bai tieuluan onkk nhom3

8/3/2019 Bai Tieuluan Onkk Nhom3

1/36

nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT

GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 1

B GIO DC V O TOTRNG I HC NNG LM TP.H CH MINH

KHOA CNG NGH MI TRNG

Tiu lun mn hc NHIM KHNG KH V TING N

Tn tiu lun:

NHIM KHNG KH T QU TRNH

T NHIN LIU V BIN PHP X L

NHM THC HIN : NHM 3LP : DH06MTNGNH : K THUT MI TRNG

-02/2009-


2/36


MC LC

DANH BNG BIU MC ........................................................................................................ 4

....................................................................................................................................................5

CHNG 1: M U ............................................................................................................. 6

1.1. T VN ....................................................................................................6

1.2. MC TIU ........................................................................................................6

1.3. PHM VI ..........................................................................................................6

1.4. NI DUNG NGHIN CU ..............................................................................6

CHNG 2: TNG QUAN CC QU TRNH T ............................................................. 7

2.1. NH NGHA NHIN LIU .............................................................................7

2.2. PHN LOI NHIN LIU ...............................................................................7

Bng 2.2.1. Cc thng s k thut ca du Diesel ..............................................................82.2.2. Nhin liu rn: ...........................................................................................................92.2.3. Nhin liu dng kh: ................................................................................................102.2.4. Nhin liu sinh hc: ................................................................................................10

2.3. THNH PHN NHIN LIU .........................................................................11Bng 2.3.1. Thnh phn nhin liu, % KL ......................................................................12Bng 2.3.2. Thnh phn nhin liu theo mol ....................................................................13

CHNG 3 : NHIM KHNG KH DO QU TRNH T NHIN LIU....................14

3.1. QU TRNH HNH THNH CC CHT GY NHIM CHNH .............14

3.1.1.Cacbon monoxit: ......................................................................................................143.1.2.Cc nit oxit (NOx): ................................................................................................153.1.3. Lu hunh oxit (SOx): ...........................................................................................17

3.1.4. Cacbondioxit (CO2): ...............................................................................................19

3.2. TI LNG NHIM TRONG QU TRNH T ....................................19

3.2.1. Ti lng nhim trong qu trnh t nhin liu ca cc phng tin vn chuyn:...........................................................................................................................................19Bng 3.2.1: H s nhim ca cc phng tin vn chuyn s dng du diesel ............19Bng 3.2.2. Ti lng bi v kh thi t phng tin vn chuyn ....................................203.2.2. Ti lng cc cht nhim trong qu trnh t cng nghip ................................. 21Bng 3.2.4.Ti lng cc cht nhim trong qu trnh t cng nghip; ........................21

(kg/tn nhin liu) .................................................................................21

Bng 3.2.5 : h s nhim t vi l gch(kg/tn sn phm): .......................................223.3. CC BIN PHP GIM NHIM ........................................................................223.3.1. Nguyn tc ca cc qu trnh x l kh c hi: .....................................................22



3/36


3.3.2. C s l thuyt ca phng php hp th: ..............................................................233.3.3. C s l thuyt ca phng php hp ph: .............................................................253.3.4. Cc phng php x l SO2: ..................................................................................263.3.5. Cc phng php x l NOx: .................................................................................293.3.5. Nhit .......................................................................................................................313.3.6. Phng php x l CO: .......................................................................................... 34

CHNG 4 : KT LUN V KIN NGH ...........................................................................35

4.1. KT LUN ......................................................................................................35

4.2. KIN NGH .....................................................................................................35

TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................ 36



4/36


DANH BNG BIU MC

DANH BNG BIU MC ........................................................................................................ 4

....................................................................................................................................................5

CHNG 1: M U ............................................................................................................. 6

1.1. T VN ....................................................................................................6

1.2. MC TIU ........................................................................................................6

1.3. PHM VI ..........................................................................................................6

1.4. NI DUNG NGHIN CU ..............................................................................6

CHNG 2: TNG QUAN CC QU TRNH T ............................................................. 72.1. NH NGHA NHIN LIU .............................................................................7

2.2. PHN LOI NHIN LIU ...............................................................................7

Bng 2.2.1. Cc thng s k thut ca du Diesel ..............................................................82.2.2. Nhin liu rn: ...........................................................................................................92.2.3. Nhin liu dng kh: ................................................................................................102.2.4. Nhin liu sinh hc: ................................................................................................10

2.3. THNH PHN NHIN LIU .........................................................................11

Bng 2.3.1. Thnh phn nhin liu, % KL ......................................................................12Bng 2.3.2. Thnh phn nhin liu theo mol ....................................................................13

CHNG 3 : NHIM KHNG KH DO QU TRNH T NHIN LIU....................14

3.1. QU TRNH HNH THNH CC CHT GY NHIM CHNH .............14

3.1.1.Cacbon monoxit: ......................................................................................................143.1.2.Cc nit oxit (NOx): ................................................................................................153.1.3. Lu hunh oxit (SOx): ...........................................................................................17

3.1.4. Cacbondioxit (CO2): ...............................................................................................193.2. TI LNG NHIM TRONG QU TRNH T ....................................19

3.2.1. Ti lng nhim trong qu trnh t nhin liu ca cc phng tin vn chuyn:...........................................................................................................................................19Bng 3.2.1: H s nhim ca cc phng tin vn chuyn s dng du diesel ............19Bng 3.2.2. Ti lng bi v kh thi t phng tin vn chuyn ....................................203.2.2. Ti lng cc cht nhim trong qu trnh t cng nghip ................................. 21Bng 3.2.4.Ti lng cc cht nhim trong qu trnh t cng nghip; ........................21

(kg/tn nhin liu) .................................................................................21

Bng 3.2.5 : h s nhim t vi l gch(kg/tn sn phm): .......................................223.3. CC BIN PHP GIM NHIM ........................................................................223.3.1. Nguyn tc ca cc qu trnh x l kh c hi: .....................................................22



5/36


3.3.2. C s l thuyt ca phng php hp th: ..............................................................233.3.3. C s l thuyt ca phng php hp ph: .............................................................253.3.4. Cc phng php x l SO2: ..................................................................................263.3.5. Cc phng php x l NOx: .................................................................................293.3.5. Nhit .......................................................................................................................313.3.6. Phng php x l CO: .......................................................................................... 34

CHNG 4 : KT LUN V KIN NGH ...........................................................................35

4.1. KT LUN ......................................................................................................35

4.2. KIN NGH .....................................................................................................35

TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................ 36



6/36


CHNG 1: M U

1.1. T VN

Nhin liu l mt phn khng th thiu trong hot ng sng.c bit, n ng

mt vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip, giao thng vn ti ca cc quc gia trn thgii, n tham gia vo hu ht cc qu trnh sn xut nhm to ra ca ci ci, phc v

li ch cho mi quc gia, mi khu vc.

V vy, vn nhin liu lun l vn c quan tm c bit v khu u

vo ( p ng cho nhu cu sn xut, vn chuyn ), v khu u ra ( tnh trng

nhim khng kh trong cc khu th, khu cng nghip, khu ch xut).T , vn

bo v mi trng khng kh c quan tm. Do vy, vic nghin cu nhim

khng kh t cc qu trnh t nhin liu v cc bin php x l l mt vn mang

tnh cp thit v thc t.

1.2. MC TIU

Tm hiu cc loi nhin liu tham gia trong qu trnh t.

Cc loi kh sinh ra trong qu trnh t nhin liu.

xut cc bin php x l nhm gim thiu nhim khng kh do cc qu

trnh t gy ra.

1.3. PHM VI

Cc kt qu thu thp ch yu l trn mng v sch chuyn v nhim khng

kh

Cc d liu v cc loi nhin liu tham gia cc qu trnh t.

