bÀi giẢng mÔn chính sách & chiến lược tnmt (1) (1)

I. GII THIEU MON HOC VA HNH THC HNH THC

ANH GIA

1. TEN MON HOC:

(POLICY AND STRATEGY FOR NATURAL RESOURCES

AND ENVIRONMENT).

2. M MN HC.

3. S N V HC TRNH: 03 TC.

4. MC TIU MN HC.

Mc tiu tng qut ca mn hc l cung cp kin thc chuyn su v tinguyn mi trng v chnh sch, chin lc ti nguyn mi trng cho ngi

hc.

Ngi hc sau khi kt thc mn hc khng nhng nm vng cc kinthc chuyn su v ti nguyn mi trng, chnh sch, chin lc ti nguyn

m cn c k nng xy dng chnh sch, chin lc ti nguyn mi cp .

21/11/2012 2

I. GII THIEU MON HOC VA HNH THC HNH THC

ANH GIA

3. PHAN PHOI THI LNG

Ly thuyet : 70%

Thc hanh: 30%

4. HNH THC ANH GIA:

* nh gi kt qu hc tp ca ngi hc qua cc tiu ch: chuyn cn;

thc trch nhim; v mc hon thnh nhim v c giao i vi mn hc.

* Thang im anh gia ket qua hoc tap: 10 iem = 100%.

Trong o:

- Thao luan nhom tren lp: 10 %

- Tieu luan : 30 %

- Thi het mon hoc: 60%

21/11/2012 3Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy

II. NOI DUNG MON HOC

2.1. NI DUNG TRNH BY TRN LP

MT S VN LIN QUAN N S DNG V QUN L TINGUYN MI TRNG & NHU CU QUN L BN VNG TINGUYN MI TRNG.

KHI QUT V TI NGUYN MI TRNG

KHI QUYT V CHNH SCH V CHIN LC TI NGUYN MI TRNG.

QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH V CHIN LC TI NGUYN MI TRNG.

PHN TCH, NH GI MT S TRNG HP NGHIN CU iNHNH.


II. NOI DUNG MON HOC

2.2. CHUYN NGHIN CU CA HC VIN

Chin lc ti nguyn nc.Strategies for natural

resources\Chien luoc v ti nguyn nc.doc

Chin lc s dng ti nguyn khong sn.

Chin lc v a dng sinh hc.

Chin lc v ti nguyn t.


III. YU CU CA MN HC

MN HC YU CU HC VIN:

1. Thc hin y cc cc yu cu ca ging vin vvic:

- Tham gia y cc gi hc & tho lun trn lp; tmkim ti liu tho lun.

- Tho lun nhm - ty theo ni dung trnh by trn lphc, ging vin a ra mt vn cc nhm tholun.

- Cc nhm tho lun trn lp c hnh thnh ngaytrong gi hc v tho lun di s hng dn ca gingvin.


III. YU CU CA MN HC

2.Vit tiu lun.

- Tiu lun c thc hin theo nhm, im chm

chung cho c nhm.

- Nhm c hnh thnh t 8-10 hc vin, nhm

trng c nhm bu ln (thng l ngi c uy

tn, c kinh nghim cng tc v c tinh thn trch

nhim.

- ti s c cc nhm chn t cc ti xut x.

3. Thi ht mn hc.


IV. TI LIU HC TP & NGHIN C

Ti liu ngi hc c th tham kho baogm:

1. Gio trnh/ni dung bi ging ca gio vin (Ging vin s cung cp cho hc vin dngfile nu hc vin yu cu).

2. Ti liu tham kho bng ting vit.

- Ti nguyn mi trng & Pht trin bnvng L Huy B & Cng s .

- Qun l nh nc i vi ti nguyn v mitrng - Phm Th Ngc Trm.



- Sterner T. 2002 (Dch gi: TS. ng Minh

Phng), Cng c chnh sch cho qun l ti

nguyn & Mi trng, Nh xut bn tng hp

Tp.HCM, HCM.

- Lu c Hi (cb), Phm Thi Vit Anh, Nguyn

Th Hong Lin v V Quyt Thng 2006, Cm

nang qun l mi trng, Nh xut bn gio dc,

H Ty.



-Ascher,W., Healy, R. 1990, Natural Resource

Policy Making in Developing countries, Duke

University Press, America.

- Camp, W.G., Daugherty,T.B. 1991 (second

edition), Managing our natural resources,Delma

Publisher Inc, America.



3. Ti liu bng ting Anh.

- Ascher,W., Healy, R. 1990, Natural Resource

Policy Making in Developing countries, Duke

University Press, America.

- Camp, W.G., Daugherty,T.B. 1991 (second

edition), Managing our natural

resources,Delma Publisher Inc, America.



3. Ti liu bng ting Anh.

- Carter,N. 2001, The politics of the environment:

Ideas, Activism, Policy, Cambridge, London

- Misra,S.P., Pandey,S.N. 2008, Essential

Environmental Studies, Ane Books India, New

Delhi.



- Schmidt,M., Joao,E., Albrecht,E. 2010,

Implementing Strategic Environmental

Assessment, Springer Berlin Heidberg,

German.

- Rees,R., 1990 (second edition), Natural

Resource: allocation, economics and policy,

Routledge, London


Trn mng,

CT Honda thng bo:Tuyn G maketing, thit k my,K

thut vin ho.... cng nhn k thut, tp v.

i tng : CD ASEAN, TN H & CNKT

Kt qu : CD VN yu ting ANH,

thiu mt s k nng NN c bn,

ch c tuyn......

Phi ngh g?

Ton cu ha

dn n ton cu nhn lc

Ch!

bng c

tn la

c y.

i! TV hng chp,

chp g . Bng

ci mng tay m mt

bc triu t qu!

Nh vy v gi : 1 tn hng VN =

1t hng TQ = 1yn hng TL = 1Kg

hng HQ = 1gam hng NB

Ta ngh g v phi lm g?

1. HiN TRNG S DNG & NHU CU V QUN L

TI NGUYN MI TRNG

1.1. MT S VN LIN QUAN N S DNG TI

NGUYN MI TRNG.

ng hnh vi vi dn s tng v mc sng ca loi

ngi tng ln th cc loi ti nguyn nh khng kh

sch, nc, nng lng, kim loi v vt liu si cng tr

nn him/c gi tr v cc vn mi trng tng

nhanh.


1.1. MT S VN LIN QUAN N S DNG TINGUYN MI TRNG.

Quyn li chnh tr - x hi v s dng tinguyn mi trng cng ngy cng tng nhanh,

chnh sch ti nguyn mi trng ang c mt v

tr quan trng trong cc chng trnh ngh s

quc t.

mi quc gia ,s thay i mi trng v thtrng c th nh hng khc nhau i vi tng

loi ti nguyn mi trng, cu trc v mc tiu

th cng nh dn s ca quc gia .



y thc s l ting chung cnh bo v

nguy c nhng cng l nhu cu v c hi mi hnh

thnh cc dng hot ng thng mi .



Dn s tng v nhu cu tiu th ti nguyn tng nns cnh tranh trn bnh din ton cu v cc loi ti

nguyn mi trng tr nn gay gt hn, dn n nh

hng tiu cc n mi trng.

S thay i nhanh chng trong s dng ti nguynmi trng lm tng nhu cu ci tin cu trc sn xut

cng nh cu trc tiu th nhm c to c s phn

thnh v bn vng ca mi trng.


1.1. MT S VN LIN QUAN N SDNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG.

Theo nh gi ca y ban quc t v bin i khhu hot ng ca loi ngi ang lm thay i thnh

phn, cu trc ca kh quyn.

Hot ng t chy nhin liu ha thch, hot ngnng nghip v ph rng v ang lm cho tng

di ca bu kh quyn trn a cu v i dng

nng ln.

Hin tng nng ln ca Tri t ang ngy cngtng, nh hng n sinh k ca loi ngi.



Trn bnh din ton cu, hin tng nng ln caTri t nh hng gh gm n ti nguyn thin

nhin nh nc bin dng, thay i v lng v

khun mu ma, thay i thi tit. Ngoi ra, bin i

kh hu cn dn ti thay i cc khu vc trng trt,

bng tan v tuyt chng cc loi ng thc vt.

Do bin i kh hu, mt s ti nguyn mi trngtr nn khan him trong khi mt s li tr nn di

do!



Bc tranh v vin cnh tng lai ca ti nguyn mi trng

lm au u cc nh hoch nh chnh sch ni chung v chnh

sch ti nguyn mi trng ni ring trong vic xc nh c

cc vn quan trng trong hin ti v thit lp c cc mc

tiu cng nh bin php gii quyt vn . Theo Saarinen

(2008), vin cnh ti nguyn mi trng trong tng lai nh sau:

Tip tc bng n s dng ti nguyn mi trng trong nnkinh t ton cu v nhu cu v nguyn liu th vn rt cao nhm

pht trin kinh t, hn na nhiu quan nim cho rng cc vn

mi c cng iu ha. Cng ngh tin tin v kinh t pht

trin v nn kinh t m ton cu s gii quyt c cc vn

mi trng v ti nguyn.



Cc chng trnh tin tin v cc m hnh vn hnh s thayi ph hp vi bin i kh hu v chnh sch v kh hu v loi

ngi phi thay i phng thc sn xut v tiu th. Nn kinh t

ca cc quc gia v cc cng ngh tin tin ang t mt s thnh

tu trong vic chuyn t s dng ti nguyn khng ti to qua s

dng ti nguyn ti to v s dng chu trnh vt cht hiu qu ca

ti nguyn.

Cng ngh hin i s t gy nh hng v mi trng v tiuth t ti nguyn, ngi ta tin rng s tm ra cc gii php cng

ngh hu hiu v hiu qu trong s dng ti nguyn v bo v

mi trng m khng cn phi can thip qu su vo cch sng

v cch tiu th ca con ngi. Do , cc vn mi trng lin

quan n ti nguyn s c gii quyt cng vi s pht trin.



Vin cnh thiu ht nng lng cxy dng da vo quan im cho rng

hu qu mi trng nghim trng s lm

cho Tri t thay i hon ton v hu

qu s khng th tnh ht v vy thi

ca loi ngi i vi ti nguyn mi

trng cng thay i trit .



Yu cu phi c cc m hnh vn

hnh mi mang tnh ton cu trong cc hot

ng kinh doanh, trong chnh sch v cch

hnh x thng nht.


