bài giảng Ô nhiễm môi trường

7/23/2019 Bi ging nhim mi trng

1/212

nhim mi trng(Environmental pollution) nhim mi trng(Environmental pollution)

Ging vin: Nguyn Th Thu !

"# mn: $ng ngh% mi trng&hoa: 'i trng


2/212

Gi*i thi%u v+ mn h,- '.- tiu -/a mn h,-

Ngun gc, nguyn nhn ca nhim mi trngNgun gc, nguyn nhn ca nhim mi trng

2


3/212

0 1ai tr23 v tr4 mn h,-

Sinh thi i cng

Ha hc mi trng nhim mi trng

!uan tr"c mi trng #ng ngh$ mi trng

N%n t&ng h$ 'inh thi ch(utc )ng ca nhim

# '* cc y+u tmi trng

#n c- ./a chn cng ngh$

Sinh hc mi trng

!u&n .0 mi trng 1 .0 mi trng

#ng c3 ca


4/212

5 N#i 6ung mn h,-

Ngun

4c )ng


5/212

5 N#i 6ung mn h,-

5h6n m* 6u

7


6/212

7 T!i li%u tham 8ho

8

Khoa hc mi trng, 9 :n ;h?

nhim khng kh v x l kh thi, 4r6n Ngc #h@n, N1= ;H;4

Bo v mi trng khng kh, H H#C

"#a hc mi trng, BDng ;im #hi, N1= ;H;4

$inh th%i mi trng &'t, 9 :n ;h HN

()n l ch't thi r*n, 4r6n Hi+u Nhu$, N1= ;H;4

+i trng khng kh, 5hm Ngc Bng, N1= ;H;4

(), ch)-n k. th)/t 0)1c gia v2 ch't l3ng mi trng, =) 4NEC4


7/212

0 $9- 8in th;- -< =n v+ nhim

'i trng

F


8/212

0 &h9i ni%m 'i trng 4hG< .ut =&< I$ mi trng,Mi trngJa< gm cc y+u t t/ nhin

IA It ch@t nhn t< Ja< Kuanh c


9/212

Th!nh ph>n mi trng

Ci trng gm c Z h


10/212

$h;- n?ng -/a mi trng

() 'i trng l! 8hng gian @Ang -/a @inh vBt Ci 'inh It trn 4ri @t tr


11/212


(0) 'i trng l! n


12/212


(5) 'i trng -h;a Dng3 DFng ha ph thi #h@t th&i .un .un Xc t< ra W< h


13/212

00 nhim mi trng

4hG< 9ut J&< I$ mi trngf nhim mi trng .A '/ Ji+n i

ca cc thAnh Mh6n Qhng Mh hXM IPi tiu chujn mi trng, gy&nh h*ng L@u +n c


14/212

Tiu -huHn v! Iuy -huHn mi trng

Tiu -huHn .A Kuy (nh I% Dc tRnh Ql thut IA yu c6u Ku&n .0

Wng .Am chujn Mhn .


15/212

$hCt thi3 -hCt nhim

#h@t th&i .A It ch@t * th r"n, .ng, QhR Xc th&i ra t^'&n Lu@t, Qinh W


16/212

Ju9 trLnh nhim =Hn

Ju9 trLnh nhim =Hn

_8


17/212

Muy tho9i mi trng

Su! tho"i mi trng .A '/ 'uy gi&m I% [email protected] IA ' .Xng ca thAnh Mh6n mi trng,gy &nh h*ng L@u i IPi c


18/212

M -A mi trng

S c# mi trng .A tai Ji+n h


19/212

05 NguFn thi

_]


20/212

07 $9- Iu9 trLnh -< =n trong mi trng

2`

(6ung 6-h) (hCp th.)