Ch tm mt s loi kh c trng trong qu trnh t.

Tm hiu cc bin php x l tiu biu.

Thi gian thc hin t 26/02/2009- 10/03/2009.

1.4. NI DUNG NGHIN CU

Tm hiu cc loi nhin liu v: nh ngha, phn loi v thnh phn.

Tm hiu cc qu trnh hnh thnh cc cht nhim, ti lng nhim.

xut cc bin php x l, gim thiu nhim.



7/36


CHNG 2: TNG QUAN CC QU TRNH T

2.1. NH NGHA NHIN LIU

Nhin liu l vt cht c s dng gii phng nng lng khi cu trc vt

l hoc ha hc b thay i. Nhin liu gii phng nng lng thng qua qu trnh ha

hc nh chy hoc qu trnh vt l, v d :phn ng nhit hch,phn ng phn hch.

Tnh nng quan trng ca nhin liu l nng lng c th c gii phng

khi cn thit v s gii phng nng lng c kim sot phc v mc ch ca

con ngi.

2.2. PHN LOI NHIN LIU

C 3 dng nhin liu ch yu c s dng trong qu trnh t

2.2.1. Nhin liu lng: gm c xng, du ha, du DO, FO.

Xng: l hn hp phc tp ca cc hydrocacbon nh c nhit si trong

khong t 30 n 250 oC. Xng c sn xut ch yu t du m, kh du m, than ,

than nu, phin nhin liu v nha than . Tr s octan cng cao th kh nng

chng kch n cng ln. c tr s c tan trong xng, ngi ta pha hp cht ca ch

vo xng.

Du ha: l sn phm ca phn on chng ct du m c nhit si t 200 -

300 oC. Du ha c hm lng lu hunh nh (0,05%); lng cacbua hydro thm

thp.

Dau diezen:mt loi nhin liulng, sn phm tinh ch tdu m,

la san phan cua qua trnh chng cat trc tiep.Tr so

xetan anh gia kha nang t boc chay cua dau. Thng

ta them vao dau mot lng khong qua 1% izopropylnitrat

e tang tr so xetan ti mc qui nh. Chng thng c nhit

bc hi t 175 n 370 C. Cc nhin liu Diesel nng hn, vi nhit bc hi 315

n 425 C cn gi l du Mazut (Fuel oil).

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1yhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_%E1%BB%A9ng_nhi%E1%BB%87t_h%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_%E1%BB%A9ng_ph%C3%A2n_h%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BA%A5t_l%E1%BB%8Fng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_m%E1%BB%8Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_m%E1%BB%8Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_m%E1%BB%8Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_m%E1%BB%8Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_b%E1%BB%91c_h%C6%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_b%E1%BB%91c_h%C6%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_Chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1yhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_%E1%BB%A9ng_nhi%E1%BB%87t_h%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_%E1%BB%A9ng_ph%C3%A2n_h%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BA%A5t_l%E1%BB%8Fng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_m%E1%BB%8Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_b%E1%BB%91c_h%C6%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_b%E1%BB%91c_h%C6%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_C


8/36


Bng 2.2.1. Cc thng s k thut ca du Diesel

Cc tiu chun cht lng ca nhin liu

Diesel

Loi nhin liu

Diesel Phng php

thDO

0,5% S

DO

1,0% S

1. Ch s cetan 50 45 ASTM D 976

2. Thnh phn chng ct, t C

50% c chng ct 280 C 280 C TCVN

90% c chng ct 370 C 370 C 269395

3. nht ng hc 20 C

(n v cSt: xenti-Stock)

1,8 5,0 1,8 5,0 ASTM D 445

4. Hm lng S (%) 0,5 1,0 ASTM D 2622

5. tro (% kl) 0,01 0,01 TCVN 269095

6. kt cc (%) 0,3 0,3 TCVN6 32497

7. Hm lng nc, tp cht c hc (% V) 0,05 0,05 TCVN 269395

9. n mn mnh ng 50 C trong 3 gi N0 1 N0 1 TCVN 269495

10. Nhit ng c, t C 5 5 TCVN 375395

11. T s A/F 14,4 14,4

Du mazut: l phn cn ca qu trnh chng ct du m p sut thng. Du

mazut c nhiu loi ch yu khc nhau nht, nhit nng chy, hm lng lu

hunh v nhit ng c. Du mazut c dng t ni hi trong cc l cng

nghip nh my dt, ng, ru bia, nhit in, v.v..;



9/36


nc ta ang s dng 3 loi du mazut ca cc nc thuc khi Lin X c

c k hiu M-40; M-100; M-200; ngoi ra cn s dng du FO ca cc nc khc c

c tnh tng t du M-40 v M-100.

2.2.2. Nhin liu rn:

G: c thnh phn ha hc v nhit tr thp ; m cao; tro thp, nhiu cht

bc (80 -90%) nn d chy.

Than bn: c m cao ti 90%; cht bc chim khong 70%.

Than nu: s phn ha a cht gi hn than bn; m 20 - 60%; tro t 15

- 50%; cht bc t 30 - 50%.

Than : (tn ting Anh l anthracite) l mt loi nhin lin ha thch c

hnh thnh cc h sinh thim ly ni xc thc vt c nc vbn lu gi

khng b xi ha vphn hy bi sinh vt (biodegradation). Than , l sn phm ca

qu trnhbin cht, l cc lp c mu en hoc en nu c th t chy c. Than

l ngun nhin liu sn xut in nng ln nht th gii, cng nh l ngun thi kh

carbon dioxide ln nht, c xem l nguyn nhn hng u gy nn hin tng nng

ln ton cu. Than c khai thc t cc m thanl thin hoc di lng t (hm

l) c tui hnh thnh a cht cao hn than nu, hm lng cacbon ln cht bc thayi trong phm vi ln (t 15 - 50%).

Than cc: l sn phm to thnh t than , l loi than cha t lu hunh v t

tro nh quy trnh luyn than thnh than cc iu kin ym kh trn 1000. Cc

thnh phn d bay hi nh nc, kh than v tro than b loi b gn nh hon ton.

Cacbon v cc phn tro cn li b ha tan ln vo nhau. Mt phn cacbon b chuyn

sang dng ging nh than ch (hay grapht).

Than cc l sn phm cng v xp c mu xm, thu c nh qu trnh luyn

cc ca than m (loi than c th t to ra cht kt dnh khi c nung mi trng

ym kh).

xp t 49-53%, t trng ring khong 1,80-1,95 g/cm, t trng biu kin

khong 1 g/cm, cn t trng khi dng ri l khong 400-500 kg/m, tro 9-12%, t

l cc cht d bay hi khong 1%. m tng i khong 2-4% v khng ln hn

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracitehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87n_h%C3%B3a_th%E1%BA%A1ch&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_sinh_th%C3%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A7m_l%E1%BA%A7y&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B9n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%94_xi_h%C3%B3a&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%A7y_b%E1%BB%9Fi_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bi%E1%BA%BFn_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3ng_l%C3%AAn_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3ng_l%C3%AAn_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%E1%BB%8F_than&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BB%99_thi%C3%AAn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BA%A7m_l%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BA%A7m_l%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_%C4%91%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0u_hu%E1%BB%B3nhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tro&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%E1%BA%BFm_kh%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kh%C3%AD_than&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tro_than&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_ch%C3%AChttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%C3%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luy%E1%BB%87n_c%E1%BB%91c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luy%E1%BB%87n_c%E1%BB%91c&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracitehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87n_h%C3%B3a_th%E1%BA%A1ch&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_sinh_th%C3%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A7m_l%E1%BA%A7y&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B9n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%94_xi_h%C3%B3a&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%A7y_b%E1%BB%9Fi_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bi%E1%BA%BFn_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3ng_l%C3%AAn_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3ng_l%C3%AAn_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%E1%BB%8F_than&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BB%99_thi%C3%AAn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BA%A7m_l%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BA%A7m_l%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_%C4%91%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0u_hu%E1%BB%B3nhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tro&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%E1%BA%BFm_kh%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kh%C3%AD_than&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tro_than&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_ch%C3%AChttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%C3%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luy%E1%BB%87n_c%E1%BB%91c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luy%E1%BB%87n_c%E1%BB%91c&action=edit&redlink=1


10/36


0,5% khi lng. Gii hn sc bn khi b nn l 15-25 MPa, khi b ct (c trng cho

tnh bn vng i vi s ct) 6-12 MPa, nng sut ta nhit 29-30 MJ/kg.

