N CHUYN NGNH: THIT K BI CHN LP HP V SINH

N CHUYN NGNH: THIT K BI CHN LP HP V SINH

Mc lcM U2Bng danh mc vit tt4Mc lc bng5Mc lc hnh v6CHNG I: TNG QUAN71.1Tng quan v thnh ph Ph L71.2Tng quan v CTR th.71.2.1 Khi nim CTR.71.2.2 Ngun gc pht sinh CTR81.2.3 Thnh phn ca CTR81.2.4 Thnh phn ca CTR91.3 Tc ng n mi trng ca CTR th.101.3.1Tc ng ca cht thi rn n mi trng101.3.2 Tc ng ca cht thi rn n sc khe v m quan th121.4 Hin trng qun l CTR th hin nay.141.4.1 Hin trng x l CTR trn th gii.141.4.2 Hin trng x l CTR Vit Nam161.5 Cng ngh x l cht thi rn th171.5.1 X l s b bng phng php nn p181.5.2 X l s b bng phng php sinh hc181.5.3 Phng php thiu t191.6 Tng quan v cng ngh x l CTR th bng BCL191.6.1 Khi nim bi chn lp191.6.2 iu kin chn lp cc cht thi rn ti bi chn lp191.6.3 Cc yu t cn xem xt khi la chn bi chn lp201.7 Nhng tc ng ca bi chn lp n mi trng261.7.1 Giai on chun b mt bng xy dng bi chn lp261.7.2 Giai on xy dng bi chn lp261.7.3 Giai on vn hnh BCL271.7.4 Giai on ng ca BCL281.7.5 u im, nhc im ca bi chn lp29CHNG II: TNH TON THIT K312.1 La chn cng ngh cho vic tnh ton bi chn lp312.1.1 La chn phng php d bo312.1.2 S liu d bo322.1.3 D bo v dn s v khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh t nm 2015 n 2030 ca thnh ph Ph L322.2. La chn quy m bi v phng php chn lp thch hp cho Thnh ph Ph L332.2.1 La chn quy m bi cho thnh ph Ph L332.2.2 La chn phng php chn lp thch hp342.3 Tnh ton thit k BCL352.3.1 Tnh ton din tch cn thit cho bi chn lp352.3.2 H thng chng thm ca chn lp372.3.3. H thng bao, dc, mi dc taluy o cc chn lp402.3.4 Tnh ton lng kh pht sinh412.3.5 Tnh ton thit k h thng thu gom v x l nc r rc582.3.6 Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh ph tr64TI LIU THAM KHO66Kt lun v kin ngh

M U t vn Trong xu th pht trin kinh t x hi, vi tc th ha ngy cng tng v s pht trin mnh m ca cc ngnh cng nghip, dch v, du lch,... ko theo mc sng ca ngi dn ngy cng cao lm ny sinh nhiu vn mi, nan gii trong cng tc bo v mi trng v sc khe cng ng dn c. Lng cht thi pht sinh t nhng hot ng sinh hot ca ngi dn ngy mt nhiu hn, a dng hn v thnh phn v c hi hn v tnh cht.Cch qun l v x l CTRSH ti thnh ph Ph L tnh H Nam hin nay u cha p ng c cc yu cu v vic hn ch v bo v mi trng. V ch yu CTR c thu gom, sau chn lp mt cch s si, m khng phn loi v x l trit dn n pht sinh nhiu vn bc xc.Mt trong nhng phng php x l cht thi rn c coi l kinh t v chi ph u t ln chi ph vn hnh l theo phng php chn lp hp v sinh. y l phng php x l cht thi rn ph bin cc quc gia ang pht trin v thm ch i vi nhiu quc gia pht trin.Tuy nhin, Vit Nam hin nay nhiu bi chn lp vn cha c thit k v xy dng theo ng cc quy nh ca mt bi chn lp hp v sinh. Cc bi ny khng kim sot c mi hi, kh c v nc ri rc. y l ngun ly nhim tim tng cho mi trng t, nc v khng kh v kt qu l cht lng mi trng b gim st.Chnh v vy ti: "Tnh ton, thit k bi chn lp hp v sinh cho thnh ph Ph L tnh H Nam quy hoch n nm 2030" c hnh thnh, nhm p ng nhu cu bc thit trong tnh trng hin nay v vn chn lp cht thi rn, ng thi cng gii quyt sc p i vi mt lng ln cht thi rn sinh ra trong tng lai.1- Mc Tiu Ti Tnh ton, thit k bi chn lp hp v sinh cho thnh ph Ph L tnh H Nam quy hoch n nm 2030.D bo ti lng cht thi rn sinh hot ti thnh ph Ph L tnh H Nam giai on 2015 2030.2- Gii hn ti. Thit k bi chn lp giai ong 2015 2030. Bi chn lp thit k trn nn t cng, vng c tng nc ngm thp da trn iu kin t nhin, kinh t - x hi ca thnh ph Ph L tnh H Nam. La chn phng n thu kh, xut cng ngh x l kh v nc r r.3- Ni Dung Thc Hin. Tm hiu iu kin t nhin kinh t-x hi ca thnh ph Ph L tnh H Nam. Tng quan v cht thi rn v bi chn lp hp v sinh. Tnh ton thit k bi chn lp hp v sinh cho thnh ph Ph L tnh H Nam quy hoch n nm 2030. nh gi s b cc tc ng ca CTR n mi trng.