(nguyn -hCt)

OP

" Q $

H@M Mh3

>i&i h@M Mh3

Sa."ng

4i..2ng

;+tta

Hqatan

5hnhy

4nghXM#

huyNnh

a'inhhc

;hu+ch tn

(h


21/212

07 $9- Iu9 trLnh -< =n trong mi trng

2_

$9- Iu9 trLnh vBt lR :t ch@t .un In )ngf :n chuyn t^ ni nAy +n

ni Qhc #huyn ha t^ Wng nAy

'ang Wng Qhc

+u t &nh h*ngf BDc tRnh .0 s ha hc ca

ch@t nhim Jjn Bi%u Qi$n mi trng s i%u

Qi$n 'inh thi


22/212

$9- Iu9 trLnh vBn -huySn

&hu-h t9n: 9A Ku trnh In chuyn m)t ch@tJ*i Ii$c Wi )ng ngu nhin W/aIA< trng thi Qhng cn JngO

?i chuyn m)t ch@t t^ ni c nng

) ca< 'ang ni c nng ) th@Mch< +n Qhi ch@t Mhn tn ngnh@t tr


23/212

$9- Iu9 trLnh vBn -huySn

$huySn pha: S/ In chuyn cc Mhn t * trng thi 'ch IA< tr


24/212

14 6. Iu9 trLnh nhim =Hn v!o DCt


25/212

$9- Iu9 trLnh -huySn ha

$huySn ha ha h,-: !uy+t (nh tRnh J%n IUng ca

m)t ch@t nhim tr


26/212

$9- Iu9 trLnh -huySn ha

$huySn ha @inh h,-: =&n ch@t .A cc Mh&n -ng ha hc

IPi Lc tc .A cc GmvymO Ju9 trLnh @inh h,- ho 8h4 (hiu 8h4) Ju9 trLnh @inh h,- 8U 8h4 (ym 8h4)

&im loVi &R hi%u ';- t4-h lWy (l>n) @o v*i n*-#aWimiS"t#h#r


27/212

Xnh hYng -/a -9- Iu9 trLnh -< =n Dn @A phBn-/a -hCt nhim

Nhm $hCt DVi 6i%n &h n?ngh2a tan

&h n?ng=ay h


28/212

0\ ]9nh gi9 nhim mi trng

C-c ) nhim Mh3 thu)c IA< nFng D# ca cc ch@t

nhim h


29/212

Tiu -h4 D9nh gi9 nhim

Thng @A mi trng (environmental parameter@) 9A

nhUng DVi l^ng It .0, ha hc, 'inh hc c3 th Dctrng ch< mi trng c Qh& nng Mh&n nh tRnh ch@t cami trng * trng thi nghin c-uO

4hng ' mi trng c th Dc trng ch< .znh I/c mitrng, nhng c{ng c th .A nhUng i .Xng It .0, ha

hc, 'inh hc ca cc .znh I/c Qh


30/212

Tiu -h4 D9nh gi9 nguFn thi

B nh gi Dc im ngun th&i IA m-c ) tc)ng ca ngun th&i +n ch@t .Xng mi trng,Mh&i nh gi Xc ng thif

#ng th-c .in h$f 9 [mg'\ | # [mg.\O ! [.'\b`

Th!nh ph>n yu tA_-hCt g[y nhim


31/212

$h


32/212

]`- DiSm t nhin -/a 8h4 IuySn

Tn -hCt $ng th;-ph[n t

Tb l% theo thSt4-h

Tr,ng l^ng

Nit N2 FY,`] } bOY7Ò``Ò```Li 2 2`,]_ } _O_YÒ``Ò```xrg


33/212


34/212

$Cu trf- -/a 8h4 IuySn

bZ


35/212

0 $9- t9- nh[n nhim 8hng 8h4

Theo nguFn gA-".i t nhin=3i th/c It=3i )ng It=3i ni .a, J3i @t".i nh[n tVo=3i mAi Qim .


36/212

"ng 0: ^ng hVt ph9t thi to!n ->u

0 $9- vBt -hCt g[y nhim 6Vng hVt

NguFn t nhinCui Jin=3i Qim .