2.2.3. Nhin liu dng kh:

Kh thin nhin l hn hp cht kh chy c, bao gm phn ln l cc

hydrocarbon (hp cht ha hc cha cacbon v hyr). Kh thin nhin c th cha

n 85% mtan (CH4) v khong 10% tan (C2H6), v cng c cha s lng nh hn

propan (C3H8), butan (C4H10), pentan (C5H12), v cc alkan khc. Kh thin nhin,

thng tm thy cng vi cc m du trong v Tri t, c khai thc v tinh lc

thnh nhin liu cung cp cho khong 25% ngun cung nng lng th gii.

Kh thin nhin c s dng lm nhin liu v nguyn liu u vo cho ngnh

ch bin ha cht. L mt nhin liu gia dng, n c t trong cc bp ga, l ga nu nng, sy kh. L mt nhin liu cng nghip, kh thin nhin c t trong cc

l gch, gm v l cao sn xut xi mng. Kh thin nhin cn c s dng t cc

l t cc tua-bin nhit in pht in cng nh cc l nu thy tinh, l luyn kim

loi v ch bin thc phm

Thnh phn kh t ca Vit Nam hin nay tnh theo t l % vol nh sau:

CO2 : 1,07% N2 : 2,45%

Methane : 80,8% Ethane : 14,3%

Propane : 1,11% i-Butane : 0,11%

n-Butane : 0,08% Kh khc : 0,08%

2.2.4. Nhin liu sinh hc:

Nhin liu sinh hc: (ting Php l biocarburant) l loinhin liu c hnh

thnh t cc hp cht c ngun gc ng thc vt (sinh hc). V d nh nhin liu ch

xut tcht bo ca ng thc vt (m ng vt,du da, ...), ng cc (la m,ng,

u tng...), cht thi trongnng nghip(rm r,phn, ...), sn phm thi trong cng

nghip (mn ca, sn phm g thi...), ...

Loi nhin liu ny c nhiu u im ni bt so vi cc loi nhin liu truyn

thng (du kh, than ...):

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C4%91r%C3%B4http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAtanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Atanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_tinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_ph%E1%BA%A9mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%C3%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%C3%A9ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%C3%A9ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%E1%BB%A1_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BA%A7u_d%E1%BB%ABa&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BA%A7u_d%E1%BB%ABa&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C5%A9_c%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAa_m%E1%BB%B3http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_(th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt)&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_(th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt)&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_t%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BA%A5t_th%E1%BA%A3i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C6%A1m_r%E1%BA%A1&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B9n_c%C6%B0a&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BA%A7u_kh%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_%C4%91%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C4%91r%C3%B4http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAtanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Atanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_tinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_ph%E1%BA%A9mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%C3%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%C3%A9ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%E1%BB%A1_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BA%A7u_d%E1%BB%ABa&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C5%A9_c%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAa_m%E1%BB%B3http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_(th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt)&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_t%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BA%A5t_th%E1%BA%A3i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C6%A1m_r%E1%BA%A1&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B9n_c%C6%B0a&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BA%A7u_kh%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_%C4%91%C3%A1


11/36


tnh cht thn thin vimi trng: chng sinh ra t hm lng kh gy hiu

ng nh knh (mthiu ng vt l khin Tri t nng ln) v t gy nhim

mi trng hn cc loi nhin liu truyn thng.

ngun nhin liu ti sinh: cc nhin liu ny ly t hot ng sn xut nng

nghip v c th ti sinh. Chng gip gim s l thuc vo ngun ti nguyn

nhin liu khng ti sinh truyn thng.

Tuy nhin hin nay vn s dng nhin liu sinh hc vo i sng cn nhiu

hn ch do cha h c gi thnh sn xut xung thp hn so vi nhin liu truyn

thng. Trong tng lai, khi ngun nhin liu truyn thng cn kit, nhin liu sinh hc

c kh nng l nhin liu thay th.

2.3. THNH PHN NHIN LIU

i vi thnh phn nhin liu thng c biu din di cc dng:

- Thnh phn hu c Ch + Hh + Oh + Nh = 100%

- Thnh phn chy Cc + Hc + Oc + Nc + Sc = 100%

- Thnh phn kh Ck+ Hk+ Ok+ Nk+ Sk + Ak = 100%

- Thnh phn s dng Cd

+ Hd

+ Od

+ Nd

+ Sd

+ Ad

+ Wd

= 100%V d:

Cacbon (C) l thnh phn chy ch yu trong nhin liu. 1kg cacbon khi chy

ta ra khong 8.000 kCal. Nhin liu rn cha nhiu cacbon hn nhin liu lng v

kh, nhng thnh phn cht bc (cht tr chy) t hn. Than, g cng gi th hm lng

cacbon cng cao, cht bc trong nhin liu cng thp cng kh chy.

Hydro (H) l thnh phn chy th hai ca nhin liu. 1kg hydro khi chy ta ranhit lng ln gp bn ln 1kg than. Than cng non th lng hydro cng nhiu, nn

cng d bt la. Nhin liu lng v kh c nhiu hydro hn nhin liu rn.

Lu hunh (S) cng l thnh phn chy song phn lu hunh chy c ta

nhit t, cn phn khng chy c s to thnh tro. Sn phm chy ca lu hunh to

thnh kh SOx, gp hi nc c kh nng to thnh axt gy n mn cc thit b. Kh

SOx l dng kh c, lu hunh l nguyn t c hi trong nhin liu.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_sinh_th%C3%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_sinh_th%C3%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_nh%C3%A0_k%C3%ADnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_nh%C3%A0_k%C3%ADnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87u_t%C3%A1i_sinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gi%C3%A1_th%C3%A0nh_s%E1%BA%A3n_xu%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_sinh_th%C3%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_nh%C3%A0_k%C3%ADnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_nh%C3%A0_k%C3%ADnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87u_t%C3%A1i_sinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gi%C3%A1_th%C3%A0nh_s%E1%BA%A3n_xu%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1


12/36


xy v nitl cht v ch. N lm gim thnh phn chy ca nhin liu. Nhin

liu cng non, xy cng nhiu.

tro (A) cng l yu t tiu cc cho nhin liu. tro cao lm gim thnh

phn cht chy, gy kh nng ng kt cc trung tm bung t v y l, tro d ph

ln b mt tip nhit ca bung la gy gim hiu qu t.

m ca nhin liu (W) th hin mc cha nc trong nhin liu. m

ln, thnh phn cht chy gim lm nhit tr s gim v khi t nhin liu, nhit b hao

ph mt phn lm bay hi nc.