Bng danh mc vit ttCTRCht thi rn

KGTKhong gi tr

TBTrung bnh

BCLBi chn lp

BVTVBo v thc vt

TCVNTiu chun Vit Nam

TCXDVNTiu chun xy dng Vit Nam

CTRSH Cht thi rn sinh hot

PHNPhn hy nhanh

PHCPhn hy chm

CTHHCng thc ha hc

Mc lc bngChng IBng 1.1 Thnh phn ca CTR 8Bng 1.2 Thnh phn ca cht thi rn9Bng 1.3 Phn loi quy m bi chn lp cht thi rn th 21 Bng 1.4 La chn quy m bi chn lp22Bng 1.5 Khong cch ti thiu t hng ro bi chn lp ti cc cng trnh22Bng 1.6 Khong cch thch hp khi la chn bi chn lp23Bng 1.7 Cc hng mc cng trnh trong bi chn lp24Chng IIBng 2.1 Lng CTR sinh hot pht sinh cc th Vit Nam nm 200733Bng 2.2 T cc s liu v c s tnh ton ta c bng d bo sau34Bng 2.3 Phn loi quy m BCL rc thi35Bng 2.4 Cc thng s la chn xy dng BCL CTR36Bng 2.5 Kt cu chng thm y h chn lp th t t y h ln trn38Bng 2.6 Kt cu chng thm mt vch h40Bng 2.7 Thnh phn CTRSH ti cc h gia nh thnh ph Ph L43Bng 2.8 Thnh phn cc cht hu c phn hy sinh hc44Bng 2.9 Thnh phn nguyn t ca rc thi th45Bng 2.10 Khi lng cc thnh phn trong rc thi45Bng 2.11 Khi lng kh v th tch kh sinh ra trong 1 tn cht thi rn mang chn lp47Bng 2.12 Tc pht sinh kh v tng lng kh sinh ra ca 1 tn cht hu c PHN trong tng nm49Bng 2.13 Tc pht sinh kh v tng lng kh sinh ra ca 1 tn cht hu c PHC trong tng nm50Bng 2.14 Tc pht sinh v lng kh sinh ra do PHN 1 tn CTR trong mi nm51Bng 2.15 Tc pht sinh v lng kh sinh ra do PHC 1 tn CTR trong mi nm52Bng 2.16 Tc pht sinh kh v lng kh pht sinh mi nm do s phn hy 1 tn CTR53Bng 2.17 Tc pht sinh kh v lng kh pht sinh mi nm ca 1 lp chn lp54Bng 2.18 Tc pht sinh kh v ca chn lp qua tng nm55Bng 2.19 Tng lng kh pht sinh ca chn lp qua tng nm56Bng 2.20 H s thot nc b mt i vi cc loi t c c bao ph59Bng 2.21 Cc s liu tiu biu v thnh phn v tnh cht nc rc t cc bi chn lp mi v lu nm61

Mc lc hnh vHnh 1.1 S cc phng php ch yu x l cht thi rn17Hnh 2.1 Cu to lp lt y bi rc39Hnh 2.2 Mt ct che ph cui cng41Hnh 2.3 dc y chn lp43Hnh 2.4 Kch thc bao bn ngoi chn lp43Hnh 2.5 th tam gic biu din tc pht sinh kh t rc PHN49Hnh 2.6 th tam gic biu din tc pht sinh kh t rc thi PHC50Hnh 2.7 Cu to ging thot kh thng ng58Hnh 2.9 S b tr ng thu gom nc 61Hnh 2.10 S b tr h ga v h thu nc rc61