1. HiN TRNG & NHU CU V QUN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG

1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI

TRNG.

Cc vn nh bin i kh hu, chu trnh cacbon/the carbon

cycle v kh nh knh ang l nhng thch thc mang tnh ton

cu.

Mc d loi ngi c th ngn chn bin i kh hu nhng

nhu cu ngy cng tng v ti nguyn mi trng trn Tri t

ang lm ny sinh nhng vn quan trng v kinh t, x hi v

sinh thi.


1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG.

Hot ng thng mi v s giao lu c th khng

lu na s thnh cng trong vic to ra thun li trong

quan h truyn thng nh to ra nhiu ti nguyn mi

trng phi vt cht v trao i quc t (Businesses and

societies can no longer build their success on the basis

of traditional relative advantage such as abundant

natural resources as the key inputs are non- material

and circulate internationally).



Nhiu loi ti nguyn mi trng s khng c thng

mi trn th trng truyn thng hoc rt t c trn th

trng.

iu rt quan trng l phi thy c nhng loi ti

nguyn mi trng no cng nh s lng ca tng loi ti

nguyn cn dng trong tng lai trong bi cnh cc sn

phm v dch v t cc dng ti nguyn mi trng khng

ngng thay i.



Nhu cu phi c cch tip cn ton din v c h

thng i vi cc vn ti nguyn mi trng. Cch

tip cn ny phi tnh n cc hin tng x hi khc

nhau v mi lin h cng nh tng tc ln nhau ca

cc hot ng c th c trn bnh din quc gia v quc

t.



Qa trnh xem xt phi c tnh ton din v bn cht

ca vn phi c xem xt mt cch linh hot, cc

kha cnh cn c xc nh trong chnh sch v chin

lc ti nguyn mi trng nhm mc ch t c

nh hng v thc t ha mc tiu ra.



- Kha cnh kinh t sinh khi (in the

bioeconomy), th h tng lai s c nhu cu sn

phm ngun gc t si v cc ha cht ly t

ngun sinh khi v cc quy trnh sinh hc cng

ngy cng a dng nhm ti a ha gi tr ti

nguyn v mang li phn thnh cho loi ngi.



- Kha cnh chu trnh vt cht hiu qu/ In an

efficient material cycle, ti nguyn mi trng

c s dng phi sn xut c khi lng sn

phm ti a v cng t vt cht c gi tr thi b

cng tt.



- Kha cnh phn b ti nguyn: nhiu ti nguyn mi

trng phn b theo a hnh, a l ca khu vc nn tr

nn rt quan trng cho a phng hoc khu vc. M

hnh sn xut ca cc dng ti nguyn khu vc/regional

resources lm gim nhu cu vn chuyn cho dng ti

nguyn ra ngoi khu vc nn tng an ninh cung cng

nh tng s phn thnh cho a phng/khu vc.



- Vn bin gii v ch quyn. Hp tc

quc gia v quc t s lm tng c hi giao lu

thng mi trong lnh vc ti nguyn mi trng

v to thun li cho cnh tranh ln mnh.

21/11/2012 35

Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy

1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG

Khai thc khong sn, tiu th ti nguyn mi trng lm tng

mc cnh tranh trong s dng t v iu tit mi trng.

Bin i kh hu v cc vn v nng lng ny sinh quyt

nh cc ni dung ca chnh sch mi trng.

Chnh sch ti nguyn mi trng ch trng n cc kha

cnh khc nhau ca pht trin bn vng: sinh thi, kinh t v x

hi.



Hin nay rt kh d bo v s dng ti nguyn

cng nh hiu c mi lin h ni ti gia cc

dng vt cht, yu t mi trng, bin i kh hu

v vic gim st nhm hiu r mi quan h tng h

a chiu v cc s thay i. Tt c nhng vn

ny l nhng th thch cng nh c hi nh hng

ln n cng ng quc t ni chng v ca tng

quc gia ni ring.



Trn bnh din quc t, c Hi

ng cc chuyn gia (UN expert panel) nhm

nghin cu cc vn lin quan n chnh sch

ti nguyn v Chu u cng c nhng hot

ng tch cc trong vic nghin cu cc vn

v ti nguyn mi trng.


1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuNL TI NGUYN MI TRNG

S thay i nhanh chng ca mi trng lm

tng nhu cu v ci t phng thc sn xut

cng nh cch tiu th.

Trong tng lai, cn phi du t cho sn xut

bn vng v bo tn ti nguyn, v v vy s

thc y cnh tranh, cng n vic lm v pht

trin cc khu vc.



Nhu cu v chuyn gia c trnh cao

trong xy dng chnh sch qun l ti

nguyn tng

C hi chia s trch nhim cng tng ln

gia cc cng ng, quc gia v quc t

cng tng ln.



S dng ti nguyn thin nhin thng b nhhng bi cc yu t th trng, yu t sn xut,

nhu cu tiu dng v cc nguyn tc ch o ca

quc gia v quc t.

th ha lm cho con ngi xa ri vi tnhin, bin i kh hu v gim st a dng sinh

hc ng lm cho con ngi c thc hn vi

mi trng.



Hin nay, t c quc gia c chin lc tinguyn cng mt lc cn nhc tt c cc loi tinguyn mi trng v cc mi lin h ca chngdu rng c nhiu chin lc ang c xydng c trn bnh din quc gia v quc t.

Trch nhim qun l iu hnh s dng ti

nguyn c phn chia cho cc lnh vc khc

nhau.



Cc vn lin quan n ti nguyn mitrng ang ngy cng c quan tm trong xy

dng chng trnh, chin lc trn bnh din

quc gia, khu vc v cc lnh vc khc.

Vin cnh v cc vn ti nguyn mitrng gip xc inh c cc vn hn ch

cng nh cc gii php trong s dng ti nguyn

mi trng.



Cc chuyn gia ng vi quan im

cho rng c rt nhiu vn lin quan n

ti nguyn mi trng v cn phi a dng

ha s dng bn vng ti nguyn mi

trng.



Cch nhn truyn thng cha thu r cc mi

quan h kinh t, cnh tranh,.. nn khi xy dng

chin lc, chnh sch ti nguyn cn phi nhn

nhn t gc mi trng v x hi, v vy,

chin lc ti nguyn mi trng rt quan trng

trong qun l v s dng ti nguyn hin nay.


2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG

(NATURALRESOURCES)

2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI NGUYN

Cc nh ngha truyn thng v ti nguyn mi trng thng

da trn quan im lin quan n vt liu th/raw materials.

Trong quan im ny 3 vn then cht cn quan tm l:

* s tn ti ca ti nguyn;

* gi tr i vi con ngi; v

* s ph hp vi nguyn liu.


2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG

(NATURALRESOURCES)


Trong cc nh ngha mi v ti nguyn mi trng, ngoi cc

yu t nh thng mi, nng sut sn xut v kh nng khai thc,

yu t v tc ng mi trng c b sung /In the new

definitions the commercial and productive exploitative

perspective is supplemented with the environmental impact

perspective.


2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG

(NATURALRESOURCES)


Chng ta ang giai on chuyn tip vi cch tip

cn ton din i vi ti nguyn mi trng, ngha l

xem xt ti nguyn mi trng di gc kinh t, sn

xut-sn lng v mi trng, bao gm c cc yu t x

hi. V cch tip cn h sinh thi l mt phn ca giai

on chuyn tip ny.


2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI

NGUYN

Cch tip cn h sinh thi l chin lc s

dng v bo tn ti nguyn mi trng, trong

nhn mnh n mi quan h v chc nng ca h

sinh thi v con ngi cng nh tnh a dng cy

trng c xem l nhng kha cnh thit yu ca

h sinh thi.



NGUYN

The ecosystem approach refers to the strategy

for the use and conservation of natural

resources, in which particular emphasis is given

to the functioning interaction of ecosystems, and

in which people and cultural diversity is

regarded as a crucial aspect of ecosystems.



NGUYN

S dng cch tip cn h sinh thi, c th qun l

hu nh ton din cc ti nguyn hu c v v

c/organic and inorganic natural resources nhm mc

ch nng cao kh nng bo tn v s dng bn vng ti

nguyn. Theo cch tip cn h sinh thi, cc t chc

sng c xem xt theo cc quy trnh ch yu/the

central processes, chc nng/functions v cc mi quan

h tng tc trong mi trng /interactions of their

environments at all levels of natural diversity.



Cch tip cn h sinh thi to iu kin a ra cc thng tin c

h thng. Chc nng ca h sinh thi, cc qu trnh sinh thi cng

nh x hi l nhng vn ch o ca cch tip cn ny /the

heart of the approach. Trong cch tip cn ny, thng tin x hi

c xc nh l mt phn ca thng tin ti nguyn mi trng.

Trong cch tip cn h sinh thi, tt c cc kha cnh khc nhau

nh qun l hnh chnh, cu trc ca cc th ch, hnh thc vn

hnh, khung php l cho vic thu thp thng tin, gim st v ban

hnh quyt nh u c ch trong.



The ecosystem approach offers the means to produce such

information systematically. The functionality of ecosystems

services, and ecological and social processes are at the heart of

the approach. In this way social information becomes defined as

a part of natural resource information. In the ecosystem

approach attention is paid above all to the various administrative

and institutional structures, and operational terms, within the

frameworks of which knowledge is produced and controlled, and

decisions taken.



NGUYN

Trong khoa hc t nhin khi nim ti nguyn

mi trng c xem xt theo ngun gc ca ti

nguyn, thnh phn v v tr ca ti nguyn :

ti nguyn ti to, ti nguyn khng ti to; c

tnh vt l, c tnh ha hc; v theo khu vc ca

ti nguyn.



NGUYN

In natural science the concepts have research

as their starting point, and they relate to the

origin of natural resources (non-renewable

versus renewable natural resources), their

composition (chemical, physical qualities), and

location (vegetation or climatic zones).



NGUYN

Trong khoa hc x hi, khi nim ti nguyn

mi trng xut pht t quan im qun l, khi

nim ti nguyn mi trng theo quan im ny

lin quan n gi tr ti nguyn (quy ra thnh

tin, khi lng sn phm), cht lng sn

phm, php l.