Bng 2.3.1. Thnh phn nhin liu, % KL

Cc cht G Than

bn

Than non(than

nu)

Thanbitu

m

Thanantraxit

Du Kh

Cc bon 52,3 57 55 75,8 82,1 86 75

Hydro 6,3 5,5 4,4 5,0 2,3 10 24

Oxy 40,5 31 13 7,4 2,0

Nit 0,1 1,5 1,0 1,5 2,8 0.6 1

Lu hunh < 0,1 0,2 1,7 1,6 0,6 3 vt

Tro 0,8 4,8 24,9 8,7 12,2 0.4 -



13/36


Bng 2.3.2. Thnh phn nhin liu theo mol

Thnh phn nhin

liu

Thnh phn s dng

cc cht trong 100

kg nhin liu (kg)

Khi lng phn t S lng mol

C

H

O

N

S

A

W

Tng cng

Cd

Hd

Od

Nd

Sd

Ad

Wd

100,0

12

2

32

28

32

-

18

Cd : 12

Hd : 2

Od : 32

Nd : 28

Sd : 32

-

Wd : 18



14/36


CHNG 3 : NHIM KHNG KH DO QU TRNH T NHIN LIU.

3.1. QU TRNH HNH THNH CC CHT GY NHIM CHNH

3.1.1.Cacbon monoxit:

L cht kh khng mu,khng mi,khng v,nh hn khng kh,nhit si

192 C, gy nhim vi quy m ln ch trong cc th.

Ngun nhim nhn to (400 triu tn/nm) ch yu do t nguyn liu (trong

sn xut cng nghip v trong sinh hot),do mt s qu trnh sn xut,do ng c t

trong ca t,u my xe la.Xp x 2/3 lng CO trong kh quyn do cc ngun

nhn to sinh ra do ng c t trong,ch yu do t chy xng.

Khi t nhin liu rn v lng,xy ra phn ng chy khng hon tan gia

cacbon v oxi to thnh CO.Trong thnh phn ca nhiu loi kh t nhn to u c

CO : kh l ga cha 25 34% CO,kh t phin khong 17% CO.Ngi ta tnh

vi tnh trng k thut hin nay,thng khi t 1 tn nhin liu cho pht thi 20kg

CO.Ch khi kh t t nhin (hay nhn to) th qu trnh chy mi c th thc hin

hon ton v loi tr c CO trong sn phm chy.

Cng nghip luyn kim c nhiu qu trnh pht thi kh CO nh qu trnh l cao

(l gang) vi kh l cao cha 28 32% CO,qu trnh nu chy thi c,thp phitrong luyn kim en,qu trnh sn xsut nhm trong luyn kim mu,qu trnh luyn

cc sn xut kim loi en v mu

Hm lng CO chim 4 5%,c bit 13,5% trong kh x t.t du lch pht

thi 1h 3m3 CO v t ti 6m3.

CO c hnh thnh do vic t chy khng ht nhin liu ha thch nh than,

du v mt s hp cht hu c khc.2C + O2 2CO

nhit cao CO2 sinh ra cng phn ng vi cc cht cha cacbon nh trong

qu trnh luyn gang to thnh CO:

CO2 + C 2CO

nhit cao CO2 phn hy cng to thnh C:

CO2 CO + 1/2 O2



15/36


Qu trnh oxy ha CO trong kh quyn din ra chm,v c th coi nh 0,1% CO

trong 1h nh sng (nh sng ng vai tr xc tc cho phn ng) :

2CO + O2 2 CO2.

S c mt ca nhm hidroxit (OH) thc y qu trnh phn ng :2CO + 2OH CO2 + H2O

3.1.2.Cc nit oxit (NOx):

Trong s 7 NOx bao gm NO,NO2,NO3,N2O,N2O3,N2O4 v N2O5,ch c N2O

(dinit oxit),NO (nit monoxit) v NO2 (nit dioxit) l c th nh gi c lng to

thnh ca chng trong kh quyn.NO v NO2 thng i vi nhau v chng c th c

trng v i din cho NOx.

a.Dioxide nit (NO2)

L cht kh c mu nu thm - hi ,v cay v mi kch thch,c th nhn bit

nng 0,12ppm.NO2 pht thi do chy nhin liu ( nhit cao) v t cc nh

my sn xut HNO3.N cn c b sung trong kh quyn do oxi ha NO nh O 3

(theo phn ng trnh by trn).

NO2 oxi ha thnh N2O5 (anhidric ca axit nitric nit pentoxit ) nh O3

Vy NOx c th coi nh tc nhn gy nn qu trnh phn hy ozon.Phn ng s

kt thc khi to thnh HNO3 (v cc sn phm quang ha) :

2NO2 + H2O HNO3 + HNO2

2NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO

N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3

i vi ng c Diesel, ngi ta thy c n 30% NOx di dng NO2.

Dioxyde nit NO2 c hnh thnh t monoxyde nit NO v cc cht trung gian ca

sn vt chy theo phn ng sau:

NO + H2O NO2 + OH

Trong iu kin nhit cao, NO2 to thnh c th phn gii theo phn ng:

NO2 + O NO + O2

b.Protoxyde nit (N2O)



16/36


Protoxyde nit N2O ch yu hnh thnh t cc cht trung gian NH v NCO khi

chng tc dng vi NO:

NH + NO N2O + H

NCO + NO N2O + CON2O ch yu c hnh thnh vng oxy ha c nng nguyn t H cao, m

hydrogne l cht to ra s phn hy mnh protoxyde nit theo phn ng:

N2O + H NH + CO

N2O + H N2 + OH

c.Nit monoxit (NO)

L cht kh khng mu,c to thnh vi quy m ln do chy nhin liu

khng hon ton nhit cao.NO cn c sinh ra trong cng nghip sn xut

HNO3 v cc ha cht,do ng c t.

S hnh thnh NO ph thuc rt mnh vo nhit

N2 + O2 2NO

Phn ng to NO c tc thp hn nhiu so vi phn ng chy. Nng NO

cng ph thuc mnh vo nng oxy. V vy trong iu kin nhit cao v nng

O2 ln th nng NO trong sn phm chy cng ln

NO oxi ha thnh NO2,gy nhim qua phn ng quang ha th cp :

NO + O3 NO + O2

NO2 oxi ha thnh N2O5 (anhidric ca axit nitric nit pentoxit ) nh O3

Vy NOx c th coi nh tc nhn gy nn qu trnh phn hy ozon.Phn ng s

kt thc khi to thnh HNO3 (v cc sn phm quang ha) :

2NO2 + H2O HNO3 + HNO2

2NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO

N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3



17/36


3.1.3. Lu hunh oxit (SOx):

SOx bao gm 6 hp cht khc nhau ca lu hunh, l : SO (lu hunh monoxit),SO2

(lu hunh dioxit),SO3 (lu hunh tridoxit),SO4 (lu hunh tetroxit),S2O3 (lu hunh

seskioxit) v S2O7 (lu hunh heptoxic),trong SO2 v SO3 l quan trng hn v c

th i din cho SOx

a.Lu hunh dioxit (SO2)

Cn gi l anhidrit sunfur,hay n gin kh sunfua.L cht kh khng

mu,c mi hc v v cay,kh chy n.

L cht kh khng mu,c mi hc v v cay,kh chy n.

Kh SO2 pht thi cn do nung v luyn pirit st,qung lu hunh,do cc qu

trnh trong cc phn xng rn,c,cng nghip luyn kim,cc qu trnh ha hc sn

xut H2SO4 nh phng tin st trng,trong my lnh,lc sn phm du la,sn phm

cao su,phn bn,sn xut kh l cao,l cc.

Lu hunh c trong nhin liu nh than ,du la (hm lng nhiu nht ca

n trong than,c khi n 8%).Nu hm lng S trong than 4% th lng SO2 trong

khi chim 0,35%.Kh thi t ni hi t than khng x l cha 500 5000ppm hm

lng SO2.Khi nung qung S khi thi c th cha 8% SO2.