CHNG I: TNG QUAN1.1 Tng quan v thnh ph Ph L Ph Ll thnh ph trc thuc tnh, tnh l ca tnhH Nam. y l trung tm vn ha, chnh tr v kinh t v l th loi 3 duy nht ca tnh H Nam. Thnh ph ny nm v tr ca ng pha namH Niv cng l thnh ph ng ba sng hp lu li l sng y,sng Chu Giangvsng Nhu. Thnh ph Ph L nm trnquc l 1A, bn b phisng y, Ph L cchH Ni60km v pha Nam,thnh ph Nam nh 30km v Pha Ty Bc vthnh ph Ninh Bnh33km v pha Bc. Ph L nm trn Quc l 1A c tuyn ng st Bc Nam i qua, l ni gp g ca 3 con sng:Sng y,Sng Chu GiangvSng Nhutin v giao thng thy b. Ph L nm vng ng bng sng Hng v ven ni nn a hnh ca Thnh ph chia lm nhiu khu vc hai bn b cc con sng, Ph L nm trong vngkh hu cn nhit i m: Lng ma trung bnh hng nm: 1.800mm - 2000mm Nhit trung bnh: 23-24C S gi nng trong nm: 1.300-1.500 gi m tng i trung bnh: 85% Din tchthnh phl 8.787,30 ha din tch t nhin Dn s thnh ph Ph L 136.654 nhn khu. T l tng dn s t nhin l: 0,8%. V tr a l thnh ph Ph L trn bn Vit Nam ta 203228B10554501.2 Tng quan v CTR th.1.2.1 Khi nim CTR.- Theo quan im chung: Cht thi rn l ton b cc loi vt cht c con ngi loi b trong cc hot ng kinh t - x hi ca mnh (bao gm cc hot ng sn xut, cc hot ng sng v duy tr s tn ti ca cng ng,...). Trong quan trng nht l cc loi cht thi sinh ra t cc hot ng sn xut v cc hat ng sng.- Theo quan im mi: Cht thi rn th (gi chung l rc thi th) c nh ngha l: Vt cht m ngi to ra ban u vt b i trong khu vc th m khng i hi c bi thng cho s vc b . Thm vo , cht thi c coi l cht thi rn th nu chng c x hi nhn nhn nh mt th m thnh ph phi c trch nhim thu gom v tiu hy.- Nh vy theo quan nim ny th cht thi th c cc c trng nh sau: B vt b trong khu vc th; Thnh ph c trch nhim thu gom.- Cht thi rn sinh hot: L nhng cht thi lin quan n cc hot ng ca con ngi, ngun to thnh ch yu t cc khu dn c, cc c quan, trng hcCht thi rn cng nghip: L cht thi pht sinh t cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip.- Cht thi rn nguy hi: L cht thi c cha cc cht hoc cc hp cht c mt trong cc c tnh gy nguy hi trc tip (d chy, d n, lm ng c, d n mn, d ly nhim v cc c tnh nguy hi khc), hoc tng tc vi cc cht khc gy nguy hi n mi trng v sc khe con ngi.- Cht thi y t: L vt cht th rn, lng v kh c thi ra t cc c s y t bao gm cht thi y t nguy hi v cht thi thng thng.1.2.2 Ngun gc pht sinh CTRNgun gc pht sinh: Khu dn c; Khu thng mai; C quan, cng s; Xy dng v ph hy cc cng trnh xy dng; Khu cng cng; Khu nh my x l cht thi; Cng nghip; Nng nghip.1.2.3 Thnh phn ca CTRBng 1.1: Thnh phn ca CTRNgun pht sinhNi pht sinhCc dng cht thi rn

Khu dn cH gia nh, bit th, chung cThc phm d tha, giy, can nha, thy tinh, can thic nhm.

Khu thng miNh kho, nh hng, ch, khch sn, nh tr, cc trm sa cha v dch v.Giy, nha, thc phm d tha, thy tinh, kim loi, cht thi nguy hi.

C quan, cng sTrng hc, bnh vin, vn phng c quan chnh ph.Giy, nha, thc phm tha, thy tinh, kim loi, cht thi nguy hi.

Cng trnh xy dng v ph hyKhu nh xy dng mi, sa cha nng cp m rng ng ph, cao c, san nn xy dng, ph hy cng trnh c b i.Gch, betong, thp, g, thch cao, bi, sn...

Dch v cng cngHot ng dn rc v sinh ng ph, cng vin, khu vui chi gii tr, b biRc vn, cnh cy ct ta, cht thi chung ti cc khu vui chi, gii tr.

Nh my x l cht thi thNh my x l nc cp, nc thi v cc qu trnh x l cht thi nguy hiBn, tro.

Cng nghipCng nghip xy dng ch to, cng nghip nng, nh, lc du, ha cht, nhit in.Cht thi do qu trnh ch bin cng nghip, ph liu, v cc rc thi sinh hot.

Nng nghipng c, ng rung, vn cy n qu, nng tri.Thc phm b thi ra, sn phm nng nghip tha, rc, cht c hi.