37/212

0 $9- vBt -hCt g[y nhim 6Vng hVt

4hG< QRch thPc

=3i ."ng=3i . .ngSng;hi

#c ht It ch@t Xc Kuan tm tr


38/212

T4nh -hCt -/a =.i

T4nh ph[n t9n O 8h n?ng lKng 9in Kuan tr/c ti+M h


39/212

T4nh -hCt -/a =.i

&h n?ng lKng trong -< Iuan h hCp =3i c QRch thPc `,_ m Qhng J( giU .i tr


40/212

T9- hVi -/a =.i

Trn th-

Z`

9 i / i


41/212

&im loVi NguFn gA- Xnh hYngNi #ng ngh$ hy ung th=G #h+ Ji+n than IA Ql thut ht nhn Nhim )c Mh+ Ku&n= #h+ Ji+n than, '&n Lu@t QRnh Nhim )c * nng ) cay ung thSG >ia cng than, '&n Lu@t aLit H

2S

ZB)c, gy ung th

Hg #ng nghi$M h


42/212

00 $9- -hCt 8h4 g[y nhim

Theo nguFn gA- ph9t @inh

Z2

N F A h9t i h


43/212

NguFn gA- ph9t @inh

$9- Iu9 trLnh oVt D#ng lin Iuan &h4 ph9t @inh

#c Ku trnh t chynhin .i$u

S&n Lu@t cng nghi$M>ia< thng In t&iSinh h


44/212

00 $hCt 8h4 v -< &h4 Mj0S2 .A ch@t QhR Qhng mAu, mi h"c, nDng hn Qhng QhR [W2,2\, ha

.ng * _`


45/212

00 $hCt 8h4 v -< &h4 Mj0 Xnh hYng Dn th- vBt

Xnh hYng Dn D#ng vBt3 -on ngi

NFng D# (mg_m5

) T9- D#ng_,`Z s _,Y2 4h/c It mn c&m IPi thng tRch

_,Y2 s 7,2 4h/c It J( ng) )c mVn tRnh

7,2 s 28 4h/c It [Dc Ji$t .A cy . Qim\ J( ng) )c c@M tRnh

28 #y . Qim ch+t tr


46/212

'a akit

Z8

0 0 $hCt 8h4 j it it


47/212

00 $hCt 8h4 v -< O jkit nit


48/212

00 $hCt 8h4 v -< O jkit nit


49/212

&hi Iuang ho9

N .A nguyn

nhn chRnh cahi$n tXng QhiKuang h


50/212

00 $hCt 8h4 v -ia< thng IA In t&if735 Njk

7`

0 0 $hCt 8h4 < &h4 $j


51/212

00 $hCt 8h4 v -< O &h4 $j

TDnh ch-t1 # .A QhR Qhng mAu, Qhng mi I(, Qhi

.Xng L@M L Qhng QhRf W | `,]8F, 4'| _]]


52/212

00 $hCt 8h4 v -< O &h4 $j

Bi IPi th/c Itf ti+M Lc IPi # * nng ) ca< [_`` _``` MMm\

' J( r3ng ., L


53/212

00 $hCt 8h4 v -< O &h4 0M

>nh ch't?

9A QhR Qhng mAu, mi tr-ng thi [_MMJ\, W |_,_] 4' | 8`,2`#, c Qh&nng chy n Qhi c tia .a i$n

# tRnh 1H mnh, tRnh )c mnh

@nh hAng?

Bi IPi th/c Itf H2S gy tn thng . cy, r3ng . IA gi&m 'inh tr*ng Bi IPi cy nh-c 6u, Qh ch(u

_7` >y tn thng mAng nhAy

7`` >y a ch&y, Iim Mhi

F``]`` 1uyn mAng ti Mhi, thm nhM IA< mu, c th gy t I


54/212

00 $hCt 8h4 v -< O &h4 N5

>nh ch't?NHb.A QhR Qhng mAu,c mi Qhai, tan tr


55/212

00 $hCt 8h4 v -< O &h4 j5 Bi IPi th/c Itf .Am tn thng '"c t ca t+ JA< . [Wi$M .3c\,

Mh h


56/212

00 $hCt 8h4 v -


57/212

000 $hCt 8h4 hu -


58/212

$hCt hu -< =ay h


59/212

$hCt hu -< =ay h


60/212

y6ro-a-=on

HyWr


61/212

^p -hCt Da v2ng th


62/212

^p -hCt Da v2ng th


63/212

^p -hCt hu -< -h;a N (ZN@)

