Vietnam foreign policy 1954-1964This work is done by group 6, including :

Pham Thi Thu Hang, Nguyen Minh Thu, Bui Anh Ngoc, Pham Thi Thuy Quynh, Nguyen Ngoc Huyen from HANU FIS 12.

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1. Atfer Stalin’s death in 1953 Chinese leaders disapproved of the Soviet Union's moves under Nikita Khrushchev toward deStalinization and peaceful coexistence with the West.

2. Soviet neutrality during the 1959 tension on the ChineseIndian border, and Soviet reluctance to honor its agreement to provide nuclear weapons technology to China.

3. In an attempt to break away from the Soviet model of economic development, China launched the radical policies of the Great Leap Forward (1958-60), leading Moscow to withdraw all Soviet advisers from China in 1960. 

External contextSU-China contradiction

External context

SU-China contradiction

• During the 1960s the China-Soviet ideological dispute deepened and spread to include territorial issues• After unsuccessful border

consultations in 1964, Moscow began the process of a military buildup along the border with China and in Mongolia

External context

France - Observed Geneva agreement.- 5/1955 withdraw all troops from Vietnam

External context

America

• Contained Communism Vietnam• Continued economic support to

Ngo Dinh Diem and founded Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 9/1954 (Thai Lan, Philippin, Pakistan, Australia, France, New Zealand, UK and US), modeled after the highly successful NATO.

External context

America• 1960, a growing number of

Americans had begun to protest the United States’s apparent willingness to wage nuclear warfare. 

• Therefore Kennedy, hoping never to have to decide between nuclear war and political embarrassment again, devised a new strategy of “flexible response” to deal with the USSR.

External context

AmericaIn 1962 established the Military Assistance Command of Vietnam (MACV), which provided American personnel to help train the South Vietnamese army, sent thousands of “military advisors” to South Vietnam

Develop “strategic hamlets” in Vietnam to label Viet CongIn August 1963, dissatisfied with the Diem regime On November 1, overthrew Diem, and General Duong Van Minh took power.

External context

America• After the Battle of Ap Bac and the Buddhist monk’s self-

immolation in 1963, the American media began to present an increasingly critical view of U.S. policy in Vietnam.

• This shift had a profound impact on public opinion: the American people slowly turned against the war, and protest movements grew in strength

1954-1960 Vietnam was divided at 17th

parallel:

The North Vietnam: liberated, started to rehabilitate the economy, and became a part of socialist bloc.

The South Vietnam: the U.S. replaced France establishing a puppet government under Ngo Dinh Diem => to divide Vietnam and make South Vietnam one of its “modern colonies” and military bases in Southeast Asia.

America and Diem government violated the Accords:

1955: Diem declared himself president of the Republic of Vietnam. Diem publicly opposed to the nationwide elections.=> To separate Vietnam.

THE

DOMESTIC CONTEXT

1954-1960Dong Khoi movement (1959 -1960) started a mass movement against Diem regime and also led to the establishment of Nation Liberation Front in December 20, 1960.

THE

DOMESTIC CONTEXT

1961-1964

The North: carried out the first 5-year plan.

The South: The success of “Dong Khoi” movement and the rapid development of rebel forces against Diem regime forced

the U.S to change its strategy to the so-called “using Vietnamese to fight against Vietnamese” and conduct the so-

called “Special war”.

THE

DOMESTIC CONTEXT

VIETNAM’S POLICY

6 DIRECTIONS

1. Struggling to implement Geneva Agreements on Indochina • Establish commercial relations between the north and the south• Free general elections could be held tounite the country • Work against the treaty violations: Aggressive Intervention of the US, and Diem Government’s brutal policies

4. Building friendly relationship with Laos and Cambodia. (Support the revolutionary forces of Laos, Cambodia against US puppet governments)

5. Enhanced cooperation with the national liberation movement in Asia and Africa, set up cooperation with the newly independent countries.

6. Join the world peace movement, freedom and democracy, and neutral trend

1954-1960

2 Strengthen cooperative relations with socialist countries, especial SU and ChinaBecause of the Sino–Soviet split – the divergence between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) maintain unity, harmony and understanding in the socialist camp; preserve the balance of relations with SU and China3 Increase international cooperation in the communist movement and worker movement

VIETNAM’S POLICY

6 DIRECTIONS

Especially in 1960: North Vietnam established the National Liberation Front in December 1960 to foment insurgency in the South

1954-1960

This organization actively promoted foreign activities by sending delegationsto visit socialist nations, attending international conferences and raising the voice of people in southern VietnamTry to gain the international recognition for the National Liberation Front

VIETNAM’S POLICY

1961-1964

Strengthening and expand relationship with many countries in world, enhanced international status of Vietnam to enlist international supporto Propagandize and explain the cause of national liberationo Condemning policies of US and Diem Governmento Strengthening peace and neutrality policy; enlist the support of the

world, and the socialist countries o All foreign activities are oriented to the interests of national

independence and democracyo 1961: expansion of relations with African countries

Tranh cổ động "Đoàn kết với nhân dân Việt Nam" do Cộng hòa Dân chủ Đức phát hành

Tranh cổ động "Khoảng cách tuy có xa nhưng trái tim của chúng ta vẫn bên nhau" do Liên Xô (cũ) phát hành.

VIETNAM’S POLICY1961-1964

Maintain unity among socialist countrieso Maintain relations with USSR and China o Strengthen solidarity in Indochia, esp Vietnam-Laos-CambodiaFight against The "special war" of US, the spread out the waro coordinate political, military and diplomatic struggleo accused the US escalation of waro strictly implement Geneva Treaty

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