Cc nh my in t than sinh khong 60% tng SOx trong kh quyn,du

14%,v cc qu trnh cng nghip xp x 22%.

b.Lu hunh trioxit (SO3)

SO3 thng pht thi cng vi SO2,vi khong 1 5% so vi SO2 v kt hp

nhanh vi hi m trong kh quyn to thnh H2SO4 c im sng thp.

C SO2 v SO3 u c ra nhanh trong kh quyn nh ma hoc lng nh sol

kh. l l do ti sao lng SO2 trong kh quyn sch nh hn nhiu so vi lng

pht thi hng nm do cc ngun nhn to.

Cc phn ng ha hc to thnh SO2,SO3,H2SO4 v mui ca H2SO4 :

t S oxi ha H2O + O2

SO2 SO3 H2SO4

Oxi ha H2S



18/36


MO + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2

Hoc

2NH3 +H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

(trong : M = Mg,Fe,Zn,Mn,MSO4 mui kim loi : (NH4)2SO4 amonisunfat)

Phn ln qu trnh oxi ha nhanh SO2 to thnh sng m quyn khi quang

ha sau .Qu trnh oxi ha SO2 thnh SO3 ph thuc vo cng bc x mt tri :

hv

SO2 SO2(SO2 phn t c kch thch)

Kch thch quang ha

Oxi ha

SO2 + O2 SO4

SO4 + O2 SO3 + O3

SO3 +H2O H2SO4

(c lng phn ng oxi ha SO2 l 2%,nhng thi gian c mt ca SO2 trong kh

quyn n 5 ngy).



19/36


3.1.4. Cacbondioxit (CO2):

CO2 c hnh thnh t nhng con ng chnh nh sau:

Trong qu trnh phn hy ng thc vt cht, chuyn tip qua kh CH4

Phn ng chy ca g v cc nhin liu ha thch khc

L sn phm ph ca qu trnh ln men ng, bia, ru v cc hp cht

alcohol khc

L sn phm ph ca cc ch bin ha hc nh sn xut Na 3PO4, qu

trnh kh ha than, sn xut CaO,...

Hnh thnh trong t nhin thng qua phn ng ca nc ngm vi

CaCO3, v CaMg(CO3)2.

Mt s phn ng to thnh CO2 trong qu trnh t nhin liu :

CO + O2 CO2

C + O2 CO2

3.2. TI LNG NHIM TRONG QU TRNH T

3.2.1. Ti lng nhim trong qu trnh t nhin liu ca cc phng tin vnchuyn:

H s pht thi trong kh thi t du diesel c trnh by trong bng 3.2.1a)

Bng 3.2.1: H s nhim ca cc phng tin vn chuyn s dng du diesel

Cht nhim Bi SO2 NO2 CO VOC

(g/xe.km)

Chy khng ti 611x10-3 582x10-3 1620x10-3 913x10-3 511x10-3

Chy c ti 1190x10-3 786x10-3 2960x10-3 1780x10-3 1270x10-3

Ngun: GE MOTORS AND INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS [GEMIS V.4.1]

Ti lng bi v kh thi t phng tin vn chuyn tng ng vi qung ng vn

chuyn 500 m v tn sut vn chuyn trung bnh khong 15 - 20 lt/ngy c xc

nh nh phng php nh gi nhanh nh sau:



20/36


Bng 3.2.2. Ti lng bi v kh thi t phng tin vn chuyn

Cht

nhim

Bi SO2 NO2 CO VOC

(kg/ngy)

Chy

khng ti

Chy c

ti

Ngun: Khoa Cng ngh Mi trng H Nng Lm Tp. H Ch Minh, thng 11/2008

Nhn xt:

Ti lng bi v cc cht nhim khng kh pht sinh do cc phng tin vn chuyn

tng i thp, c th:

- Ti lng bi : - kg/ngy;

- Ti lng SO2 : - kg/ngy;

- Ti lng NO2 : - kg/ngy;

- Ti lng CO : - kg/ngy;

- Ti lng VOC : - kg/ngy.

H s nhim cc cht nhim trong kh thi t du DO (WHO - 1993)

Cht nhim H s nhim (kg cht nhim/tn du)Bi 0,28

NO2 20 x S

NOx 2,84SO3 0,28 x SCO 0,71VOC 0,035S: Hm lng lu hunh trong du DO = 1%



21/36


3.2.2. Ti lng cc cht nhim trong qu trnh t cng nghip

Bng 3.2.4.Ti lng cc cht nhim trong qu trnh t cng nghip;

(kg/tn nhin liu)

Ngnh CN bi (C) SO2 NOx CO THC SO3Kh thin nhin

Ni hinu

0,061 20S 11,3f 0,82 0,036

Ni hi CN 0,061 20S 2,87 0,72 0,118

t phc vsinh hot

0,061 20S 2,05 0,41 0,160

Turbin kh 0,287

0,224/Nm3

20S

15,6/Nm3

8,91

6,62/Nm3

2,36

1,84/Nm3

0,863

0,673/Nm3

Kh ho lng (LPG) liquefired petroleum gas

Ni hi CN 0,06 0,07 2,9 0,71 0,12

t phc vsinh hot

0,06 0,07 2,05 0,42 0,17

Du DO

Ni hi CN 0,28 20S 2,84 0,71 0,35 0,28S

My phtin

0,71 20S 9,62 2,19 0,79

Du FO

Ni hinu

P 20S 8,5 0,64 0,127 0,25S

Ni hi CN P 20S 7,0 0,64 0,163 0,25S

Nhin liu khc

Than nu 5A 19,5S 9,0 0,3 0,055Ci (nihi)

3,6 0,075 0,34 13 0,85

Rc (nihi)

8 - 3 42 21,5

Ghi ch:

f = 0,3505 - 0,005235 L + 0,0001173 L2 ( L l ti lng trung bnh ca ni hi

thng thong 87%).



22/36


P = 0,4 + 1,32S. A l hm lng phn trn ca tro trong nhin

liu.

Bng 3.2.5 : h s nhim t vi l gch(kg/tn sn phm):

nhin liu bi SOx CO THC NOx

Than 0,64A 4,8S 1,28 0,37 0,56

Du DO 0,13A 3,6S < 10-3 0,024 3,18

Ci 1,96 0,20 7,81 9,13 1,30

Vi 8,03 0,24 9,64 11,24 1,62

Tru 5,55 0,00 32,49 6,50 0,65

Ghi ch: A v S l hm lng tro v lu hunh trong nhin liu.

3.3. CC BIN PHP GIM NHIM3.3.1. Nguyn tc ca cc qu trnh x l kh c hi:

Cc bin php k thut nhm hn ch s hnh thnh v pht thi cc cht

nhim th kh ti cc ngun thi c th c phn chia thnh hai cp sau y:

o Ci tin cc qu trnh c bn to ra cng ngh : sch hn

o X l lm sch kh thi trc khi thi vo bu kh quyn.

S la chn cc gii php k thut cho cc vn nu trn ph thuc vo c

im ca cht nhim, qu trnh pht sinh cht nhim v mc x l. Khi xem xt

qu trnh t chy nguyn liu, ta c th phn bit 3 loi nhim.

o Sn phm ca qu trnh chy khng hon ton nh cc hydrocarbon, oxyt

carbon, cc bi du cha chy ht.

o Cc cht nhim trong sn phm chy nh SO2, NOx do thnh phn lu hunh

v nit cha trong nhin liu gy ra.

o Oxyt nit t phn ng nhit cao ca Nit v oxy.

Ci tin cc qu trnh cng ngh ng vai tr ch yu trong vic loi tr pht

thi cht nhim thuc loi 1 v 3, nhng bng cch thc hin cc qu trnh chy hiu

qu cao hn v thay i mi quan h gia thi gian - nhit ca hn hp chy. Thay

th nhin liu t sch bng nhin liu sch hn l bin php chin lc s mt khi cn

gii quyt cc cht nhim loi 2.