5xN' [MGr


64/212

05 Ting Fn

BDc trng It .0 ca m thanh

Sng m [~, , c, 4\

M 'u@t m 5 [m2, Nm2\

#ng ) m [m2O', m2\

BDc trng 'inh .0 ca m thanh

m '"c

B) caiPi hn c/c i mA c


70/212

an truy+n [m thanh

EF n gim GHn thIo khong c%ch

Bi IPi ngun imf

"

Bi IPi ngun ngf "

4r


71/212

an truy+n [m thanh

JF >nh cng h35 ca nhi2) ng)n n

$9-h : 4ng cc ngun n [) n tng c)ng\f

q dlog(dqdgi_(d(6")

$9-h 0:N+u n ngun n c m-c n IA tRnh ch@t nh nhau thf

q i Q dlog(dn (6")N+u hai ngun n c tRnh ch@t Qhc nhau

q ( Q (6")

9if ) n ca ngun th-

9_f C-c m ca ngun m .Pn hn

9f gia ' ca ngun m, Mh3 thu)c IA< hi$u ' 9_IA 92

O 0 ` _ 2 b Z 7 8 F Y ] _` __ _2

b 2,7 2 _,8 _,7 _,2 _ `,Y `,8 `,7 `,Z `,2 `F_

an truy+n [m thanh


72/212

an truy+n [m thanh

LF >r),2n 6m 0)a v/t ch*n MGi c6, xanhF 4c W3ng ca cy Lanh f Mh&n L m thanh nh m)t mAn ch"n IA ht ,

Qhu+ch tn 'ng m tr


73/212

an truy+n [m thanh

LF >r),2n 6m 0)a v/t ch*n MloNi kh%cF4c W3ng gi&m n ca mAn ch"n .A W< hi$u Ku& ca Jng mhnh thAnh 'au mAn ch"nO ;Rch thPc 9JJng m Xc Lc (nh

4r


74/212

Zhng kV .A tRnh ch@t ca m)t ' nguyn t Mht 'inh tia J-c L

ri Ji+n thAnh m)t nguyn t QhcO :Wf #


75/212

07 Zhng kV

oVt D# phng kV ca m)t tM hXM cc ht nhn Mhng L Xc

tRnh J*i ' cc Mhn rV tr


76/212

5 Ju9 trLnh lan truy+n nhim 8hng 8h4

5 $9- yu tA nh hYng Dn Iu9 trLnh lan truy+n

F8

5 ]`- DiSm nguFn thi


77/212

5 ]`- DiSm nguFn thi

4&i .Xng ch@t nhim O MgPQF

:n tc QhR th&i vQ MmPQF Nhi$t ) QhR th&i >Q MoKF

#hi%u ca< ngun th&i h MmF

Bng QRnh nh ngun th&i r MmF =&n ch@t ca ch@t th&i

FF

500 ]`- DiSm mi trng


78/212

500 ]`- DiSm mi trng

a Xnh hYng -/a gi :n tc gi Ji+n thin thG< chi%u ca< !uy .ut thay i ca In tc gi thG< chi%u ca< Xc Lc (nh

thG< cng th-cf

4r


79/212

a Xnh hYng -/a gi

]`- trng gi $Cp TA- D#m_@ &m_h

9Dng gi ` ` s `,7 `_>i r@t nh _ `,8 s _,F 28>i nh 2 _,Y s b,b F_2>i y+u b b,Z s 7,2 _b_Y>i I^a Z 7,b s F,Z _]28>i mnh I^a 7 F,7 s ],Y 2Fb7>i mnh 8 ],] s _2,Z b8ZZ

>i t< F _2,7 _7,2 Z77Z>i r@t t< Y _7,b s _Y,2 7787=V< ] _Y,b s 2_,7 88FF=V< mnh _` 2_,8 s 27,_ FY]`=V< t< __ 27,2 s 2],` ]__`Z

=V< r@t t< [t\ _2 2],` _`Z

$9- -Cp gi theo thang "oort

F]

= Xnh hYng -/a nhi%t D#


80/212

g % #

i%n t^ng Do nhi%t (heat i@lan6)

BXc Dt tn IA< _Y_` J"t ngun t^ Ho nhi,t H th Nguyn nhnf 4hay i ' W3ng @t Wn IPi cc It .i$u giU nhi$t !u trnh Mht th&i nhi$t