1.2.4 Thnh phn ca CTRBng 1.2: Thnh phn ca cht thi rnHp phn% trng lng m ( % )Trng lng ring ( kg/m3 )

Khong gi trTrung bnhKGTTBKGTTB

Cht thi thc phm6-251550-807012-8028

Giy24-45404-10632-12881,6

Catton3-1544-8538-8049,6

Cht do2-831-4232-12864

Vi vn0-426-151032-9664

Cao su0-20,51-4296-192128

Da vn0-20,58-121096-256160

Sn phm vn0-201230-806084-224104

G1-4215-4020128-1120240

Thy tinh4-1681-42160-480193,6

Can hp2-862-4348-16088

Kim loi khng thp0-112-4264-240160

Kim loi thp1-422-63128-1120320

Bi, tro, gch0-1046-128320-960480

Tng hp10015-4020180-420300

1.3 Tc ng n mi trng ca CTR th 1.3.1 Tc ng ca cht thi rn n mi trnga, Tc hi ca cht thi rn i vi mi trng nc. Cn dng chy, lm ng nc hoc ngp lt vng dn c:Cht thi rn khng c thu gom, thi thng vo knh rch, sng h,.. s lng xung y lm tc ng lu thng, cn tr dng chy ca nc. Cc loi rc nh, nh, l lng trong nc lm c nc. Rc thi ni ln mt nc lm gim b mt trao i oxy ca nc vi khng kh, ng thi lm mt m quan khi rc thi tri bng bnh ri rc khp ni. Rc lm nhim mi trng nc:Thnh phn ch yu ca CTR l cht hu c, cng vi m cao nh nc ta th rc thi rt d phn hy ngay khu thu gom, lu tr to ra cc mi hi thi v cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. Hu ht CTR c chn lp bi BCL khng hp v sinh. Ti cc bi rc, nc c trong rc s c tch ra kt hp vi cc ngun nc khc nh: nc ma, nc ngm, nc mt hnh thnh nc r r Nc r r di chuyn trong cc bi rc s lm tng kh nng phn hy sinh hc trong rc cng nh qu trnh vn chuyn cc cht gy nhim ra mi trng xung quanh. Gy nhim ngun nc do cc vi khun gy bnh, nc rc sinh ra t y khng c kim sot s i vo ngun nc gy nhim ngun nc mt ln nc ngm. Cc cht nhim trong nc r r gm cc cht c hnh thnh trong qu trnh phn hy sinh hc, ha hc to ra cc sn phm l cht khong v nc, iu kin ym kh to ra sn phm CH4, H2S, H2O, CO2,... nhn chung trong nc r r th lng COD, N- NH3, BOD5 , TOC (Ccbon hu c tng cng), Photpho tng cng v lng ln cc vi sinh vt khc rt cao , nc rc c pH thp s ha tan cc kim loi, mt s hp cht hu c, du m... lm nhim ngun nc. Rc thi c cha kim loi nng th chng theo nc ma, cng nh nc trong t chy xung mch nc ngm gy nhim ngun nc ngm.i vi cc bi rc thng thng (y bi khng c lp chng thm, s ln hoc lp chng thm b lng) cc cht nhim s thm su vo nc ngm gy nhim cho tng nc v s rt nhim cho con ngi s dng tng nc ny phc v cho n ung sinh hot. Ngoi ra chng cn c kh nng di chuyn theo phng ngang, r ra bn ngoi bi rc gy nhim ngun nc mt.b, Tc hi ca cht thi rn i vi mi trng khng kht rc dn ti nhim khng kh do nhng sn phm sau qu trnh t c th cha cc cht c hi nh dioxin, khi t ni t rc c th lm gim tm nhn, nguy c gy chy n nhng bnh kh v nguy c gy ha hon nhng vng ln cn.Cc loi cht thi rn tham gia cc phn ng ha hc, ha l, sinh hc do nu thi b ba bi s khng kim sot c dn n sinh ra cc kh c.Bi pht thi vo khng kh trong qu trnh lu tr, vn chuyn thng xuyn ca cc phng tin vn chuyn c gii v bi rc c th pht tn bi trn ng i ra mi trng xung quanh. Bi t gy nh hng n sc khe, n cht lng cuc sng con ngi.Cc loi cht thi d phn hy nh thc phm, tri cy hngtrong iu kin nhit v m thch hp (nhit tt nht l 350C v m 7080%) s c cc vi sinh vt phn hy to mi hi v cc loi kh nhim khc c tc ng xu n mi trng, sc khe v kh nng hot ng ca con ngi. Mi hi c th pht sinh khi CTR c lu gi trong thi gian di v tr thu gom, trm trung chuyn v BCL. Trong rc thi thnh phn thc phm chim khong 80%, cng vi iu kin kh hu c nhit v m cao nh nc ta CTR d b phn hy k kh v hiu kh, sinh ra cc kh c hi v c mi hi kh chu gm: CH4, H2S, H2O, CO2, NH3,...

