Balancing Nationalism and

Sectionalism Chapter 7

Regional Economies Create Differences

Section 1

Industrial Revolution

► Interchangeable parts – Eli Whitney’s invention – parts that are exactly alike

►Mass production – production of goods in large quantities

► Industrial Revolution Brought about by changes in industry Massive change in social and economic organization

resulting from the replacement of hand tools by machines and the development of large-scale industrial production

Where was the Industrial Revolution?

►Industrial Revolution – started in Great Britain

►Carried over to the United States U.S. economy had moved away from

international trade; therefore, they needed to create the goods they could no longer import

New England Industrializes

► First economic area to industrialize Textile mills

►Pawtucket, RI – Samuel Slater – first successful mechanized textile factory – produced thread

►Waltham, MA – Lowell, Appleton, and Jackson built a weaving factory that mechanized entire process for creating cloth Named Lowell Booming manufacturing center that drew thousands who

were looking for work – mostly women

Two Agricultural Systems Develop

►North – little need for slavery Started out growing only what their families

needed Sold at city markets and purchased from stores

whatever else they needed Smaller farms Grew crops that didn’t require much labor

Two Agricultural Systems Develop

►Cotton becomes “King” Eli Whitney’s cotton gin made it easy to clean

cotton Cotton in high demand in Great Britain and

North Small farmers and plantation owners took

advantage of demand for cotton and used slave labor to cultivate cotton Cotton accelerated expansion of slavery

The American System

► Since North and South had different economies, they needed a plan to unify the country and create a strong, stable, and self-sufficient economy

►Madison’s plan (three points) – “The American System” Establish a protective tariff Resurrect the National Bank Sponsor the development of transportation systems and

infrastructure

Tariffs

►Why a tariff? Lots of cheap British goods flooded the market Smaller U.S. manufacturers couldn’t sell goods

as cheaply as the large British manufacturers A tax on imports would make British goods

more expensive Tax encouraged industrial development and

helped pay for improved infrastructure Tariff of 1816 passed

National Bank

►Second Bank of the United States (BUS) proposed

►Supported because people wanted a single currency to make it easier to do business with people in other regions of the country

►1816 – Congress chartered the bank for a 20 year period

Erie Canal and Infrastructure Improvements

►States funded improvement to their own transportation systems (turnpikes, etc.)

►Federal government National Road (1811) - first highway

►Erie Canal – 363 mile long “Big Ditch” Connected Hudson River to Lake Erie Successful (only took 12 years to pay for

construction with the tolls collected)

Nationalism at Center Stage Section 2

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

►Monroe Doctrine (1823) Portugal, Spain, and Russia looking at land in

North America or former colonies in Latin America Made U.S. nervous – had to do something In a message to Congress, President Monroe

warned foreign nations not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere Similarly, the U.S. would not interfere in

European affairs or affairs of existing colonies

Nationalism Pushes America West

►Missouri Compromise With increasing westward expansion, problems

start to develop between the North/non-slave states and South/slave states 11 free and 11 free states Missouri wants to become a state…a slave state Problem?

►If it becomes a slave state, it will tip the scale in Congress to favor the South/slave states

Missouri Compromise Continued

►Compromise Maine was seeking admission to the Union – it

would be admitted as a free state Missouri would be admitted as a slave state Louisiana Territory was split into two spheres at

the 36,30 N latitude; South would be open to slavery, North would be closed to slavery (except for MO)

►1820 Missouri Compromise signed – solving the problem for a generation

The Age of Jackson Section 3

Expansion of Democracy and Changing Politics

►Adams vs. Jackson 1824 election

►Jackson won popular vote but John Quincy Adams became President because of electoral college votes

Jacksonians, upset with outcome, withdrew from the Republican Party to form the Democratic-Republican Party

►Voting requirements eased under Adams and enlarged voting population (tripled between 1824 and 1828) Many states got rid of property requirements

Jackson’s Political Style

►Appeal to Common Citizen Expanded electorate meant candidates had to speak to

concerns and hopes of everyday citizens – Jackson characterized Adams as an elitist and himself as a man of the common person

► Spoils System Appointees serve maximum 4 year terms Gave away jobs to friends and supporters “Kitchen Cabinet” – closest friends were his advisers

Removal of Native Americans

►Five Civilized Tribes Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and

Chickasaw Began to adopt to the culture of European-

Americans since the War of 1812 Cherokee had

►Legislature with two houses and a Constitution ►Court system ►Constitution

Removal of Native Americans

► Indian Removal Act of 1830 Planters and miners wanted tribal lands to settle Jackson believed “assimilation” could not work and best

solution was to remove tribes from the land Act provided funds to negotiate treaties that would

force Native Americans to move further west Jackson believed removal policy was best because

Native Americans could maintain their way of life

Removal of Native Americans

►Trail of Tears Cherokee Nation did not sign a treaty but rather

attempted to have their case decided in U.S. Courts Supreme Court jurisdiction was unclear

►Neither a foreign nation nor a state ►“Domestic dependent nation” ►Ultimately decided in favor of the Cherokee

Recognized as distinct political community Georgia not entitled to regulate by law or force to leave land Jackson ignored decision and didn’t enforce it

Removal of Native Americans

►Trail of Tears (continued) As issue remained in courts, some Cherokee began to

favor relocation Federal agents negotiated the Treaty of New Echota

with those leaders favoring relocation Signing of treaty began mass Cherokee exodus that

ultimately killed a quarter of the Cherokee people 800-mile journey

►Government officials stole money ►Outlaws stole livestock ►Land they were given was far inferior to land they left