Y`



81/212

g % #

i%n t^ng ngh-h nhi%t (ngh-h Do nhi%t)

Nguyn nh[n: 9Am .nh .PM Qhng QhR t^ Jn WPif Ngh-h nhi%t =;- kV 9Am nng .PM Qhng QhR t^ Jn trnf Ngh-h nhi%t 6o @ hV thCp -/a

t>ng 8hng 8h4 nng

#huyn )ng Wqng Qhng QhR .nh Jn WPi .PM Qhng QhR @m #huyn )ng ca Wqng Qhng QhR @m Jn trn .PM Qhng QhR .nh

Bu Iu:

Y_



82/212

g % #

knh h*ng tng hXM tPi Mht th&i ca ch@t QhR

9ung Qhi hnh Kut

9ung Qhi Lng Qhi s Ngh(ch

nhi$t t6ng caau'' [\ [\=Gr.ian

.tGrman

Sutt


88/212

g

Zh


89/212

;hi v | `, y | `

;hi v | `

;hi v | y | H | `

g

5hng trnh >au'' tng Kutf

5hng trnh >au'' rt gnf

Y]

"!i tBp v4 6.


90/212

Bp .

#hi%u ca< ng Qhi _`` m =n QRnh ng Qhi 7 m

4c ) Mh3t Qhi 2` m'

Nhi$t ) Qhi Y`


91/212

g

"*- 9- Dnh -Cp wn Dnh -/a 8h4 IuySn

5hn c@M n (nh ca QhR Kuyn [thG< 4urnGr, _]F`\TA- D# gi trnm`t DCt (m_@)

"an ng!y theo nKng -hiu "an Dm theo D# m[y

'Vnh T" xuNhi+u m[y

7_z{t m[y | 5_z

2 x x= = w2b x= = # wb7 = =# # ? 78 # #? P P ?8 ? ? ? ? ?

TA- D# gi m`t DCt1 t#c H gi3 K H co LC m o GNi m7t H-t

NKng mVnh1 nOng mP hQ5 *hi m7t tri c3 g3c co :Nn hFn RCo

@NKng T"1 nOng mP hQ5 *hi &u tri c3 mt # mng m! G tri trong "ng5 m7ttri c3 g3c co


92/212

"*- 0: T4nh vBn tA- gi Y D# -ao Ang 8hi

#ng th-c tng Kutf

#ng th-c Sutt


93/212

"*- 5: 9- Dnh -hi+u -ao hi%u 6.ng -/a -#t 8hi

" R S" T h4ham ' ) nng ca c)t Qhif U R grJvQME V >aP>QF +mZ'b/

Bi IPi QhR Kuyn trung tRnh +n Qhng n (nh [x s ?\

S" R MEWXUEPLxJPLFP) [m\ w 77 mZ'bfx R YZUYP[

w 77 mZ'bfx R EJZU\PEZ

Bi IPi QhR Kuyn n (nh gi thi nh [ s w\

S" R JW\MUP)$FEPL(m) $ R MG>aPG] T ^FgP>a

Hf ) nng ca c)t Qhi [m\ hf chi%u ca< Ly W/ng [m\gf gia tc trng trng [],Y m'2\ 4af nhi$t ) mi trng [


94/212

"*- 7: 9- Dnh -9- h% @A 8hu-h t9n }yv! }

]Z

&hong-9-h (8m)

% @A }ytheo -Cp wn Dnh 8h4 IuySn % @A }theo -Cp wn Dnh 8h4 IuySn " $ P E ~ " $ P E ~

`,2 7_ bF 27 _8 _2 Y 2] 2` _Z ] 8 Z`,Z ]Z 8] Z8 b` 22 _7 YZ Z` 28 _7 __ F

`,8 _b7 ]] 88 Zb b2 22 _Fb 8b bY 2_ _7 ]`,Y _FZ _2Y Y7 78 Z_ 2Y 2]7 Y8 7` 2F _Y _2_ 2_b _78 _`Z 8Y 7` bZ Z7` __` 8_ b_ 22 _Z2 b]8 2]` _]b _28 ]Z 8b _]7b 2bZ __7 7_ bZ 22Z Fb8 7b] b7] 2b7 _FZ __F Z]Y 2_8 FY 7_ b2