CxHyOzNt + O2 O2 + H2O + NH3CxHyOzNt CH4 + H2S + NH3 + CO2 + H2O

Ngoi ra, trong cht thi cn c phn hi dung mi hu c sn du, cc chai l, bao b ng thuc BVTV, thuc tr su, cc hi c thot ra lm nhim mi trng nghim trng, gy nh hng n sc khe ca nhng cng nhn thu nht ph liu ti cc bi rc.c, Tc hi n mi trng tRc thi rt phc tp bao gm giy, thc n tha, kim loi, cht do, thy tinh cc rc thi hu c c vi sinh vt phn hy trong mi trng t trong iu kin phn hy ym kh v hiu kh s hnh thnh cc sn phm trung gian v cui cng hnh thnh cc cht khong n gin, nc, CO2 Rc thi c b nhng bi t trng, bi rc l thin, bi rc khng hp v sinh s b phn hy to ra nc rc v xm nhp xung t lm thay i tnh cht ca t nh hng xu n sn xut nng nghip. Vi mt lng rc thi v nc r r va phi th kh nng t lm sch ca mi trng t s phn hy cc cht ny thnh cht t nhim hoc khng nhim. Nhng vi lng rc qu ln vt qu kh nng t lm sch ca mi trng t th t s tr nn qu ti v b nhim. Cc cht nhim ny cng vi kim loi nng, cc cht c hi, cc vi trng theo nc trong t chy xung ngun nc ngm lm nhim tng nc ny. i vi rc khng phn hy nh: nha, cao su, ti nilon nu khng c bin php x l thch hp th chng gy nguy c thi ha v gim ph nhiu ca t. Cc c t tch t trong t c th chuyn sang cy trng v sau l gia sc gy tch t sinh hc nh hng n chn nui v sc khe cng ng.1.3.2 Tc ng ca cht thi rn n sc khe v m quan thCht thi rn pht sinh t cc khu th, nu khng c thu gom v x l ng cch s gy nhim mi trng, nh hng xu n sc khe cng ng dn c v lm mt cnh quan th. Khi lm mt cnh quan th s nh hng n du lch. Rc sinh hot c cha cc mm bnh t ngi gia sc, c thnh phn cht hu c cao 30-70%, c bit vi iu kin m t ca cc vng nhit i nh Vit Nam ( m 50-70%), l mi trng tt cho cc vi sinh vt gy bnh pht trin nh: vi trng thng hn Salmonnella typhi, Salmonnella paratyphi A&B); l (Shtaalla spp); tiu chy (Escherichia coli);..., cn trng hay ng vt gy bnh, truyn bnh nh rui, mui, gin, chut,.. Qua cc trung gian truyn nhim, bnh c th pht trin mnh thnh dch. Mt s vi khun, vi trng c th gy bnh cho ngi nh bnh st rt, bnh ngoi da, dch hch, tiu chy, giun sn Ngoi ra rc thi phn hy sinh ra nhiu hi c, kh c... hay lm nhim ngun nc gy nh hng ln n sc khe con ngi v ng vt. nh hng ti cc gia nh: rc thi t hot ng chn nui (phn gia sc, gia cm, thc n gia sc d tha) khng c qut dn gy bc mi hi thi kh chu, rui nhng pht trin nh hng xu n khng kh trong khun vin mi gia nh. Nu b tr chung tri khng hp l s lm nhim bn ngun nc, c bit nguy him l cc vi khun c trong phn. Giao thng: rc thi t cc nh dn thi ra ba bi ng lng, ng xm nhng li t khi c qut dn, lm mt m quan lng xm. Khi ma ma n, nc ma s ha tan thnh phn nhim trong cht thi rn v lm nhim ngun nc. Rc thi tri ni, ng gy cn tr giao thng i li. Nhng cht thi nguy him nh cc vt sc nhn, cc cht thi y sinh, cc bnh cha cc cht c kh nng chy n, cc ha cht cng nghip c th dn n chn thng hoc nhim c, c bit i vi tr em v nhng ngi thng xuyn tip xc vi rc thi. nhim nc mt: ao h l c trng ca cc vng nng thn Vit Nam, nhng ngy nay phn ln b ao, b h tr thnh ni rc ca cc h gia nh. c bit cc lng ngh, tnh trng nhim ao h do cht thi rn gy ra l rt ng bo ng. V d nh b thi cha nhiu cht x, tinh bt ca cc lng ngh ch bin lng thc, thc phm hay cht thi cha nhiu lng, m ng vt ca cc lng ngh git m b cun theo nc thi ra cc ao h trong lng gy tc nghn, lm nc b nhim, thnh phn hu c khi b phn hy ym kh gy bc mi kh chu.Phn loi, thu gom, x l rc khng ng qui nh l nguy c gy bnh nguy him cho cng nhn v sinh, ngi bi rc nht l gp rc thi nguy hi t y t, cng nghip nh: kim tim, ng chch,Vic qun l CTR khng ph hp s gy ra tc ng bt li v mt thm m. CTR khng nhng gy nhim n mi trng t, nc, khng kh m cn gy nh hng n vn giao thng. Thu gom v vn chuyn khng tt s dn n tnh trng tn ng cht thi trong cc th, lm mt m quan, gy cn tr vic lu thng ca cc phng tin giao thng trn ng, gy cm gic kh chu cho c dn c ln cho khch nc ngoi ang sinh sng v lm vic ti y; Bn cnh cht thi rn thng khi ma xung s tri vo cc cng rnh lm cho nc ma khng thot c gy ngp lt trong th. Cht thi rn trn cc sng, rch gy nn mi hi thi, vic giao thng ca ghe, thuyn kh khn; Cc ph thi t nhin liu phc v cho sn xut; Cc ph thi trong cc qu trnh cng ngh; Bao b ng gi sn phm.