23/36


X l lm sch kh thi v nguyn tc l gii php c bn bt buc vi cc cht

nhim thuc c 3 loi nu trn. X l kh thi c th thc hin bng ba phng php

sau :

o Hp th cc kh c hi bng cht lng

o Hp ph cc cht nhim trn b mt vt liu rn.

o Bin i ho hc cc cht nhim bng qu trnh thiu t.

3.3.2. C s l thuyt ca phng php hp th:

Hp th kh bng cht lng l qu trnh ho tan cht kh trong cht lng khi

chng tip xc nhau. Hp th da trn c s ca qa trnh truyn khi ngha l phn

chia pha, ph thuc vo s tng tc gia cht hp th v cht b hp th trong phakh, phng php hp th chia lm hai loi : hp th vt l v hp th ho hc. C cu

ca qu trnh ny c chia ra thnh ba bc :

o Khuch tn cc phn t cht nhim th kh trong khi kh thi n b mt ca

cht hp th.

o Thm nhp v ho tan cht kh vo b mt ca cht hp th.

o Khuch tn cht kh ho tan trn b mt ngn cch vo su trong lng khi

cht lng hp th.

Khi chuyn t pha kh vo pha lng, nng lng phn t ca cu t phn tn

gim. V vy qu trnh hp thu s km theo s ta nhit v lm tng nhit ca h

thng. Ngoi ra tng th tch ca h thng trong qu trnh hp th s gim do th tch

ca pha kh b gim. Do theo nguyn l ca Le Chartelier, ho tan ca cht kh

trong cht lng s tng nu tng p sut v gim nhit ca qu trnh.Qa trnh hp th trong iu kin ng nhit v hp th ng p. Trng hp

ng p c cu thit b c n gin ho nhng iu kin cn bng khng tt. Ngoi

ra, hp th ng nhit c th xy ra vi nng cht kh ban u nh hay lu lng

cht lng ln. Khi , s thay i nhit ca cht lng l khng ng k.

Trong qu trnh hp th, cht nhim ho tan thng c tch khi dng kh

thi c lu lung ln tc l nng phn mol rt nh. Nu nng phn mol ca cht



24/36


nhim ho tan trong cht lng hp th cng thp, p sut ring phn cn bng ca

cht nhim ho tan c biu din bng

nh lut Henry :

p

= H.x (1)

Trong : P - p sut ring phn ca cht ho tan trong pha kh cn pha lng.

x - nng phn mol ca cht ho tan trong cht lng.

H - h s Henry

p sut ring phn p c nh ngha bng tch s ca phn mol pha kh y v

p sut tng cng P:

p = y.P (2)

Dng gi tr : p =y.P (=H.x) (3)

Suy ra y = (H/P).x = m.x

Trong : y - Nng phn mol ca cht ho tan trong pha kh cn bng pha

lng.

m = H/P - H s th nguyn c gi tr khng i cho mt h lng kh.

Mt khc theo nh lut Raoult ta c :

p = P0. x (4)

Trong : p - p sut ring phn ca cht ho tan trong hn hp kh cn bng

vi pha lng

P0

p sut hi bo ho ca cu t nguyn cht.

x - nng mol ca cht ho tan trong cht lng, kmolA/kmolB

Thay p trong phng trnh (4) vo phng trnh (2) ta c :

y = (P0/P).x

Phng trnh cn bng ca qu trnh hp th c th c biu din nh sau:

y = H/P = m.x = (P0/P).x



25/36


Phng trnh ny ch ng cho dung dch long v cc thnh phn khng phn

ng vi nhau. y l phng trnh ng thng vi h s gc l m. Trong trng hp

cc cht kh nhim phnng hay phn ly trong dung dich hp th, ng cn l

ng cong v c thit lp da trn cc thng s thc nghim.

3.3.3. C s l thuyt ca phng php hp ph:

Hp ph :

Hp ph l qu trnh phn ly cht kh da trn i lc ca mt s cht rn i vi

mt s loi kh, trong qu trnh cc cht kh nhim trong kh thi b gi li trn b

mt ca vt liu rn. Vt liu rn s dng trong qu trnh ny c gi l cht hp ph,

cn cht kh b gi li trong cht hp ph gi l cht b hp ph. Vt liu dng hp

ph l cc vt liu xp vi b mt bn trong ln, c to thnh do tng hp nhn to

hoc do t nhin. ( nhim khng kh v x l kh thi Tp 3 GS.TS Trn Ngc

Chn).

Qa trnh hp ph c p dng rt ph hp trong nhng trng hp sau :

o Cht kh nhim khng chy c hoc kh t chy.

o Cht kh cn kh c gi tr v cn thu hi.

o Cht kh nhim c nng thp thp trong kh thi m cc qu trnh kh kh

khc khng p dng c.

Trnh hp ph c phn chia thnh hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc:

Hp ph vt l : cc phn t kh b ht vo b mt ca cht hp ph nh c lc

lin kt gia cc phn t. Hp ph l qu trnh to nhit. u im ca hp ph vt l l

qu trnh thun nghch, tc hp ph din ra rt nhanh.Hp ph ho hc : l kt qa ca cc phn ng ha hc gia cht b hp ph v

vt liu hp ph. Lng nhit to ra ln, Chi ph t nng lng cho phn ng l c s

gii thch hiu qu ca cht xc tc bng b mt cht rn trong vic thc y nhanh

mt s qu trnh ho hc tong cng nghip ho cht. Mt im quan trng trong hp

ph ho hc l tnh cht khng thun nghhch.

Vt liu hp ph thng l cc vt liu dng ht t 6-10mm xung n c 200m c rng c hnh thnh do nhng mch mao qun li ti nm bn trong khi vt



26/36


liu. Cc vt liu hp ph trong cng nghip c bn l : than hot tnh, silicagen, keo

nhm, zeolit, ionit.

Yu cu ra khi thit k hoc chn thit b hp ph l :

m bo thi gian chu k lm vic thch hp.C x l s b i vi kh thi loi cc cht khng th hp ph c.

X l lm gim bt nng ban u ca cht cn kh trong kh thi bo v

lp vt liu hp ph khi b qu ti.

Phn phi dng kh i qua lp vt liu hp ph mt cch u n.

m bo kh nng thay th mi hoc hon nguyn vt liu hp ph sau khi t

trng thi bo ho.

3.3.4. Cc phng php x l SO2:

Hp th kh SO2 bng nc v thu hi kh SO2

Hp th kh SO2 bng nc l phng php n gin c p dng sm nht

loi b kh SO2 trong kh thi, nht l trong khi ca cc loi l cng nghip. S h

thng x l kh SO2 bng nc gm 2 giai on:

o Hp th kh SO2 bng cch phun nc vo dng kh thi hoc cho kh thi di

qua lp vt liu m (vt liu rng) c ti nc scrub.

o Gii thot kh SO2 ra khi cht hp th thu hi SO2 (nu cn) v nc sch.

Phng php hp th kh SO2 bng nc ch p dng c khi:

o Nng ban u ca kh SO2 trong kh thi tng i cao;

o C sn ngun cp nhit (hi nc) v cp lnh vi gi r;

X l kh SO2 bng vi (CaCO3) hoc vi nung:

X l kh SO2 bng vi l phng php c p dng rt rng ri trong cng

nghip v hiu qu x l cao, nguyn liu r tin v sn c mi ni.

CaCO3 + SO2 = CaSO3 + CO2 (3.1)

CaO + SO2 = CaSO3 (3.2)

2CaSO3 + O2 = 2CaSO4 (3.3)



27/36


o u im ni bt ca phng php ny l: cng ngh n gin, chi ph u t

ban u khng ln, c th ch to thit b bng vt liu thng thng, khng

cn n vt liu chng axit v khng chim nhiu din tch xy dng.

o Nhc im: ng cu cn trong h thng.