NGUYN

In social sciences the concepts have research and management

starting points, and they concern the value of natural resources

(measurable monetarily, sustaining culture, production volume)

commodity quality (legal angles, freely exploitable or under

ownership, questions of possession), legislation (Land Extraction

Act, Water Act), national economy, taxation, environment

(matters essential to people, material non-material) and

physical space (land use planning).



NGUYN

Trong sn xut v kinh t, khi nim ti nguyn mi trng c

xem xt c th i vi lnh vc sn xut v s dng.

In production and the economy the concepts are specific to fields

of activity and production, and concern use (food, materials,

energy production), availability (presumed, known, proven raw

material resources), price (limiting value of utilization standard),

dispensability, raw material classification and commerce.



NGUYN

Khi nim ti nguyn trong quan im mi trng kh bin

ng, da vo s a kha cnh ca mc tiu. Cc khi nim ny

lin quan n sinh thi, bo tn v tc ng

Environmental concepts of natural resources are dynamic, target

based and multidimensional. They involve ecological (ecosystems

services, natural processes), conservation and use impacts

(intrinsic value, numbers and biodiversity).


2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG(NATURAL RESOURCES)

2.2. KHI NiM V TI NGUYN MI TRNG (Natural Resources).

. Thut ng Ti nguyn kh linh ng (dynamic)

nhng ngha ca thut ng ny thng thay i theo s

pht trin ca khoa hc v cng ngh.

. Trc y, ngi ta thng nh ngha ti nguyn

mi trng (ti nguyn thin nhin) l nhng vt cht c gi

tr c th i vi cuc sng ca loi ngi.



2.2. KHI NiM V TI NGUYN MI TRNG (Natural Resources).

21/11/2012 Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy 61

. Tuy nhin, ngy nay mi thtrn Tri t ny hu nh u c

gi tr s dng, nhng thc t

mt s ti nguyn nh t,

nc, khng kh, nh sng, cy

trng v ng vt rt sn trong

mi trng trong khi mt s ti

nguyn khc nh khong sn,

than , du m,li nm su

trong lng t v rt kh khai

thc.

Vy, nhng th

ny c phi l ti

nguyn khng?

2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG

(NATURAL RESOURCES)

2.2. KHI NiM V TI NGUYN MI TRNG

(Natural Resources).

. Ti nguyn l do con ngi nh ngha ch khng phi

do chnh bn cht ca n.

Theo Ciriacy-Wantrup (1952), khi nim ti

nguyn/resource u tin bao hm mt cht no trong

mi trng sng c gi tr s dng cho mt mc ch c

th/certain end.


2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG

(NATURAL RESOURCES)



. Trong cuc sng v pht trin ca mnh, loi

ngi lin tc nghin cu mi trng vt l m

mnh ang sng, khm ph v nh gi c gi tr

ca cc nguyn t - yu t/element v c, hu c

trong n.


2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG

(NATURAL RESOURCES)



.Mt nguyn t no tr thnh ti nguyn, trctin phi tha mn 02 iu kin: loi ngi c s

hiu bit v k thut, cng ngh khai thc v s

dng; v loi ngi c nhu cu v nguyn t .

.Nu 01 trong 02 iu kin trn khng tha mnth nguyn t khng bo gi c gi l ti

nguyn.



2.3. PHN LoI CC DNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG

. C th chia ti nguyn mi trng ca Tri t datrn:

Bn cht ha hc ca ti nguyn;

S sn c hay s lng ca ti nguyn;

Khu vc xut hin ca ti nguyn;

Ngun gc; v

Tnh hu dng ca ti nguyn.



2.3. PHN LoI CC DNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG

Phn loi ti nguyn mi trng da trn bn cht hahc.

C 03 loi ti nguyn, l:

- Ti nguyn v c/Inorganic Resources. Nhng cht v

c c trong t nhin l ti nguyn v c, nhng cht ny

c th l: khng kh/air, nc, /rocks, qung

khong/mineral ores, khong cht,


2.3. PHN LoI TI NGUYN MI TRNG

- Ti nguyn hu c/Organic resources. Nhng ti nguyn ny l cc

cht hu c v bn cht bao gm cc vt cht sng nh cy ci/plants

rng (forest), ng vt, vi khun v cc sn phm hu c nh nhin

liu ha thch (fossil fuel: oil, coal, natural gas,..),..

- Ti nguyn hn hp/Mixed resources: l nhng ti nguyn kt hp

thnh phn c v c ln hu c. V d, th nhng c hnh thnh bi

c cht v c ( b phong ha) v cht hu c (mn hnh thnh t

cy/plants v cc loi ng vt/animals hnh thnh t hot ng ca cc

vi sinh vt,



. Phn loi ti nguyn mi trng da trn s c sn hay

s lng ca ti nguyn.

Theo cch phn loi ny th ti nguyn mi trng c

cc dng sau:

. Ti nguyn khng th cn kit (Inexhaustible

resources) l loi ti nguyn c s lng ln hoc

khng th cn kit do tiu th ca loi ngi. Cc loi

ti nguyn dng ny c th l: nng lng mt tri,

khng kh, nc, t st/clay, gi, thy triu,..



. Ti nguyn c th cn kit (Exhaustible resources) l loi ti

nguyn hin din trn Tri t c hn v th b cn kit do khai

thc v s dng qu mc. Cc loi ti nguyn c th cn kit c

th l loi c th ti to/renewable hoc khng th ti to/non-

renewable.

Ti nguyn c th b cn kit bao gm:

1). Ti nguyn khng th ti to /non-renewable resources,

2). Ti nguyn c th ti to/ renewable resources.



Ti nguyn khng th phc hi/ non-renewable resources

- Ti nguyn khng th phc hi l loi ti nguyn khng c

kh nng ti sinh v thay th hoc ch c ti sinh sau mt

khong thi gian rt di. V d, du m, than cn hng triu

nm mi hnh thnh/ti to li.

- Loi ti nguyn ny phn b khng u trn Tri t, c khu

vc th rt nhiu, nhng c khu vc li him hoc khng tn ti.



- Ti nguyn khng th ti to c th l t nhin nh nhin liu

ha thch/fossil fuels hoc nhn to/man-made nh nha tng

hp/polythene.


Cn phi s dng hp l dng ti nguyn ny,

nu khng s th h tng lai s khng c s

dng


. Ti nguyn c th phc hi/ Renewable resources.

- Dng ti nguyn ny c kh nng duy tr, ti xut

hin/reappear hoc thay th/replacement trong mt

khong thi gian hp l/reasonable, ngha l chng c

th c b sung (replenish), ti sinh (reproduce) hoc

ti ch (recycle).



- Cn bng gia khai thc v phc hi dng ti nguyn ny s

mi mi duy tr chng, nu s dng qu mc/over-use dng ti

nguyn ny s dn n cn kit chng.

V d:

+ mu m ca th nhng, nc, cy ci, cc t chc

sng,l ti nguyn ti to nhng nu s dng cc dng ti

nguyn ny vt qu kh nng ti sinh ca chng th cc dng ti

nguyn ny s tr thnh khng th phc hi/non- renewable

resources.

+ Cht ph rng v chn th qu mc c th dn n sa

mc ha t.



. Phn loi ti nguyn mi trng da trn s hin dinca dng ti nguyn /Occurrence.

Theo phn loi ny, c 03 loi ti nguyn mi trng

sau:

1) Ti nguyn quc t (International Resources). y l

loi ti nguyn mi trng (natural resources) sn c

tt c mi quc gia v khng c bin gii (no

boundaries). V d, nh sng mt tri, khng kh, nhiu

loi kh,u c tt c cc quc gia.



2) Ti nguyn a quc gia (Multinational Resources). y l

nhng loi ti nguyn c chia s cho hn mt quc gia. V d,

sng, h,..mt s loi chim di tr cng thuc loi ti nguyn ny.

3) Ti nguyn quc gia (National Resources). y l loi ti

nguyn nm trong mt quc gia c th. V d, hnh thi vt l,

cu trc a cht/a tng, phc h ng thc vt, h thng sng,

ngi v con ngi l ti nguyn quc gia.



. Phn loi ti nguyn mi trng da trn ngungc/Origin.

Theo cch phn loi ny c 02 dng ti nguyn sau y:

Ti nguyn hu sinh/Biotic Resources. y l dng ti nguync bn cht/basically l hu sinh: rng, cy ci, ng thc vt, vsinh vt,Nhin liu ha thch (fossil fuels) cng xp vo loiti nguyn ny v n c ngun gc l t cc cht hu c; mt sti nguyn hu sinh nh rng, vt nui,.. l ti nguyn ti tonhng cng c nhng ti nguyn hu sinh nh nhin liu hathch l khng th ti to.

Ti nguyn v sinh/Abiotic Resources l nhng ti nguynbn cht c hnh thnh t nhng vt v sinh nh t, nc,khong cht (ng st,..)



. Phn loi ti nguyn mi trng da trn tnh hudng/Utility

- Trn c s tnh hu dng ca ti nguyn, ti nguyn mi

trng c th l ti nguyn rng, ti nguyn nc, lng

thc - thc phm/food resources, ti nguyn nng lng v

bt k dng ti nguyn no c gi tr s dng vi loi ngi.

- Mt loi ti nguyn mi trng c th no c th thuc

nhiu dng phn loi. V d, nng lng mt tri l loi

khng th cn kit, rng l ti nguyn ti to c th cn kit,

nhin liu ha thch l ti nguyn khng th ti sinh v c

th cn kit.


2.4. TR LNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG

Chng ta thng xc nh tr lng ti

nguyn ti to cho th h tng lai da trn

kh nng/tim nng sn xut ca ti nguyn

trong mt khong thi gian xc nh no

.



c nhiu d on rt kh quan v tim nng nng

lng ca cc loi ti nguyn nh thy triu, nng

lng mt tri, nng lng gi

Theo cc d on c c s, tng nng lng mt tri

c th nhn c cho loi ngi tiu th gp 10 triu

ln nng lng do loi ngi tiu th hin nay.



Tuy vy, trong thc t s sn c (lng nng

lng cung cp) ca ti nguyn li ph thuc vo

kh nng ca loi ngi chuyn cc tim nng

thnh nng lng cung cp cho qu trnh pht

trin, bao gm c mi chi ph lin quan k c

thit hi do mi trng b suy thoi.



Cng tng t, tng tim nng sinh hc ca lc a v

i dng ca Tri t c th sn xut vo khong 40 tn

thc phm cho mt ngi/nm vi mc dn s hin nay, tc

vo gp 100 ln nhu cu.