1.4 Hin trng qun l CTR th hin nay1.4.1 Hin trng x l CTR trn th giia. X l cht thi Nht BnVic kh b cc cht thi rn Nht Bn khng ch l vn k thut m cn lin quan n cc mt chnh tr v vn ha . Do s cht hp ca lnh th Nht Bn ang s dng phng php thiu hy loi b cht thi . Nht Bn c 1915 x nghip tiu hy rc hot ng , cng sut ca x nghip ln nht ln ti 1,980 tn/ngy m. Sau khi phn loi, 68% cht thi sinh hot c chuyn qua cc x nghip ny. Nh phng php thiu hy rc, vic t chc, phn loi v ti ch cht thi sinh hot t c hiu qu kinh t ln nht trn th gii. Phn ln cc x nghip ny u c nhng l thiu hu nh hot ng theo chu k, bn cnh cc l cn c cc l ln hot ng lin tc v dng ngay nhit nng ca cc l cung cp nng lng. Nm 1983, Nht Bn c 361 x nghip loi ny.b. X l cht thi H LanH Lan l mt nc khng ln, nhng nhng kt qu ca hot ng trong lnh vc bo v mi trng ca nc ny c d lun th gii ht sc ch . Mt trong cc hot ng ca nc ny l theo hng bo v mi trng x l cc cht thi. Vic x l cc cht thi H Lan c s tham gia ca chnh quyn, x hi, cng nh cc c quan chuyn ngnh bi v khi lng cng vic rt ln. Cht thi y c x l bng nhiu cch, mt phn ln cc cht thi c thiu hy, mt phn khc c a vo ti ch. i vi cc cht thi ca ngnh cng nghip ha cht th vic x l cht thi phc tp hn. Hng nm, H Lan c ti 21 triu tn cht thi, 60% cc bi cha, phn cn li c a vo l phn hu hay a vo ti ch. bo v mi trng, H Lan ra mc tiu gim khi lng cht thi hng nm n nm 1995 cht thi tn ti cc bi khng qu 30% khi lng cht thi hin nay.Truc y trong mt thi gian di, cc cht thi ca H Lan c chuyn ra nc ngoi. Hin nay, cch gii quyt ny khng th tip tc nn vn c bn l phi x l cht thi cng nghip v m rng cc l thiu hy cht thi. Nhit nng do cc l thiu hy sinh ra s c ha nhp vo mng li nng lng chung ca t nc. Trong vng nhiu nm, H Lan tin hnh thiu hy cht thi cng nghip ngai bin, nhng t nm 1990, cch x l nh vy c chm dt. Chnh ph H Lan khng ch quan tm ti phng php v quy trnh cng ngh c hnh thnh d lun v vn ny. H Lan t c bc chuyn bin ln trong vic m rng chng trnh gio dc trong trng hc, cc x nghip cng nghip v nhng ngi ni tr v nhng s cn thit phi m bo mi trng sng c trong sch nhiu ni, cc cht thi c phn loi thnh giy loi, knh v cc cht thi khc nhau c ring tng loi, i vi cc cht thi c hi nh cc loi dc phm, pin, sn, c quy khng ln vi cc loi cht thi khc.H Lan xy dng mt nh my x l cht thi bo v mi trng. Ti y s chn khi lng ln cc loi cht thi c hi (nhng cht trc y thng c thiu hy ngoi bin), s cn li c x l bng nhng l thiu hy cc cht thi vi k thut mi nht, hoc vic t chc sn xut phn t cht thi vi k thut hoc ng dng nhng quy trnh c bit nhm to ra ngun nguyn liu mi, thun li cho cng vic ch bin. Vic x l cc cht thi H Lan lm xut hin mt ngnh kinh doanh mi, i hi cng ngh tin tin v vn u t ln v tp trung 5 khu vc trong ton quc, thng l do cc x nghip t nhn vi s tham gia ca nhiu cng ty tin hnh di s gim st ca c quan chuyn mn.c. X l cht thi Ai CpCai-r, th Ai-Cp c 12 triu dn, hng ngy mi ngi dn thi ra 0.5 kg rc th c thnh ph c 6000 tn rc. Cai-r c 300 ngn ngi gnh hng rong i khp cc ng ngch thnh ph. Ch no cng c cng trng xy dng, vi, gch, ra ng. lm sch th c nhiu ngun cht thi nh vy, thnh ph hnh thnh mt i ng cng nhn v sinh gm 45 ngn ngi, chia lm 3 ca qut dn, thu gom. Thnh ph cn xy mt nh my x l cht thi, mi ngy ch bin 80 tn thnh phn bn ci to sa mc. Cai- r, ngoi cng ty nh nc cn c nhiu cng ty thu gom cht thi t nhn. Cc cng ty ny a cc ti nilon ti cc gia nh, cc gia nh ng rc vo ti. Cng ty t nhn cho xe n ch i v thu l ph hng thng. Cc cng ty ny cn c quyn kinh doanh vic x l cht thi v ti ch thnh sn phm. Hin nay thnh ph Cai-r c ti 44 cng ty t nhn thu gom rc thi nh vy.Nh vy, mi nc c nhng phng php x l cht thi rn khc nhau, xong u c th quy t thnh 4 phng php x l ch yu th hin s trnh by hnh