[ _b8F _``_ 88F 75 b2Z 2_Y _`8b Z`8 F` Z2_8 27Z` _Y8` _2Z` Y__ 8`2 Z`7 22FZ F8b _Fb ]7 77

2` b_`_ 22F_ _7_Z ]]` Fb7 Z]7 2]`Z ]bZ _]8 _`Z 7]

"!i gii


95/212

"*- \: 9- Dnh nFng D# -hCt nhim tVi m`t DCt

4&i .Xng th&i [g'\ ch@t nhim 4Rnh nng ) ch@t nhim ti mDt @t

Bnh gi m-c ) nhimnhim Jjn ca ch@t nhimti mDt @tf S< 'nh IPi tiu chujnKuy chujn hi$n hAnh

]7

7 i%n t^ng nhim 8hng 8h4


96/212

]8

i%u ;ng nh! 84nh


97/212

9A hi$n tXng tr


98/212

Juy -huHn mi trng kung Iuanh !#:N `7f2`_b=4NC4, !uy chujn Ql thut Kuc gia

I% ch@t .Xng Qhng QhR Lung Kuanh !#:N `8f2``Y=4NC4, !uy chujn Ql thut Kuc gia

I% m)t ' ch@t )c hi tr


99/212

Juy -huHn 8h4 thi !#:N `2f 2``Y=4NC4, !uy chujn Ql thut Kuc gia

I% QhR th&i .q t ch@t th&i r"n y t+ !#:N _]f 2``]=4NC4, !uy chujn Ql thut Kuc gia

I% QhR th&i cng nghi$M i IPi J3i IA cc ch@t I c !#:N 2`f 2``]=4NC4, !uy chujn Ql thut Kuc giaI% QhR th&i cng nghi$M i IPi m)t ' ch@t hUu c

!#:N 2_f 2``]=4NC4, !uy chujn Ql thut Kuc gia

I% QhR th&i cng nghi$M '&n Lu@t Mhn Jn ha hc !#:N 22f 2``]=4NC4, !uy chujn Ql thut Kuc gia

I% QhR th&i cng nghi$M W$t

]]

1P: NguFn thi - TZ 0\d mg_Nm5


100/212

oVi 'T tip nhBn

]`- t4nh nguFn thi

B th(. c 0z d c0 007 CXZ dz 77 zd 0 0\0

2Ò``` mbh L 0d d 0dd 07d 0zd4rPc

_8_`F(7dd)

_`Ò``` mbh CX> c0 0\ 50d 5z7 77z CXZ 0 0zz 5d 750 \d7

2Ò``` mbh L 07d 50d 7dd 7zd \d

_``

T3m :i1 LR trng h%p nhi[mLB trng h%p *hng nhi[m

!#:N _]f 2``]=4NC4 [!uy chujn Ql thut Kuc gia

I% QhR th&i cng nghi$M i Ii J3i IA ch@t I c\


101/212

$h


102/212

_`2

$Cu trf- ph[n t -/a n*-

\un Hi]m Lf NPc c c@u t< t^ cc nhmt- Wi$n [thG< Ni.''


103/212

Zh[n =A -9- loVi n*- trn tr9i DCt

NPc chi+m F`} Wi$n tRch J% mDt tri @t #h c b} nPc c th Qhai thc .Am nPc ung

_`b

]`- DiSm t nhin -/a n*-


104/212

_`Z

Th!nh ph>n pha -/a n*-:

NPc c th tn ti * bMhaf 5ha r"n [nPc ,Jng, tuy+t\ 5ha .ng[nPc\ 5ha QhR [hi nPc\

Nhi$t ) 'i IA nhi$t )ng Jng ca nPc Mh3thu)c IA< M 'u@t

]`- DiSm t nhin -/a n*-


105/212

]`- DiSm -/a n*- ng>m

NPc ng6m .A nPc c tr


106/212

_`8

T>ng-h;an*-

N+nD9-;ng

]wtr!nhGa-hCt

(n*-thi)



107/212

4Rnh ch@t nPc ng6m Mh3 thu)c IA< Dc im (a ch@t

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