C c tnh nng lng v tim nng sinh hc ni trn

mi da vo sn lng vt cht ca h thng t nhin ch

cha tnh n kh nng tc ng ca h thng kinh t - x

hi ca loi ngi.



Vi n lc d on din tch t tim nng

phc v cho nng nghip, trn c s ly cc iu

kin sn xut cc nc tin tin p dng cho

cc nc km pht trin, tng din tch t c

tim nng phc v cho trng trt ca Tri t l

khong 3,2 3,6 t ha, s liu hin c l 1,4 t

ha (Gerasimov, 1983).



Nu tnh mt cch n thun theo phng php d

kin cc din tch t c kh nng canh tc v trnh

cng ngh hin nay c th p ng th din tch t c

kh nng phc v cho nng nghip vo khong 6,6 t

ha. Tuy vy, do cn nhiu yu t khc lin quan n con

ngi (human constraints) thc t din tch t c kh

nng canh tc t hn nhiu so vi con s 6,6 t ha

(Rees,J 1990).



OX OX Sn lng cc i hng nm ph hp vi pht trin bn vng.

Tn sn lng OY N lc khai thc nhm t sn lng cc i

trn nm

Sn lng bn vng cc i

ng sn lng bn vng

Khu vc khng khong

suy thoi

Cn kit

Y OY

Hnh: Biu th ng sn lng bn vng



Khong vt/Mineral Khi

lng/Resources

(M3)*

Thi gian tn ti vi cc tng mc tiu th theo t l

khc nhau /Life expectancy in years with different

consumption growth rate**

Mc tng trung

bnh hng nm

1947-74

0% 2% 5% 10% %

Aluminium

Cadiminum

Chrominium++

Cobalt

Copper

Gold

Iron

Lead

Magnesium

Mangnese +

Mercury

Nickel

Phosphorus

Potassium

Platinium

Silver

Sulphur

Tin

Tungsten

Zinc

2.0 x 1018

3.6 x 1012

2.6 x 1015

600 x 1012

1.5 x 1015

84 x 109

1.4 x 1018

290 x 1012

672 x 1015

31.2 x 1015

2.1 x 1012

2.1 x 1012

28.8 x 1015

408 x 1015

1.1 x 1012

1.8 x 1012

9.6 x 1015

40.8 x 1012

26.4 x 1012

2.2 x 1015

166 x 109

210 x 106

1.3 x 109

23.8 x 109

216 x 106

62.8 x 106

2.8 x 109

83.5 x 106

131.5 x 109

3.1 x 109

223.5 x 106

3.2 x 106

1.9 x 109

22.1 x 109

6.7 x 109

194.2 x 106

205.3 x 106

172.2 x 106

677.2 x 106

398.6 x 109

1107

771

861

1009

772

709

898

724

1095

906

773

559

881

1005

944

766

769

760

829

1151

468

332

368

428

332

307

383

313

463

386

333

246

376

427

402

330

331

327

355

486

247

177

196

227

177

164

203

167

244

205

178

133

200

226

213

176

177

175

189

256

9.8

4.7

227

5.8

4.8

2.4

7.0

3.8

7.7

6.5

2.0

6.9

7.3

9.0

9.7

2.2

6.7

2.7

3.8

4.7



Take notes:

* The resource base is calculated by multiplying its elemental abundance measured in

grams per metric ton times the total weight (24x108 in metric tons of the earths crust.

** Life expectancies were calculated based on the average annual production figures

for 1972-4 and these were taken from US Bureau of Mines 1974.

++ Production figures assume that concentrates are 46 per cent Chromium.

+ Production figures assume that concentrates are 46 per cent Manganese

(R Judith Rees, 1990)


2.5. SUY KiT TI NGUYN MI TRNG

Loingi

- Dn s ngy cng tng.

- Nhu cu ngy cng ln c v s

lng ln chng loi.

- Khoa hc k thut ngy cng pht

trin to iu kin nng cao nng

lc khai thc.

- thc s dng ti nguyn

km.

- Gim st v s lng

ti nguyn.

- Gim st cht lng ti

nguyn.

- S lng ti nguyn b

khai thc vt qu xa s

lng ti nguyn ti to dn

n suy thoi, cn kit ti

nguyn



2.5.1. KHI NiM V THI GIAN SUY KiT V TN LU CA TI

NGUYN MI TRNG.

Thi gian tn lu/Life time ca ti nguyn mitrng l khong thi gian m ti nguyn sn sng

v cho loi ngi s dng trn bnh din ton cu.

(Life time of a resource is a period along time scale

upto which its availability for human use is assured o

a global basis).



2.5.1. KHI NiM V THI GIAN SUY KiT V TN LU CA TI

NGUYN MI TRNG.

Thi gian suy kit ti nguyn l thi gian m ti

nguyn gim st n mc khng th tha mn nhu

cu ca loi ngi s dng.

(Depletion time is a period along the time scale when

the availability of the resource will decrease to such an

extent that it is not available to meet human

requirements).



2.5.2. KHUN MU CN KiT TI NGUYN

(DEPLETION OF PATTERNS OF RESOURCES).

1) Chnh sch qun l ti nguyn mi trng khng tt, c bit

l chnh sch khai thc s dng vt b s y nhanh tc

cn kit ti nguyn trong mi trng.(Rapid Depletion time It is

due to policy extract use and throw away. It was prevalent

during early years. There was unrestricted economic extraction,

involving wastage at every step. The after use materials were

thrown away).



2) Cch thc qun l trong khai thc, lu gi v ch bin

khng hp l cng l nguyn nhn lm cho ti nguyn mi

trng d b cn kit, du rng tc khng nhanh nh

khun mu 1.

* (Extended depletion time - It involves proper management

at the point of extraction, concentration and manufacture so

that the wastage can be reduced. Partial recycling extends

the depletion period of resources.



3). Thc hin cc chin lc bo tn khc nhau v cc k

thut phng nga cht thi s gip ko di s hin din v

bo tn c ti nguyn mi trng.

(Indefinite depletion time It involves various conservation

strategies, as such depletion period of the resource can be

extended indefinitely. Conservation techniques prevention of

wastage, recycling and substitution.).


BIU BiU TH KHUN MU CN KiT TI NGUYN

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Cn kit TN nhanh/ Rapid depletion time

Cn kit TN kh nhanh/Extended depletion

time

Cha r thi gian cn kit TN/Indifinite depletion

time


2.6. PHN B TI NGUYN

c im phn b ca ti nguyn mi trng Vit nam

ni ring v trn th gii ni chung l khng u v c

khng gian ln thi gian.

Nhiu loi ti nguyn mi trng ch tp trung mt s

nc trong khi rt nhiu nc khc li khng c loi ti

nguyn . V d, khong 90% tr lng du pht hin ra

ch tp trung khong 15 nc trong s hn 200 trn th.


2.6. PHN B TI NGUYN

Thng mi quc t c th iu tit s phn b ti nguyn thng qua

lu chuyn ti nguyn mi trng t khu vc ny sang khu vc khc

t khu vc cung nhiu sang khu vc cu nhiu/by allowing resources

to move from areas of excess supply to areas of excess demand v do

hiu sut s dng ti nguyn s cao hn.

Tuy vy, v ti nguyn mi trng l mt trong nhng u vo

khng th thiu c ca hot ng sn xut v rt cn thit duy tr

cht lng cuc sng con ngi nn s phn b bt bnh ng ti

nguyn c th l nguyn nhn gy xung t gia cc dn tc.


2.6. PHN B TI NGUYN

Ti nguyn thin nhin c th c xem nh l vn t nhin /naturalcapital assets. Vn vt cht t nhin ny khc vi nhn lc /human capital

ch, n khng c to ra bi con ngi.

Vn t nhin c th tr thnh mt yu t u vo quan trong trong nnkinh t ca mt quc gia /in a countrys production function. Theo

Josling (2009), sn lng ca mt nn kinh t c th biu th qua phng

trnh sau:

Y = f (K, L, N)

Trong : Y - Sn lng/ output,

K - Vn/capital.

L - Nhn lc/labour

N - Ti nguyn mi trng/natural resources.


2.6. PHN B TI NGUYN

Cn phi xc nh ti nguyn mi trng va l cc yu

t ca sn xut v cng l hng ha c th thng mi trn

trng quc t: khong sn, qung, du, v nhiu nguyn

nhin vt liu khc c th khai thc v bn bun trn trng

quc t. Tuy vy, c nhiu ti nguyn li c th l nn tng

c bn ca nn kinh t quc gia /form the economic basis

for various sectors of the domestic economy v do ch c

th tham gia vo thng mi mt cch gin tip/in trade in

an indirect way.


2.6. PHN B TI NGUYN

V d, kh hu v cnh quan (climate and scenery) c th xut

khu thng qua du lch. Tng t, t nng nghip l mt loi ti

nguyn mi trng c nh (fixed, immobile natural resource)

ch c th xut khu thng qua xut khu cc sn phm trng t

t . Bi vy, v c bn, ti nguyn mi trng c xem nh

l nguyn nhn cho thng mi ch khng phi l hng ha

thng mi (Hence, at a fundamental level, natural resources are

often a reason for trade rather than tradable goods in their own

right).


3. CHNH SCH & CHIN LC TI

NGUYN MI TRNG

3.1. Khi nim v CS & CL ti nguyn

3.2. Cc cng c CS ti nguyn.

3.3. Cc c tnh cn phi xem xt.

3.4. Quy trnh XDCS/CL


3.1 CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG

3.1. KHAI NIEM VE CHNH SACH TAI NGUYEN MOI TRNG.

Chnh sach tai nguyen moi trng la mot loat hoac tap

hp cac quy nh va nguyen tac c t lieu hoa

(documented) mot cach chnh thc ma nha nc, moi

ca nhan, cong ty hoac to chc chap nhan cho cac hoat

ong cua mnh trong quan ly tai nguyen moi trng /A

natural resource policy is a set of rules or principles

(usually formal and documented) that an

individual, company or organization adopts for a

chosen of natural resource management action.

11/21/2012 Tin s: Nguyen Vinh Quy 101

3.1 CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG

Chnh sach tai nguyen moi trng la tong the cacquan iem, cac chuan mc, cac bien phap, cac thu

thuat thc hien nham at c nhng muc tieu e ra.