Hnh 1.1 S cc phng php ch yu x l cht thi rn

Phng php chn lp hp v sinh hin ang c xem xt l phng php ph hp vi iu kin ca cc nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam.1.4.2 Hin trng x l CTR Vit NamS lng thng k cc tnh, thnh ph, nm 2014 cho thy lng cht thi rn bnh qun khong t 0,8 n 1,2 kg/ngi.ngy cc th ln v mt s th nh dao ng t 0,5 n 0,7 kg/ngi.ngy. Tng lng rc thi sinh hot pht sinh t cc th nm 2014 tng t 3% n 12% so vi nm 2013.T l phn trm cc cht c trong rc thi khng n nh, rt bin ng theo mi a im thu gom rc, ph thuc vo mc sng v phong cch tiu dng ca nhn dn mi th. Tnh trung binhg, t l thnh phn cc cht hu c chim 45% - 60% tng lng cht thi; t l thnh phn nilong, cht do chim t 6 - 16%, m trung binhg ca rc thi t 46% - 52%.Thnh phn cht thi rn ti thnh ph H Ni t nm 2012 2014, trong t l cao su v cht do kh phn hy tng t bin t 1,48% trong nm 2012 ln ti 16% nm 2014.Cht thi cng nghip, c bit l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi, l mt thch thc ln i vi cng tc qun l mi trng ca nhiu th, nht l nhng th c khu cng nghip tp trung nh H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Hi Dng...Theo bo co ca cc Mi Trng, th tng lng cht thi cng nghip nguy hi pht sinh mi nm ti 3 vng pht trin kinh t trng im khong 113.118 tn. T s liu thng k nu trn c th thy lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh Vng Kinh t trng im pha Nam ln gp ba ln lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh Vng Kinh t trng im pha Bc v ln gp 20 ln lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh Vng Kinh t trng im min Trung.Thc t nhiu a phng, c rt nhiu loi cht thi khc nhau, pht thi ra mt cch tuy tin trong cc c s cng nghip m khng h c s qun l.Xt v khi lng, cc ngnh cng nghip nh, ha cht v c kh luyn kim l ngnh pht sinh nhiu cht thi nguy hi nht. Ngnh in v in t pht sinh t cht thi nguy hi nht. Tuy nhin, cht thi ca hai ngnh ny c ch nhng cht nh PCB v kim loi nng, l nhng cht rt nguy hi ti sc khe con ngi v mi trng.Ti cc thnh ph, vic thu gom v x l cht thi th thng do cng ty Mi trng th (URENCO) m nhn. Tuy nhin xut hin cc t chc t nhn tham gia cng vic ny.Hu ht rc thi khng c phn loi ti ngun m c thu ln ln sau c vn chuyn n bi chn lp. T l thu gom cc thnh ph ln t 70% - 80% Vic thu gom cht thi rn sinh hot v qut dn ng ph thng vo ban m trnh nng nng ban ngy v tc nghn giao thng. C ch qun l ti chnh trong hot ng thu gom rc thi ch yu da vo kinh ph bao cp t ngn sch nh nc, cha huy ng c cc thnh phn kinh t tham gia, tnh cht x hi ha hot ng thu gom cng nh cha thy r c ngha v ng gp kinh ph cho dch v thu gom rc.Hin nay trn a bn cc th nh vn cha c h thng thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn mt cch c h thng xuyn sut ton tnh, m ty theo yu cu bc xc ca cc huyn, th trn v mi a phng, hnh thnh mt x nghip cng trnh cng cng hoc i v sinh tin hnh thu gom rc thi sinh hot v mt phn rc thi cng nghip ti cc khu trung tm nhm gii quyt yu cu thu gom rc hng ngy.1.5 Cng ngh x l cht thi rn thMc ch ca phng php x l cht CTR:Nhm gim th tch, ng nht kch thc cht thi rn, phn cc hp phn nng ring, nh ring to iu kin thun li cho cc bc tip theo. X l s b cng nhm mc ch d vn chuyn v d x l.

1.5.1 X l s b bng phng php nn pi vi cc ta nh trung bnh v nh cao tng, qu trnh x l vn hnh i vi cht thi t cc nh ring bao gm: nn m, t, nghin, t v to thnh bt nho, hoc cng c khi nghim nh v phn loi nh cc nh t tng.- m nn: gim dung tch cht thi rn,khi thu gom ngi ta thng dng cc thit b m nn cc ta nh ln. Thit b m nn c t u di ng ng tng cui cng. Cht thi sau khi ri xung y ng ng, ngi ta dng t bo quang in hoc nt bn y rc cht thi rn n thit b m nn. Ty thuc thit k ch to thit b m nn, cht thi rn c th c nn thnh kin v t ng xp ti v thng kim loi hoc ti giy. Khi cc kin c hnh thnh v thng hoc ti y th my m nn t ng y i v c th lp i lp li.