X l kh SO2 bng amoniac:

Amoniac v kh SO2 trong dung dch nc c phn ng vi nhau v to ra mui

trung gian amoni sunfit, sau mui amoni sunfit li tc dng tip vi SO 2 v H2O

to ra mui amoni bisunfit theo phn ng sau:

SO2 + 2NH3 = (NH4)2SO3 (3.4)

(NH4)2SO3 + SO3 + H2O = 2NH4HSO3 (3.5)

Lng bisunfit tch t dn dn c th hon nguyn bng cch nung nng trong

chn khng

2NH4HSO3 nung nng (NH4)2SO3 + SO2+ H2O (3.6)

o u im ca phng php ny l c th p dng kh khi thi c cha

nhiu bi v nhit cao. H thng c th lm vic vi lu lng khi thi

rt ln.

o Nhc im ch yu ca phng php ny l lng ph thi nhiu, gy kh

chu cho ngi vn hnh do mi.

X l kh SO2 bng magie oxit (MgO):

Phng php ny da trn cc phn ng

MgO + SO2 = MgSO3 (3.7)

MgSO3 + SO2 + H2O = Mg(HSO3)2 (3.8)

Mt phn Magie Sunfit tc dng oxy trong khi thi to thnh sunfat

2MgSO3 + O2 = 2MgSO4 (3.9)

Magie bisunfit c th b trung ha bng cch b sung thm MgO mi

Mg(HSO3)2 + MgO = 2MgSO3 + H2O (3.10)



28/36


o u im ca phng php ny l hiu qu x l cao c th t 95-99%, p

dng c cho trng hp khi thi c nhit cao, cha nhiu bi m khng

cn phi lm ngui v lc bi trc khi i vo h thng x l SO2.

o Nhc im: gy ra cu cn cho h thng bi cc tinh th khng tan.

X l kh SO2 bng dung dch sa (Na2CO3):

Phng php ny c u im l khng ng cu cn trn ng ng. C th

hp th bt k nng no v chng c kh nng hp th rt ln.

Phng trnh xy ra nh sau:

Na2CO3 + SO2 = Na2SO3 + CO2 (3.11)

Na2SO3 + SO2 + H2O = NaHSO3 (3.12)

X l kh SO2 bng km oxit ZnO:

L phng php dng phn ng gia SO2 vi km oxit thu cc mui sunfit

v bisunfit, sau dng nhit phn ly thnh SO2 v ZnO.

o u im chnh cu phng php ny l qu trnh phn ly km sunfit ZnSO3

thnh SO2 v ZnO xy ra nhit thp hn ng k.

o Nhc im ca phng php ny l i hi phi lc sch tro bi trong kh

thi trc khi a vo h thng x l, tiu hao nhiu nhin liu km oxit v h

thng x l kh phc tp.

X l kh SO2 bng cc cht hp th hu c:

c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip luyn kim mu. Cht hp th kh SO 2

c s dng ph bin l cc amin thm nh anilin C6H5NH2, toluidin CH3C6H4NH2,xylidin (CH3)2C6H3NH2 v dimetyl-anilin C6H5N(CH3)2 .

o u im: hiu qu cao.

o Nhc im: phi lm ngui kh thi v lc sch trc khi vo h thng, vn

hnh phc tp, kinh ph u t ln.

X l kh SO2 bng cc cht hp ph th rn:

Hp ph kh SO2 bng than hot tnh, nhm oxit kim ha, mangan oxit (MnO),

..



29/36


o u dim ca cc phng php ny l khng cn h thp nhit khi thi,

thit b n gin, kinh ph u t thp.

o Nhc im: chi ph vn hnh ln do vic hon nguyn vt liu.

3.3.5. Cc phng php x l NOx: Hp th kh NOx bng nc:

Cc loi kh thi c cha oxt nit vi nng thp thng c x l bng cc

phng php dng nc ra kh trong cc thit b nh scrub, thit b sc kh si

bt, ng venturi,...

Nit ioxit v init tetraoxit ( NO2 v N2O4) kt hp vi nc to thnh axit

nitr. Tip theo, axit nitr c th b oxy ha thnh ioxit nit m n lc mnh n skt hp vi nhiu nc hn. Cc phn ng sy ra nh sau:

2NO2 (hoc N2O4) + H2O = HNO3 + HNO2 (3.13)

2HNO2 = NO + NO2 (hoc N2O4 + H2O ) (3.14)

NO + O2 = NO2 (3.15)

2NO2 = N2O4 (3.16)

Phn ng (3.13) xy ra trn lp mng ngn cch gia pha kh v pha lng. Qu

trnh oxy ha ca oxit nit xy ra tng i chm nhng thc hin n cng. Cn cc

phn ng (3.13) v (3.14) khng thc hin n cng khi c mt ca axit nitric m

c, tuy nhin chng cng i n hon thnh khi tip xc vi nc sch.

Thp sc kh si bt.

Scrub Venturi.

Thp Scrub c lp m lng v thp phun.

o Nhc im: Hiu qu kh NOx theo cc phng php nu trn thng khng

cao, ti a t 50%

Hp th kh NOx bng dung dich amoni cacbonat:

Atsukawa M. V cng s Hng Cng nghip nng Mitsubishi ( Nht Bn )

nghin cu qu trnh x l kh NOxbng amoni cacbonat (NH4)2CO3 trong thp hpph ng knh 0,4m v cao 2,6m c m bng khu Raschig 25 mm. Hiu qu hp



30/36


th t 65% v ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi khc. Hiu qu ca

qu trnh hp th cn c nng cao ng k khi dng cc tm nha polyvinyl gn

sng lm lp m trong lp hp th (hiu qu t n 95,1 % ).



31/36


Hp th kh NOx bng silicagel, alumogel, than hot tnh...

Kh thi c cha 1 n 1,5% NOx c th c x l bng cc phng php hp

ph nh silicagel, alumogel, than hot tnh...

Khi trong cht hp ph c cha ioxit nitth n tr thnh cht xc tc oxyha cc oxit nit thnh nit ioxit. Nit ioxit b hp vo cc cht nu trn v c th

c tch ra khi chng bng cch nung nng.

Kh nng hp ph NOx ca cc cht rn trn ni chung l rt thp. Do mun

yu cu kh NOx mt cch trit cn lp t h thng vi nhiu tng hp ph ni tip

nhau, n n tiu hao nhiu nng lng thng sc cn kh ng ca h thng. Mt

khc, bi trong kh thi cng lm gim kh nng hp ph cn c lc sch tro bi.Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng nhc im k trn, s dng cht hp ph kh NOx

cng c u im ca n l c kh nng thu hi NO2 nng cao iu ch axit nitric

phc v cho nhiu nhu cu khc nhau trong cng nghip.

3.3.5. Nhit

3.3.5.1. C s ca qu trnh truyn nhit

Qu trnh trao i nhit thng hay gp nht trong thc t l qu trnh truyn

nhit t mt cht lng ny cho mt cht lng khc qua mt vch ngn. Trong trng

hp ny qu trnh trao i nhit xy ra do tc dng ng thi ca nhiu dng trao i

nhit c bn. Cht lng nng truyn nhit cho vch c th va bng i lu v bc x,

sau nhit s c truyn bng dn nhit trong vch sang b mt tip xc vi cht

lng lnh bng i lu hoc bng c i lu hoc bng bc x.