Chnh sach tai nguyen la tien trnh cua cac quyetnh va la khuon mau cho moi hoat ong ve QLTN.

Chnh sach tai nguyen moi trng la tat ca nhngviec chnh quyen chon lam hoac khong lam e quan

ly tai nguyen moi trng.


3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN

Cac chnh sach co the c e ra va thc hien nhng

tang nac khac nhau:

- chnh sach cua Lien hiep quoc;

- chnh sach cua mot ang;

- chnh sach cua chnh phu;

- chnh sach cua chnh quyen a phng;

- chnh sach cua mot bo;

- chnh sach cua mot to chc, oan the, hiep hoi;

- chnh sach cua mot doanh nghiepDo o co the phan loai chnh sach thanh 02 loai:

Chnh sach cong va chnh sach t.



Nhng chnh sach do cac c quan hay cac cap chnhquyen trong bo may nha nc ban hanh nham giai

quyet cac van e co tnh cong ong c coi la chnhsach cong.

Cac chnh sach cong thng c the che hoa thanhcac quyet nh co hieu lc phap ly cua c quan nha

nc.

Hien nay van con nhieu tranh luan ve nh nghachnh sach cong va xem ra se rat kho at c nhat tr

rong rai.



William Jenkin nh ngha chnh sach congnh sau Chnh sach cong la mot tap hp cacquyet nh co lien quan lan nhau cua mot nha

chnh tr hay mot nhom nha chnh tr gan lien

vi viec la chon cac muc tieu va cac giai phap

e at cac muc tieu o.

Theo nh ngha nay, co 02 van e can phainhan manh:



Chnh sach cong khong phai la mot quyetnh n le nao ay ma la mot tap hp cac

quyet nh khac nhau co lien quan vi nhau

trong mot khoang thi gian dai.

Chnh sach cong do cac nha chnh tr trong bomay nha nc ban hanh, tc la, cac c quan nha

nc la chu the ban hanh chnh sach cong.



Mot so ac trng quan trong cua chnh sachcong

Th nhat: Chu the ban hanh cua chnh sach cong lanha nc, cac c quan trong bo may nha nc (Quoc

hoi, chnh phu, cac Bo, chnh quyen a phng cac

cap). Cac c quan trong bo may nha nc va la chu

the ban hanh chnh sach cong va la chu the ban hanh

chnh sach t cac chnh sach t do c quan nha ncban hanh la nhng chnh sach ch nham giai quyet

nhng van e thuoc ve noi bo c quan o).



Th hai: Chnh sach cong bao gom nhieu quyet

nh co lien quan lan nhau. Trc het chung ta

khong nen ong nhat khai niem quyet nh ay

vi cac quyet nh hanh chnh, cang khong the coi

o ch la nhng van ban quy pham phap luat cua

nha nc. Khai niem quyet nh ay co ngha

rong hn, no co the c coi nh la mot la chon

hanh ong cua nha nc.



Cac quyet inh nay co the bao gom ca

luat, cac quyet nh di luat, tham ch ca

nhng y tng cua cac nha lanh ao the hien

trong li noi va hanh ong cua ho. Song chnh

sach khong ong ngha vi mot ao luat rieng

biet hay mot van ban nao o.



Chnh sach la mot chuoi hay hay mot loat cac

quyet nh cung hng vao giai quyet mot van

e chnh sach, do mot hay nhieu cap khac nhau

trong bo may nha nc ban hanh trong mot thi

gian dai.



Mot chnh sach co the c the che hoa

thanh cac van ban phap luat e tao tnh phap ly

cho viec thc thi, song no con bao gom nhng

phng an, hanh ong khong mang tnh bat

buoc ma co tnh nh hng, kch thch phat

trien.



Th ba: Cac quyet nh cua chnh sach la nhng

quyet nh hanh ong, co ngha la chung bao

gom ca nhng hanh vi thc tien. Chnh sach

cong khong ch the hien d nh cua nha hoach

nh chnh sach ve mot van e nao o ma con

bao om cac hanh vi thc hien cac d nh o.



Th t: Chnh sach cong tap trung giai quyet

mot van e ang at ra trong i song kinh te xa hoi theo nhng muc tieu xac nh.

Th 5: Xet theo ngha rong chnh sach cong bao

gom nhng viec nha nc nh lam va khong

nh lam (Chnh sach tha noi gia ca hoac lai

suat khong can thiep vao s len xuong cua giaca va lai suat).



Th 6: Chnh sach cong tac ong en cac oi tng

cua chnh sach. oi tng cua chnh sach la nhng

ngi chu s tac ong hay ieu tiet cua chnh

sach: oi tng trc tiep la nhng ngi trc tiep la

nhng ngi trc tiep chu s ieu chnh cua chnh

sach o, oi tng gian tiep la nhng ngi chu

anh hng cua chnh sach o mot cach gian tiep.



Th bay: Chnh sach cong c nha nc

e ra nham phuc vu li ch chung cua

cong ong hoac quoc gia.



Cac to chc, doanh nghiep, cac hiep hoi, oan theco

the e ra nhng chnh sach rieng biet e ap dung trong

pham vi mot to chc, doanh nghiep, hiep hoi hay oan the

o. Cac chnh sach nay nham giai quyet nhng van e at

ra cho moi to chc, chung ch co hieu lc thi hanh trong to

chc o. V vay, chung mang tnh chat rieng biet va c

coi la nhng chnh sach t .


3.2. NH NGHA & KHI NiM V CHIN LC

Theo Riley (2012), Chin lc lnhng nh hng v mc tiu ca mt t

chc xc lp cho mt thi gian di nhm

t c nhng li th cho t chc

thng qua s dng cc ngun ti nguyn

trong mt mi trng y th thch nhm

tha mn nhu cu ca th trng v p

ng c mong i ca cc nhm i

tng Jim Riley:Sunday23September,2012:www.google.com\strategy definition)


3.2. NH NGHA & KHI NiM V CHIN

LC

"Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation

over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the

organisation through its configuration of resources

within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of

markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations (Jim

Riley, 2012). ( Jim Riley : Sunday 23 September, 2012:

www.google.com\strategy definition)



Chien lc la mot chng trnh hanh ong tong

quat, trien khai cac nguon lc e at c cac muc

tieu toan dien ve phat trien kinh te xa hoi trong mot

thi gian tng oi lau dai (10 nam, 20 nam).

Xay dng chien lc la mot trong nhng nhiem vu

quan trong nhat cua nha nc.



Thong thng, mot chien lc ln cua nha nc

bao gom mot so chnh sach can thiet e giai quyet

nhng van e bc xuc, nham ho tr cho tien trnh thc

hien cac muc tieu chien lc e ra.

Chnh sach co tac dung ho tr cho chien lc, tao

ra nhng ong lc quan trong va moi trng thuan li

e thc hien chien lc phat trien kinh te xa hoi

cua at nc.


3.2.1 PHN LoI CHIN LC TRONG CC T CHC

Chin lc tn ti nhiu cp trong bt k t chc no, t cp tp

on n cc b phn ring r trong t chc .

1) Chin lc ca lin hip cc cng ty (tp on)/Corporate

Strategy.

Chin lc ca cng ty/tp on l chin lc lin quan n cc mc tiu tng

th v phm vi ca cng ty nhm p ng s mong ca cc c ng. Chin

lc ca cng ty ng vai tr then cht v n nh hng ln n cc nh u t

ca cng ty v l o lut hng dn qu trnh ban hnh quyt nh trong hot

ng sn xut, kinh doanh ca cng ty . Chin lc ca cng ty thng c

tuyn b rt r rng trong mt bui cng b nhim v ca n v.


3.2.1. PHN LoI CHIN LC TRONG CC T CHC

2) Chin lc kinh doanh ca n v /Business

Unit Strategy ch yu l chin lc lin quan n

lm th no cnh tranh thng li trong mt th

trng c th no . Chin lc kinh doanh bao

gm nhng quyt nh v s chn la sn phm

tha mn nhu cu ca khch hng, bin php t

c nhng u th i vi cc i th cnh

tranh, khai thc v to ra nhng c hi mi.


3.2.1. PHN LoI CHIN LC TRONG CC T CHC

3) Chin lc vn hnh/Operational Strategy - lin quan

n cc vn lm th no t chc cc b phn trong

n v phn phi/iu phi cc hng dn/ch th chin

lc ca cp trn (tp on, cng ty). Chin lc vn

hnh, do , tp trung vo cc vn nh ti nguyn, quy

trnh, nhn lc,..

Operational Strategy - is concerned with how each part of the business is

organised to deliver the corporate and business-unit level strategic direction.

Operational strategy therefore focuses on issues of

resources, processes, people etc.


3.3 K HOACH TAI NGUYEN MOI TRNG

Ke hoach la mot chng trnh cu the e at c

cac muc tieu nh trc. Ke hoach e ra bao gom

nhng muc tieu cu the va nhng giai phap hanh ong

cu the c la chon e at c nhng muc tieu nay.

Ke hoach c lap ra cho nhng khoang thi gian

xac nh: 5 nam, hang nam, na nam, quy,Sau khi

ke hoach c phe chuan, no la can c phap ly e

hng dan hoat ong va anh gia hoat ong cua cap

thc hien ke hoach.


3.4 AC IEM CUA CHNH SACH TAI

NGUYEN MOI TRNG

Chnh sach co ac iem va la san pham va

la quy trnh.

Tnh san pham/products cua chnh sach v no

la ket qua cua mot qua trnh.

Tnh quy trnh cua chnh sach la v no lien

quan en giai oan xay dng chnh sach va giai oan

thc hien


3.5 QUY TRNH XAY DNG CHNH SACH &

CHIEN LC TAI NGUYEN MOI TRNG

3.5.1. Moi quan he gia chnh sach va ket qua


Chnh sach kinh te

Chnh sach tai nguyen

moi trng

Ket qua ve tai nguyen moi

trng

Ket qua ve kinh te

Ket qua chnh

3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN

MI TRNG

ac tnh la hang hoa cong cong/public goods

Nhieu tai nguyen moi trng co the xem la hang hoa cong cong v

tieu thu cua ca nhan nay khong lam giam i mc tieu thu cua bat c ca

nhan nao khac oi vi cung mot loai hang hoa. /each individuals

consumption lead to no subtractions from any other individuals

consumption of that good.

ac tnh cua hang hoa cong cong:

Tnh khong oi thu/non-rival tieu thu cua mot ca nhan nao o

khong lam han che mc tieu thu cua ca nhan khac

V du: Mot ngi nao o ht th khong kh trong lanh khong the

bat ngi khac khong c s dung khong kh sach e th.


