page: 152


143. The halo effect occurs when a person makes a _______ assessment of another person and then uses this impression to interpret everything the person does.A) specificB) general

C) personalD) impersonalE) probableAnswer: B Difficulty: Hard Page: 152


144. The ____________________occurs when a person makes a general assessment of another person and then uses this impression to interpret everything the person does.A) Fundament Attribution ErrorB) Social Learning TheoryC) Operant Condition TheoryD) Halo EffectE) Self-Serving BiasAnswer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 152


145. ________believe that people cannot change.A) Entity TheoristsB) Operant TheoristsC) Social Learning TheoristsD) Self Perception TheoristsE) Self Bias TheoristsAnswer: A Difficulty: Easy Page: 152


146. Assuming that most other people have the same values and beliefs as we do is known as:A) stereotypingB) prejudgingC) predisposingD) projectingE) none of the aboveAnswer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 152


147. When an individual bases perceptions about members of a group on a set of generalized ideas about that group of people ________can occur.A) a reinforcement schedule

B) projectingC) stereotypingD) discernmentE) Both A and BAnswer: C Difficulty: Easy Page: 152


148. It is well documented that people associate those who are physically _________ with positive qualities and those who are unattractive with negative qualities.A) orientedB) attractiveC) fitD) unattractiveE) activeAnswer: B Difficulty: Easy Page: 153


149. The less control we perceive ourselves to have over events, the more likely we are to become:A) motivatedB) reinforcedC) despondentD) overlearnedE) underlearnedAnswer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 156


150. The process of deciding what caused a behavior is known as:A) attributionB) overlearningC) perceptionD) internal perceptionE) external perceptionAnswer: A Difficulty: Easy Page: 154


151. When making internal-external attributions we depend on___________ associated with the behavior.

A) consistencyB) consensusC) distinctivenessD) All of the aboveE) None of the aboveAnswer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 155


152. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we attribute the behavior of others to ___rather than ____causes.A) external; internalB) internal; externalC) consistent; temporaryD) temporary; consistentE) none of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 156


153. The self-serving bias occurs when we attribute our own success to ______factors and our failures to _______causes.A) external; internalB) internal; externalC) consistent; temporaryD) temporary; consistentE) none of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 156


154. An example of an internal factor with regard to the self-serving bias would be:A) hard workB) a difficult taskC) bad luckD) Both B and CE) All of the aboveAnswer: A Difficulty: Hard Page: 154

AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Comprehension155. An example of an external factor with regard to the self-serving bias would be:

A) hard workB) a difficult taskC) bad luckD) Both B and CE) All of the aboveAnswer: D Difficulty: Hard Page: 154-155


156. All of the following are used when making an attribution of behavior EXCEPT:A) the consistency of the behaviorB) the consensus of the behaviorC) the distinctiveness of the behaviorD) the temporary state of the behaviorE) none of the aboveAnswer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 155


157. Overweight women earning 7 to 30 percent less than normal weight women performing at the same level in the same jobs is an example of the influence of ____________ errors.A) ConsistentB) DiscernmentC) TemporaryD) PerceptualE) LearningAnswer: D Difficulty: Hard Page: 153


158. Falsely believing that other persons share our beliefs can lead to _________behavior.A) ineffectiveB) effectiveC) timidD) aggressiveE) positiveAnswer: A Difficulty: Hard Page: 152


159. Those theorists who believe that a person’s behavior can change are known as:A) entity theoristsB) incremental theoristsC) social learning theoristsD) conditioning theoristsE) operant theoristsAnswer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 152


160. The perceptual process is influenced by factors associated with:A) the perceiverB) the general situationC) the consistent situationD) the inconsistent situationE) Both A and BAnswer: E Difficulty: Medium Page: 152


161. Which of the following is considered a problem in the person perception process?A) implicit person theoriesB) the halo effectC) projectionD) stereotypingE) All of the above are considered problemsAnswer: E Difficulty: Easy Page: 152-153


162. Learning from failure, OB Mod, and simulations are three learning methods organizations use to _______associates.A) motivateB) trainC) compensateD) hireE) both C and DAnswer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 142


163. OB Mod research reveals that performance feedback coupled with social reinforcements can be as effective as feedback coupled with:A) positive reinforcementsB) monetary reinforcersC) interval reinforcementD) variable reinforcementE) fixed reinforcementAnswer: B Difficulty: Hard Page: 144


164. OB Mod research reveals that ________coupled with ________can be as effective as feedback coupled with monetary reinforcers.A) variable reinforcers; performance feedbackB) interval reinforcers; performance feedbackC) fixed reinforcers; performance feedbackD) social reinforcements; performance feedbackE) None of the aboveAnswer: D Difficulty: Hard Page: 144


165. The basic goal of OB Mod is to:A) train associatesB) compensate associatesC) motivate associatesD) improve task performanceE) Both A and BAnswer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 142


166. OB Mod research reveals that performance improvements tend to be greater in _______than in _______.A) manufacturing organizations, service organizations.B) service organizations, manufacturing organizations.C) Sports organizations, manufacturing organizations. D) Manufacturing organizations, sport organizations.E) Service organizations, educational organizations.Answer: A Difficulty: Hard Page: 144


Essay Questions

167. Define and describe three common problems that can occur with the perceiver in the perception process.

Answer: 1. Implicit person theories-which are personal theories about what personality traits and abilities occur together and how these attributes are manifested in behavior 2. The halo effect- occurs when a person makes a general assessment of another person and then uses this general impression to interpret everything that the person does3. Stereotyping- occurs when an individual bases perceptions about a certain group of people on a generalized set of beliefs about the group.4. Students may also discuss projecting, which is assuming that most other people have the same values and beliefs as we do.Difficulty: Hard Page: 152-153


168. Describe and give an example of two out of the four schedules of reinforcement.

Answer: Answers will vary, discussing fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, or variable ratio.Difficulty: Medium Page: 138-139


169. Define OB Mod and identify the basic goal of OB Mod.

Answer: OB Mod (organizational behavior modification), is also known as performance management and is a formal procedure used to improve task performance through positive reinforcement of desirable behaviors and elimination of reinforcements that support undesirable behaviors. Difficulty: Medium Page: 142-144

AACSB Tier 1: DiversityAACSB Tier 2: Individual DynamicsBlooms: Knowledge170. Define the concept of a workplace “simulation” and give an example for two

particular professions when a simulation might be used.

Answer: A simulation is a representation of a real system that allows associates and managers to try various actions and receive feedback on the consequences of those actions.

Some occupations that might use simulations would be pilots or surgeons.Difficulty: Medium Page: 144-146


171. Identify and describe three different learning methods an organization can use to train its associates.

Answer: Learning from failure, OB Mod, and simulations.Difficulty: Hard Page: 142-148


172. Summarize the degree of consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness (high or low) that would result in attributing another person’s behavior to a) internal factors; b) external factors

Answer: a) Internal factors: high consistency, low consensus, low distinctiveness; b) External factors: low consistency, high consensus, high distinctivenessDifficulty: Medium Page: 154-156


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