3.3.5.2. Thit b trao i nhit

Thit b trao i nhit l thit b trong thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit gia

cc cht mang nhit, th d thit b sy, bnh ngng, bnh bay hi ,

Ty theo mc ch s dng m cc thit b trao i nhit c cu to v tn gi

khc nhau, nhng v nguyn l lm vic chng c chia lm 3 loi: thit b trao i

nhit loi phn cch, loi hi nhit, v loi hn hp.

Trong thit b trao i nhit loi ngn cch, cc cht mang nhit chuyn ng

trong nhng khng gian cch bit nhau bi vch ngn (b mt ca ng, rnh,..) v s



32/36


trao i nhit gia chng c thc hin qua vch ngn cch th d cc bnh ngng,

cc bnh gia nhit nc nng,

c tnh lm vic ca cc b mt truyn nhit trong cc thit b hi nhit mang

tnh cht chu k, ngha l trong nhng khong thi gian nht nh cc b mt c

tip xc vi cht lng nng v c cht lng nng truyn nhit cho. Nhng na chu

k sau, cc b mt c t nng li nh nhit cho cht lng lnh i qua chng.

Cc qu trnh trao i nhit trong cc thit b hi nhit l nhng qu trnh khng n

nh( th d thit b sy gi nng ca l cao, l thy tinh,)

Hai loi thit b trn c tn gi chung l thit b trao i nhit b mt v cc qu

trnh trao i nhit trong cc loi thit b ny lun gn lin vi cc b mt vt rn.

Trong cc thit b trao i nhit loi hn hp, cc cht lng nng v lnh trao

i nhit cho nhau khi chng hn hp vi nhau. c im ca loi thit b ny l cc

qu trnh trao i nhit c tin hnh ng thi vi qu trnh trao i cht ( th d:

cc thp lm mt nc tun hon).

Thit b trao i nhit loi ngn cch l loi thit b thng gp nht trong thc

t. Ty theo chiu chuyn ng ca cc cht lng trong thit b, chng cn c phn

ra thnh cc nhm nh: thit b trao i nhit ngn cch cng chiu, ngc chiu, ctnhau v hn hp( dng nng v dng lnh chuyn ng song song va cng chiu v

ngc chiu).

Phng trnh truyn nhit:

= tFkQ , W ( 3.17)

Phng trnh cn bng nhit: 2211 IGIGQ == , W

( 3.18)

Khi khng c bin i pha trong cc cht mang nhit phng trnh cn bng

nhit c

th vit di dng:

).(...).(... '2''

22222

''

1

'

11111 ttCfttCfQ pp == , W ( 3.19)

Trong :

o k- h s truyn nhit ca thit b, W/m2K;

o F- din tch b mt truyn nhit, m2;



33/36


ot

- chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit, oC;

t

t

t

ttt

=

''

'

'''

ln(3.20)

Khi cht lng chy cng chiu:

'

2

'

1

'ttt = , ''2

''

1

''ttt = , 1=t ( 3.21)

Khi cht lng chy cng chiu:

''

2

'

1

'ttt = , '2

''

1

''ttt = , 1=t ( 3.22)

Trong :

o v - tc trung bnh ca cht lng nng v cht lng lnh trongthit b, m/s;

o f1 v f2 din tch mt ct cht lng lu ng, m2;

o v - khi lng ring ca cht lng nng v cht lng lnh, kg/m3;o Cp1 v Cp2 nhit dung ring ca cht lng nng v cht lng lnh, j/kgK;

o'

1t v ''

1t - nhit vo v ra ca cht lng nng;

o'

2t v ''

2t - nhit vo v ra ca cht lng lnh;

Khi cht lng chy hn hp hoc giao nhau th:

ngt tt

=

Trong : (3.23)

t

- chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit tnh theo s ngc chiu;

),( RPft = , trong '2

'

1

'

2

''

2

tt

ttP

= ,'

2

''

2

''

1

'

1

tt

ttR

= ( 3.24)

Tr s t tra cn c theo P, R trn th c s tng ng.



34/36


3.3.6. Phng php x l CO:

X l nhim bng qu trnh thiu t hoc cn gi l qu trnh t chy sau

c p dng kh ph bin trong trng hp kh thi ln m nng cht nhim

chy c li rt b.

Mt s phn ng ha hc xy ra trong qu trnh thiu t: Qu trnh thiu t

rt thch dng vi cc cht nhim chy c, l nhng hp cht ca cacbon,

hydro, oxy, nit, lu hunh. Nhng hp cht trn khi chy s to thnh cc sn phm

chy khng hoc t c hi hn so vi bn thn chng.

V d ta c mt s cht nhim v phn ng chy ca chng nh sau:

CO + O2 = CO2 (3.25)

C6H6 + 7O2 = 6CO2 + 3H2O (3.26)

H2S + 1O2 = SO2 + H2O (3.27)

Trong phn ng (3.25) oxit cacbon l kh c rt quen bit vi con ngi c bin

thnh CO2 t c hi hn.

V mt bin php thc hin, qu trnh thiu t cht nhim c th c phn

chia thnh ba dng khc nhau: Thiu t bng ngn la trc tip trong khng kh.

Thiu t c bung t.

Thiu t c xc tc.



35/36


CHNG 4 : KT LUN V KIN NGH

4.1. KT LUN

Qua qu trnh tm hiu v vn nhim do t nhin liu, nhm nhn thy

y l mt vn cn c quan tm nhiu hn v vn nhin liu lun l mt vn nng ca x hi, n nh hng n nn kinh t ca mt quc gia, mt khu vc. M

c bit l vn nhim khng kh do t nhin liu trong cc hot ng sng, sn

xut ca con ngi, n nh trc tip n sc khe, cc vn ton cu ha v c bit

l vn nng ln ca tri t, y cng chnh l vn c quan hng u hin nay.

Ngoi ra, nhm cng tm hiu cc qu trnh t nhin liu, qu trnh hnh

thnh cc cht kh gy nhim, qua a ra cc quy trnh x l cc cht kh sinhra trong qu trnh t, v cc bin php nhm gim thiu nhim.

T qu trnh tm hiu trn, nhm a ra nhng nhn xt nh sau:

Vn nhim khng kh Vit Nam trong qu trnh t nhin liu sinh ra

ch yu trong sn xut cng nghip ti cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut...

V hot ng giao thng cc th ln ca nc ta.

Vn cha c bin php x l trit cc loi kh sinh trong qu trnh t nhinliu.

Thc t vn mi trng vn cha c quan tm ng mc, c bit l vn

nhim nhim khng kh trong cc khu th, khu cng nghip, khu ch

xut...

4.2. KIN NGH

Qua vic tm hiu v cc vn trn, nhm xut mt s kin sau:

Cn c cc bin php s dng tit kim ngun nhin liu, nhm nng cao hiu

qu kinh t ng thi gim thiu nhim mi trng.

Cn thay th cc ngun nhin truyn thng bng cc ngun nhin liu mi

nhm gim thiu nhim.

Thay i cc trang thit b, my mc c bng cc loi trang thit b, my mc

mi c kh nng tit kim nhin liu hn, ng thi hn ch nhim mi

trng khng kh...



36/36


TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Trn Ngc Chn. (2004). nhim khng kh v x l kh thi (Tp 1). Nh Xut

Bn Xy Dng.

2. Hong Th Hin, Bi S L. (2007). Bo v mi trng khng kh. Nh XutBn Xy Dng.

3. Nguyn nh Tun. (2002). Quan trc o c nhim khng kh v ti ng n do

giao thng ti cc trm ca TPHCM. ti nghin cu khoa hc.

4. http: www.nea.gov.vn

5. http: www.nld.com.vn
http://www.nea.gov.vn/http://www.nld.com.vn/http://www.nea.gov.vn/http://www.nld.com.vn/

bai tieuluan onkk nhom3

Documents