3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG

Tnh khong loai tr/non excludable Mot ca nhan nao o km

ham c hoat ong gay o nhiem th ca nhan khac cung c li t

hoat ong o.

V du: Mot ngi giam dung xe hi th ngi khac cung c

li la ht th c khong kh trong lanh.

Ban chat cong cong cua cac van e moi trng rat quan trong oi

vi cac nha xay dng chnh sach bi: Cac no lc bao ve moi trng co

the vap phai cac hanh ong chong oi cua tap the. V du, Mot so nha

may tap trung gan nhau cung gay o nhiem moi trng se co the e

ngh c che khuyen khch e bao ve quyen li cua ho (giam thue e

trch cho cong tac x ly).



Li ch thu c t viec s dung hang hoa cong

cong thng ch tap trung mot nhom ngi san

xuat, trong khi chi ph x ly co the phan tan cho nhieu

ngi ganh chu.

V du, Mot nha may SX nang lng phat thai vao

khong kh mot lng ln Sulphur Dioxide gay ra ma axit

nhng ni rat xa so vi ni phat thai va nhng ni b

ma axit phai ton chi ph x ly.



Tnh phc tap va khong chac chan. Thong thng rat kho xac nh va giai thch can ke cac moilien he gia cac hien tng t nhien va hien tng tao ra do con

ngi.

Do co s tac ong tng ho, qua lai gia cac he sinh thai nencac van e moi trng khong the giai quyet mot cach rieng le.

Trong thc te a co nhng chnh sach co tac ong tot mot

khu vc nao o nhng lai lam nay sinh nhng van e khong

mong i hoac pha huy nhng thanh qua mot so khu vc khac.

V du, xay dng cac ong khoi cao nhng khu cong nghiep cua

Anh nhng nam 1950 a co tac dung lam giam han chat thai trong

kh cac KCN giam nhng lai gay ra hien tng ma axit nhng

vung rat xa (Scandinavia).



Mot so ep buoc chnh tr cung can tr giai quyet cac van

e moi trng.

- Mot so giai phap moi trng trong nong nghiep hien ai

nh chong xoi mon, chong o nhiem cac dong songcan phai

c can nhac da tren cac chnh sach cong cong co tnh v

mo hn nh: cac quy nh thng mai quoc te, chien lc san

xuat lng thc quoc gia; chnh sach gia ca nong san cac

nc thanh vien Lien minh Chau Au



Nhieu van e moi trng hien nay cha c giai thch

ro da tren cac chng c khoa hoc. V du, thc te co s bien

oi kh hau hay khong, neu co th o la do con ngi hay yeu

to t nhien? Thc pham bien oi gen co li hay hai? Tham

ch, co nhng van e a c sang to nhng nhieu van e

lien quan en van e o cung can tiep tuc c lam ro. V

du, viec phat hien ra moi trng b o nhiem bi cac hoat ong

giao thong nhng can phai nh lng hoa cac chat gay o

nhiem.



Tnh khong thay oi hoac khong the ao ngc

Thc te cho thay tnh phc tap cua cac van e moi trng con tang

them bi tnh khong thay oi/khong the phuc hoi cua moi trng.

V du, khi trai at b s dung vt qua sc tai cua no th cac tai nguyen

moi trng se b huy hoai va khong the sa cha, phuc hoi

Tnh khong the ao ngc lam tang them ap lc cho cac nha xay

dng chnh sach, ac biet la trong cac chnh sach tai chnh, tr cap xa

hoi.

V du, mot chnh sach ve thue hoac li tc khong hp ly ch co the sa

oi trong nhng nam sau va ngi ta khong the sa lai nhng thieu sot

trc ay.



Tnh bien ong theo khong gian va thi gian

Bien ong theo thi gian

Nhieu van e moi trng rat phc tap bi tac ong cua no co tnh lau

dai va hau nh cac tac ong anh hng nhieu hn oi vi the he tng lai so vi

the he hien tai, rong khi cac chnh sach cha tr can phai co trc khi anh

hng tieu cc xuat hien hoan toan.

e bao ve the he tng lai, mot so hanh ong phai c thc hien ngay

nhng khuynh hng cua cac nha chnh tr la thng ngan han. Thc te, rat kho

thuyet phuc e moi ngi hy sinh quyen li hien tai cho mot the he cha xuat

hien. Thong thng giai quyet cac van e moi trng hien tai se de hn rat

nhieu so vi xay dng chnh sach giai quyet cac van e moi trng trong tng

lai.



Bien ong theo khong gian

Cac van e ve moi trng cung thay oi rat nhieu ve khong gian. Mc

nc bien dang cao se anh hng nghiem trong en cac vung duyen hai va luc

a thap nh Bangladesh; Egyps..; viec ong ca cac nha may ien nguyen t

ong c sau khi nc c thong nhat lam giam nguy c s co moi trng

nhng lai tang lng ngi that nghiep

Bien ong theo thi gian va khong gian cua cac van e moi trng co ngha

la chi ph cho cac giai phap phuc hoi moi trng se khong c phan eu.

Cac chnh sach tai nguyen moi trng se tao ra tnh trang ngi thang, ke

thua.

V vay, chnh quyen can phai can oi c li ch cua moi ngi va ay chnh

la nhng van e quan trong ve cong bang xa hoi gia cac the he hien tai va

tng lai.



Tnh khong ranh gii

Nhieu van e moi trng co tnh khong ranh gii: lo thung tang ozon, o

nhiem nc bien, thay oi kh hau. Do o, nhieu van e moi trng mang tnh

toan cau ch co the giai quyet bang cac hanh ong phoi hp bi cong ong quoc

te.

Do moi quoc gia eu co chu quyen va theo hoc thuyet chu quyen quoc

gia th se khong co mot chnh quyen chung cho the gii (World Government) va

chnh sach cua quoc gia nay khong the ap at cho quoc gia khac thc hien.

e giai quyet nhng van e moi trng co tnh khong bien gii oi hoi phai

co s hp tac gia cac quoc gia nham xay dng mot the che chung/quoc te

nham giup va loi keo nhieu dan toc phoi hp hanh ong.



Tnh manh mun trong c cau hanh chnh

C cau hanh chnh cac cap chnh quyen thong

thng c chia ra cac Bo khac nhau: Bo Giao duc; Bo

Cong nghiep, Bo Y te

Nhom cac bo thuoc cac nghanh kinh te nh tai

chnh, cong nghiep, nang lng, nong nghiep ...thng a

ra nhng quyet sach lien quan en san xuat, tieu thu va

nhng hoat ong nay co anh hng tieu cc en moi

trng.



Cac bo rieng biet a ra nhng chnh sach nham eo uoi muc ch a

nh va t khi xem xet nhng tac ong moi trng do hoat ong cua mnh gay

ra. V du, Bo Giao thong Van tai a ra nhng d an xay dng ong cao toc;

Bo Nong nghiep chap nhan va khuyen khch phng phap tham canh (intensive

farming)

Cong tac bao ve moi trng giao cho Bo tai nguyen & Moi trng

S tac ong tng ho gia kinh te va sinh thai khong co ranh gii hanh

chnh cung nh ranh gii ve the che (administrative and institutional

boundaries), rat nhieu van e moi trng co tnh a lnh vc va oi hoi s hp

tac a phng mi giai quyet c. V du, chien lc han che thay oi kh hau

oi hoi phai co s ket hp gia cac lnh vc nh giao thong, cong nghiep, nong

lam nghiep.va cac chnh sach kinh te khac.



ieu tiet cac hoat ong moi trng bang cac quy inh luat

phap

Moi trng b huy hoai thng la do san pham phu/by

product cua cac hoat ong hp phap (Weale 1992).

e giam nhng tac ong ve moi trng, cac cap chnh

quyen co the dung cac quy nh phap luat, kinh te va xa hoi e

ieu tiet. ieu tiet bang cac quy nh luat phap thng la tong

hp cac cong cu chnh sach ch khong ch la cong cu phap

ly/legal instrument. V du, thiet lap cac tieu chuan xa thai cho

mot nha may hoac khuyen khch tai che



Trong thc te, tnh ieu tiet cua nhieu chnh sach tai

nguyen moi trng mau thun va oi khang vi nhieu chnh

sach khac. V du, dung thue va chi ph cong ch e phan bo

tai nguyen.

Mot so quy nh phap luat c chnh quyen ap dung co

the gay ra nhng ket qua tieu cc nh: lam tang nguy c

ton that oi vi cac hoat ong SXKD, giam tnh canh tranh

trong SX, tang nguy c that nghiep trong cong ong dan c

hoac ngi tieu dung phai tra so tien ln hn do ho muon

co hang hoa sach va an toan hn.


3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH

SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG

Chnh sach cong luon c xem xet di goc

o mot quy trnh, bao gom cac hoat ong lien

quan lan nhau c tien hanh t khi van e chnh

sach nay sinh cho en khi no c giai quyet bi

cac chu the tham gia vao quy trnh nay.

Thc te a co rat nhieu mo hnh ve quy trnh

chnh sach cong (Public policy process) c a

ra bi cac hoc gia khac nhau


3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG

Cac nhan to anh hng en quy trnh xay dng chnh sach


Kinh te

Moi trng

Chnh tr

Chnh sach

Xa hoi

Quy trnh xay dng va thc

thi chnh sach b anh hng bi

bon lc lng (vect) chnh:Xa

hoi,Moi trng, Chnh tr &

Kinh te.

Tuy theo sac thai chnh

tr, s thanh cong hay that bai

cua cac nhom co lien quan, cac

phng va hng cua cac vect

co the thay oi ve cng o va

muc ch.


Nghien cu van e.

Xac nh van e.

at muc tieu.

Phan tch va la chon phngan.

Thc hien, ieu hanh va kiemtra chnh sach.

anh gia va xem xet.

Duy tr, tiep tuc hoac ket thucchnh sach. Theo Gunn (1966),

Xay dng chnh sach.

The che hoa chnh sach.

Thong qua chnh sach.

a chnh sach vao thc hien.

anh gia chnh sach.

(Anderson (1975)


POLICY-MAKING PROCESS


Policy formulation

(General objectives, legislation)

Establish deail goals

Establish appropriate methods

Develop appropriate

institutions or orgaisations

Implementation of plans

Day to day operations

Analysis of results (Test against

policy objectives)

Information

system

Loop

Feed

back

R. Judish Rees 1990


Tuy co nhieu mo hnh ve quy trnh chnh

sach cong co khac nhau ve chi tiet, song c

ban cac mo hnh quy trnh chnh sach eu bao

gom 03 giai oan c ban.




HoCH NH

THC THI

NH GI

Phan tch chnh sach


Quy trnh chnh sach ti nguyn la mot qua

trnh nang ong vi mot mc o trung lap ang

ke gia ba giai oan:

hoach nh;

thc thi; v

anh gia.



Hoach nh chnh sach cong (Public policy making)

la mot giai oan bao gom viec nghien cu e xuat ra mot

chnh sach va ban hanh chnh sach o.

Trong giai oan hoach nh chnh sach, cac chnh

sach c nghien cu e xuat e nha nc phe chuan va

ban hanh cong khai.

Developing env.man. strategy (Xay dung chien luoc).docx



Viec nghien cu e xuat chnh sach cong do cac nha hoach nh

chnh sach, cac c quan nha nc, cac to chc oan the c nha nc uy

quyen thc hien.

Qua trnh e xuat chnh sach bao gom viec xac nh van e can ra

chnh sach, xac nh muc tieu ma chnh sach can at c va xac nh cac

giai phap can thiet e at c cac muc tieu o. Tren c s la chon cac

phng an chnh sach, c quan nha nc co tham quyen phe chuan mot

phng an toi u nhat va ban hanh thanh mot chnh sach cong e a vao

thc hien.




Thay oi s ieu tiet

cua nha nc

S khong hai long cua

cong chung

Ap lc quoc te

Thay oi trong hien phap

Moi quan tam mi cua

xa hoi

Ap dung cong nghe mi


Cac can c chu yeu e hoach nh chnh sach moitrng.

Can c chnh tr: Bat ky mot chnh sach nao, ke cachnh sach moi trng, cua nha nc u mang tnh chnh

tr, co ngha la no can c vao ng loi chnh tr va t

tng ch ao cua ng cam quyen, phuc vu ng loi va

t tng o. Chnh sach la cong cu quan ly cua nha

nc, hng vao nhng muc tieu cua nha nc ma nhng

muc tieu nay luon the hien ban chat va phng hng cua

ang cam quyen.



Can c phap luat: Trong moi quoc gia u tn tai motchuan mc chung bat buoc moi ngi phai tuan thu. Nhng

chuan mc chung o c c quan quyen lc toi cao cua

nha nc thong qua va ban hanh di hnh thc van ban

phap luat. He thong phap luat tao nen nhng khuon kho

phap ly quy nh va ieu chnh tat ca cac quan he xa hoi.

Cac chinh sach cong bao gom ca cac chnh sach moi trng

do nha nc ban hanh, v vay, cung phai can cu vao he

thong phap luat hien hanh. Ban than cac the che phap luat

khong gay ra hanh ong, chung tac ong en chnh sach

bang cach nh hnh s the hien cua van e va cac giai phap

cu the bang cach quy nh khuon kho la chon cac giai

phap cung nh cac phng phap e thc hien cac giai phap

o.



- Cac the che phap luat cung cap cho cac nha

hoach nh chnh sach nhng quy tac hanh ong, tieu

chuan xay dng chnh sach, nhng rang buoc va

khuon kho oi vi chnh sach. Noi mot cach cu the:

cac chnh sach khong c trai vi nhng quy luat

hien hanh. Do o, khi hoach nh mot chnh sach, can

nam c tat ca cac quy nh phap luat ang ieu tiet

lnh vc lien quan en chnh sach o.



- ong thi, chnh sach lai la nguon tao ra nhng

the che phap luat mi. Thong thng, sau khi nha

nc ban hanh mot chnh sach, e thc thi chnh sach

o trong cuoc song, nha nc phai the che hoa chnh

sach o thanh cac quy pham phap luat va khuyen

khch, va cng che oi vi viec thi hanh chnh sach

o.



Can c kinh te: Moi chnh sach e ra phaida vao hoan canh kinh te cu the, chung

khong the vt qua ieu kien kinh te va nguon

lc hien co. tam v mo, nhng ieu kien kinh

te o la trnh o phat trien cua nen kinh

te, mc o tang trng kinh te, s phat trien va

nhu cau phat trien cua lnh vc kinh te ma

chnh sach o tac ong en.



Can c xa hoi: Viec e ra mot chnh sach phai xuat phatt nhng can c xa hoi, o la: mc song cua dan c, tnh trang

cong an viec lam, cong bang xa hoi, trnh o dan trNeu caccan c xa hoi mc tien bo th viec e ra cac giai phap cua

mot chnh sach cong co the da vao y thc t giac cua nhan

dan, c s ung ho cua nhieu ngi, t b cac yeu too xa hoi

tieu cc can tr. V du, e a ra chnh sach co phan hoa, ben

canh nhng yeu to kinh te, phai tnh en ieu kien xa hoi nh

thu nhp cua dan c con thap khong co kha nang mua co

phieu, tnh trang tieu cc trong quan ly nhieu doanh nghiep

con pho bien nen nhan dan cha tin tng bo tien mua co

phieu.



Can c khoa hoc Cong nghe: Vai tro cua khoahoc va cong nghe (Trong trng hp nay bao gom ca

khoa hoc t nhien va khoa hoc xa hoi) rat ln, no co

the lam thu hep khoang cach cua cac nc giau va

ngheo trong khoang thi gian ngan neu biet tan dung

hoac khoang cach o cang ngay cang ln neu khong

tan dung c. V vay, moi chnh sach eu phai tiep

thu va tan dung cac thanh t cua khoa hoc va cong

nghe, chnh nhng yeu to khoa hoc va cong nghe tac

ong rat ln en s thanh cong cua mot chnh sach.



Boi canh quoc te: Boi canh quoc te trong giai oannay la s suy thoai cua chu ngha xa hoi mac dau van co

c hoi phuc hoi va phat trien va xu hng toan cau

hoa, toan cau hoa cha ng nhieu u iem nhng van

tiem an nhieu yeu to tieu cc. Toan cau hoa ang tr

thanh mot ong lc thuc ay s tng tac cua moi quoc

gia trong nhieu lnh vc. Do o, toan cau hoa dan en s

thay oi cac chnh sach lien quoc gia cung nh chnh sach

cua tng quoc gia nham tang tnh hieu qua kinh te thong

qua viec hoi nhap kinh te va ni long s kiem soat cac th

trng quoc gia.



Giai oan thc thi chnh sach thng

c bat au trc khi chnh sach c

thiet lap vng chac, va giai oan anh gia

thng an en nhng thay oi trong

chnh sach.



Phan tch /nh gi chnh sach la mot trnh

bao trum toan bo quy trnh chnh sach. Tren

thc te cac chnh sach cong thng t khi bat di

bat dch, chung luon c sa oi cho thch

ng vi nhng ieu kien mi.



Ve thc chat kho co the mo ta quy trnh chnh

sach mot cach n gian va ro rang v no va co tnh

lien tuc va co tnh bien ong.

Quy trnh chnh sach lien tuc v cac chnh sach cua

Chnh phu thng bat nguon t nhng y o hay quyet

nh a ton tai trong qua kh ch khong phai bat

nguon t cho khong co g.



ong thi, chnh sach khong cham dt ot

ngot, no luon luon la tien e cho nhng y

tng mi hoac chnh sach mi trong tng lai.

ieu nay co ngha la kho co the tm c s

khi au cung nh ket thuc cua hau het cac

chnh sach.


5.6. CNG C CHNH SCH TI NGUYN

Cc cng c chnh sch qun l ti nguyn mi trng

bao gm:

a) Cng c khuyn khch, ng vin/moral suasion: khuyn

khch ng vin bng ni chuyn, cng khai ha v p lc x

hi).

b) Kim tra gim st trc tip/direct control: lut, quy nh,..

c) Phng php iu tit th trng/market processes: iu tit

gi c, nh thu cc loi, tr gi, giy php, k qu,..

d) u t ca chnh quyn/Government investems: u t trong

nghin cu, gio dc,..


5.7 QUY TRNH P DNG CHIN LC

Trong thc tin, quy trnhthc hin/p dng trit mt chin lc bao gm 03thnh phn:

1) Phn tch chin lc;

2) La chn chin lc; v

3)Thc hin chin lcChien luoc nuoc schNT.RTF


5.7. QUY TRNH P DNG CHIN LC

Phn tch chin lc/Strategic Analysis lthc hin phn tch mt mnh v v th ca doanh

nghip v nm r nhng yu t bn ngoi nh

hng n v th ca n v. Qu trnh phn tch

chin lc c th s dng cc cng c nh:

- PEST Analysis;

- Scenario Planning;

- Five Forces Analysis;



- Market Segmentation;

- Directional Policy Matrix;

- Competitor Analysis;

- Critical Success Factor Analysis;

- SWOT Analysis Strategic Choice



PEST Analysis - a technique for understanding the "environment" in which a business

operates

Scenario Planning - a technique that builds various plausible views of possible futures

for a business

Five Forces Analysis - a technique for identifying the forces which affect the level of

competition in an industry

Market Segmentation - a technique which seeks to identify similarities and differences

between groups of customers or users

Directional Policy Matrix - a technique which summarizes the competitive strength of

a businesses operations in specific markets

Competitor Analysis - a wide range of techniques and analysis that seeks to summarize

a businesses' overall competitive position

Critical Success Factor Analysis - a technique to identify those areas in which a

business must outperform the competition in order to succeed

SWOT Analysis - a useful summary technique for summarizing the key issues arising

from an assessment of a businesses "internal" position and "external" environmental

influences.



PEST analysis stands for "Political, Economic, Social, and Technological

analysis" and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the

environmental scanning component of strategic management. Some analysts added

Legal and rearranged the mnemonic to SLEPT;[1] inserting Environmental factors

expanded it to PESTEL or PESTLE, which is popular in the United Kingdom.[2]

The model has recently been further extended to STEEPLE and

STEEPLED, adding Ethics and demographic factors. It is a part of the external

analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research, and gives

an overview of the different macroenvironmental factors that the company has to

take into consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market

growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The

growing importance of environmental or ecological factors in the first decade of

the 21st century have given rise to green business and encouraged widespread use

of an updated version of the PEST framework. STEER analysis systematically

considers Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory

factors.



La chn chin lc/Strategy choice l qu trnh

tm hiu bn cht ca cc nguyn vng/mong i ca cc

c ng, xc nh cc gii php chin lc v nh gi &

chn la cc gii php chin lc.

Thc hin chin lc/Strategy Implementation

y l phn kh khn nht ca chin lc. Sau khi chin

lc c la chn, cng vic tip theo l bin nhng

ca chin lc thnh cc hot ng c th ca t

chc/doanh nghip.


4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT &

CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI

Quy trnh hoch nh chnh sch, VN c mt khng hai

GS. KENICHI OHNO

Hu ht chnh sch c xy dng vi s can d hn

ch ca DN.

DN ch c php c kin sau hoc khi c vn pht sinh.

Chnh sch c xy dng trn c s cc phn tchv mc tiu khng thc t, khng c gii DN ng h.




Cc chnh sch khng c s phi hp gia cc B, ch

l bn lit k cc chnh sch m thiu k hoch hnh

ng c th.

Mi B ngnh c nhiu k hoch nhng li khngxc nh c lnh vc u tin.

VN c qu nhiu chin lc ngnh. Mi chin lcch do vi ngi lm, trong thi gian ngn, vi cht

lng khng cao. Chnh ph la chn u tin v quyt

nh k hoch.




i. bt k chnh sch no, vic xy

dng u qu phn tn, v c qu

nhiu s chng ln. V d, nu mun

x l vn mi trng lin quan n

t, bn cn gp i din B Cng

thng, B Giao thng Vn ti, B

Ti nguyn mi trng v bin, B

Khoa hc - Cng ngh, lc lng

cnh st giao thng... v khng mt c

quan no chu trch nhim ch o

trong vic ny. Cc chnh sch khc

cng tng t.




ii. C qu nhiu trch nhim

cp b chng ln ln nhau.

Trong , nh hng

ln, khng c quan no ra

quyt nh.

iii. Chnh ph VN hin lm

qu nhiu. Cn b nh nc

phi xy dng qu nhiu k

hoch, chin lc vi ngun

lc hn ch c v ti chnh v

nhn lc.




Thi Lan, Chnh ph khng a ra chin lc ngnh. i din DN l ngi

a ra chin lc, v Chnh ph ch c nhim v nhn v chp thun nhng kin

ngh .

y l cch lm tch cc, thc y khu vc t nhn t xc nh mc tiu v k

hoch hnh ng. kha cnh , VN cn phi i mt chng ng di hc

tp.

Cng ng DN cng cha thc s ch ng tham

gia vo quy trnh hoch nh chnh sch v h khng c cho mi

tham gia vi Chnh ph trong vic ny.


4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI

"Sau 20 nm i mi, Chnh ph VN khng

thay i v mt c hc (physically). Nng lc

vn nh c vi nhng con ngi c tip tc

lm vic, do , tin trnh thay i chm hn

cc nc".

"Chnh ph VN hin lm qu nhiu.

Cn b nh nc phi xy dng qu

nhiu k hoch, chin lc vi ngun

lc hn ch c v ti chnh v nhn

lc".



VN nn bt u mt quy trnh hoch nh chnh sch

mi, vi s tham gia c tt c cc bn lin quan, bao

gm: Chnh ph, DN, ngi tiu dng, ngi nc

ngoi, cc nh ti tr, cc nh khoa hc, chuyn gia. i

khi, cc DN hoc cc nh khoa hc c th vch ra mt

chin lc trnh Chnh ph. Chnh sch khng n

thun ch l mt vn bn hnh chnh ca Nh nc.



Trong xy dng chin lc ngnh, Chnh ph cn xy dng c

ch cho php khu vc DN t quyt nh ni dung chin lc

ngnh mnh thay v Chnh ph quyt nh nh hin nay.

Chnh ph cn lng nghe cng ng DN thng xuyn, nm

r iu g cc DN cn, mun v hoch nh gip cc DN. l

iu B Ngoi thng v Cng nghip Nht Bn lm trc y.

H i thoi vi DN lin tc, do , hiu mong mun ca DN, v

Chnh ph c th hoch nh.



VN, Chnh ph khng bit cc DN thc s mun g. Do

, bc i u tin l xy dng mt knh cho php cc DN v

Chnh ph i thoi thng xuyn

Khu quan trng trong hoch nh chnh sch l joint writing.

Sau 3-5 nm, cn tin hnh r sot li k hoch c s iu

chnh thch hp khi hon cnh thay i.

Tt c cc nc u thc hin theo quy trnh .



Cn xy dng mt knh nh th no lng nghe kin

DN?

cp cao, cn xy dng Din n DN i thoi

vi Th tng, trong , cc gim c iu hnh

ca cc DN ln trong v ngoi nc c th trao i

trc tip vi Th tng v nhng vn ln. ng

thi, h c th gi th trc tip ln Th tng.



i vi cp thp v cp trung, cn c t

cng tc v tham vn, ni DN v Chnh ph v

chuyn gia i thoi c th cc vn hoch

nh chnh sch. Cn c rt nhiu nhm nh vy

v cc nhm ny tho lun nhm xy dng lut

hoc chin lc ngnh.



Sau khi gp 10-20 ln, tho lun nhiu

vn , ti ngh, Chnh ph hiu cc DN

mun g v cc DN bit Chnh ph nh

lm g. V lc , ai chp bt vit bn

chnh sch khng cn quan trng.



Vo thi im ny, Chnh ph VN khng i thoi nhiu vi

cc DN. Ti Nht, i din cc B c th gi in trc tip ti bt

k DN no v ngh hp tc hoc cung cp thng tin. B Cng

thng VN khng h lin h trc tip vi DN trao i thng

tin. Ti sao cc bn khng th p dng m hnh ny? Chnh ph

khng ch ni vi mt DN m vi nhiu DN, v thm ch s tt

hn nu Chnh ph trao i vi DN thng qua Hip hi ngnh

ngh nh Hip hi dt may, thy sn...



Bn thn cc Hip hi ca VN cha mnh

th hin ting ni i din cho cng ng DN?

Chnh ph trao trng trch, tin tng Hip hi

v ngc li, cc DN s sn lng s dng knh ca

Hip hi phn nh quan im, ch ng tm n

Hip hi



Ban u, Chnh ph nn h tr cc Hip hi. Khi

cc Hip hi mnh, khu vc t nhn c th t

mnh ln ting. VN cng c nhng Hip hi

ngnh ngh hot ng tt, nh Hip hi thpVN.



Chnh ph nn s dng cc Hip hi trong qu trnh

hoch nh chnh sch, thu thp kin ca cc ngnh

ngh thng qua Hip hi nh mt knh quan trng.

Chnh ph trao trng trch, tin tng Hip hi v

ngc li, cc DN s sn lng s dng knh ca Hip hi

phn nh quan im, ch ng tm n Hip hi.



Cn nhm k tr tr, nng ng v c

trao trng trch

Trong bi pht biu ti Hi tho v Chin lc

CNH ca VN n 2020, ng ni v vic thnh lp

mt nhm cc nh k tr trc tip trc thuc Th

tng. Vy vai tr c th ca nhm k tr ny nh

th no, tha ng?



Ti cc nc ng thnh cng, Chnh ph u xydng h thng nh vy. Nht Bn c mt c quan lp

chnh sch trc chin tranh. Sau chin tranh, B

Thng mi quc t v Cng nghip tr thnh mt siu

b, a ra cc chnh sch cng nghip, thng mi, ti

chnh, mi trng, cng ngh... l mt nhm lp k

hoch v trin khai mnh.

Hn Quc c mt c quan ph trch chnh sch kinht vi i ng cn b gii, v h a ra rt nhiu chnh

sch (tin thn ca B Ngoi giao v Kinh t ngy nay).



Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Singapore u p dng mhnh ny, ti sao VN li khng?

VN nn xy dng nhm k tr chu trch nhimtrc tip vi Th tng, c tuyn chn t cc

chuyn vin, cng chc tr, c trnh , t cc B

ngnh tham gia, lng ghp tng. Nhm ny s

chu trch nhim xy dng chnh sch cho ton

Chnh ph, thng xuyn c tng tc hai chiu vi

Th tng v cc B, c quan thc thi chnh sch.



VN l t nc c mt khng hai khi vn

pht trin nhanh d khng c mt th ch nh

vy. Bn thn Chnh ph Trung Quc c mi lin

h cht vi cc vin v c nhiu ngi t vn

chnh sch, trong khi VN c rt t nh t vn

chnh sch.



Nhm ny khc g vi nhm t vn ca Th

tng Chnh ph trc y?

VN tng c nhm t vn cho Th tng

nhng ti khng ngh nhm ny lm chc nng

ca mt nhm k tr tr.



Trc tip di quyn Th tng nhng theo ti,

nhm ny hot ng cha thc s hiu qu. Cc bn

cn xy dng li mt nhm kiu nh vy nhng cn

nhng ngi tr v nng ng hn v c trao

nhiu trch nhim hn. iu ny hon ton kh thi.

VN phi la chn c nhng ngi thc s tt,

trao trch nhim cho h v ti tin h s lm tt.



Ti khng ngh l cc bn cn ngi nc ngoi

trong nhm ny mc d t vn nc ngoi trong

mt s trng hp c th hu ch. Tt c nhng

tham vn bn ngoi nh t WB, IMF, ADB... nn

lm vic trc tip vi nhm k tr ny thay v lm

vic vi nhiu b khc nhau. l cch thc

thng thy ng .


QUY TRNH LP CHNH SCH THEO XUT CA GS. KENICHI OHNO.

Chnh ph trao trng trch, tin tng Hip hi v

ngc li, cc DN s sn lng s dng knh ca

Hip hi phn nh quan im, ch ng tm

n Hip hi


S QUY TRNH XY DNG LUT CA QUC HI

(t khi lp Chng trnh xy dng lut, php lnh n khi c thng qua)

__________




Ngun: Ban Cng tc UBTVQH


THO

LuN

NHM


bÀi giẢng mÔn chính sách & chiến lược tnmt (1) (1)

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