1.5.2 X l s b bng phng php sinh hc

l cht rc thnh ng, trong di tc dng ca oxy v s hot ng ca vi sinh vt m qu trnh sinh ha din ra phn hy cht hu c thnh mn. y l phng php ph bin x l rc, to iu kin cho rc c phn hy thnh mn, c th dng lm phn bn phc v trng trt. Trong cc ng rc, do kt qu ca qu trnh sinh ha, nhit c th t ti 60 v hn na. Vi nhit v cc yu t khc, cc vi khun ng rut khng to nha bo v trng giun s b tiu dit.Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh bao gm: nhit , m, pH, hp phn nguyn liu, oxy... Sau thi gian th cc mm bnh s b tiu dit. Phng php ny c ngh p dng x l cht thi cc b cht thi do cc khu dn c c din tch khng nm trong khu vc trung tm th v cho cc x nghip ch bin hoa qu, thc phm cng nh cc khu vc khc c to ra t l cao ca thnh phn hu c trong ti rc.Bi rc: rc c khu vc ring bit, trong cnh ng ngi ta chia thnh cc khu vc ln lt rc.H rc: xy dng cc h ngoi tri, o trc tip di t. Tuy nhin cn lu trnh nhim ngun nc ngm.B sinh hc: b c dung tch 5 15 m3. tng hiu qu qu trnh ngi ta c gii ha khu np v ly rc ra ngoi. Qu trnh sinh ha trong b ch yu nh s tham gia tch cc ca cc vi sinh vt hiu kh v ym kh ty tin. tng cng qu trnh sinh ha trong b, ngi ta thc hin qu trnh lm thong, thng hi tt v xy dng sao cho gi c nhit cao trong .

1.5.3 Phng php thiu t

Phng php nay tuy chi ph cao, thng thng 20 30 USD/tn, nhng chu trnh x l ngn, ch 3 4 ngy. V gi thnh t nn ch c cc nc pht trin p dng nhiu. cc nc ang pht trin nn p dng phng php ny v quy m nh x l cht thi c hi nh: cht thi bnh vin, cht thi cng nghip...Nh thiu t, dung tch cht thi rn c gim nhiu ch cn khong 10% so vi dung tch ban u; trong lng gim ch cn 25% hoc thp hn so vi ban u. Nh vy ta s to iu kin thun li cho vic thu gom v gim nhu cu v dung tch cha ti ch, ngay ti ngun, ng thi cng d dng chuyn ch ra bi chn lp tp chung nn cn. Tuy nhin phng php t rc thi ti ch s gy nhim mi trng khng kh cho khu vc dn c xung quanh, ng thi lm mt m quan th.

Ngoi ra cn c cc k thut mi nh cht thi l v bao, v tru, mn ca em p p lc cao vi keo tng hp lm thnh tm tng, trn nh, t, bn gh, hoc x l du cn dng li....

1.6 Tng quan v cng ngh x l CTR th bng BCL1.6.1 Khi nim bi chn lpTheo quy nh ca TCVN 6696-2000 - CTR - BCL hp v sinh - Yu cu chung v bo v mi trng, bi chn lp cht thi rn hp v sinh (sau y gi l bi chn lp) c nh ngha l: khu vc c quy hoch thit k, xy dng v vn hnh sao cho gim n mc thp nht cc tc ng n sc khe cng ng v mi trng chn lp cc cht thi pht sinh t cc khu dn c, th v cc khu cng nghip.1.6.2 iu kin chn lp cc cht thi rn ti bi chn lpCht thi rn c chp nhn chn lp ti bi chn lp hp v sinh l tt c cc cht thi khng nguy hi, c kh nng phn hy t nhin theo thi gian, bao gm:- Rc thi gia nh;- Rc thi ch, ng ph;- Giy, ba, cnh cy nh v l cy;- Tro, ci g mc, vi, da;- Rc thi t vn phng, nh hng n ung;- Ph thi sn xut khng nm trong danh mc rc thi nguy hi t cc ngnh cng nghip;- Bn st thu c t cc trm x l nc c cn kh ln hn 20%;- Ph thi nha tng hp;- Tro x khng cha cc thnh phn nguy hi c sinh ra t qu trnh t rc thi;- Tro x t qu trnh t nhin liu.Rc thi khng c chp nhn chn lp ti bi chn lp hp v sinh l tt c cc loi rc c cha c tnh sau:- Rc thi thuc danh mc rc thi nguy hi;- Rc thi c c tnh ly nhim;- Rc thi phng x bao gm nhng cht c cha mt hoc nhiu ht nhn phng x theo quy ch an ton phng x;- Cc loi tn d thuc bo v thc vt v nhng ph thi c cha hm lng PCB cao hn 50mg/kg;- Rc thi d chy n;- Bn st t cc trm x l nc c hm lng cn kh thp hn 20%;- dng gia nh c th tch to, cng knh nh ging, t, bn...- Cc ph thi vt liu xy dng, khai khong;- Cc loi t c nhim cc thnh phn nguy hi vt qu tiu chun TCVN 5941-1995 quy nh i vi cht lng t;- Cc loi xc xc vt vi khi lng ln.1.6.3 Cc yu t cn xem xt khi la chn bi chn lpa. Quy m biQuy m bi chn lp cht thi rn th ph thuc vo quy m ca th nh dn s, lng cht thi pht sinh, c im rc thi... C th cn c vo c im th Vit Nam c tnh n kh nng pht trin th phn loi quy m bi v c th theo bng sau:Bng 1.3 Phn loi quy m bi chn lp cht thi rn thSTTQuy m bi chn lpDn s (nghn ngi)Lng cht thi rn (tn/nm)Din tch bi ( ha )Thi gian s dng (nm)

1Loi nh5-1020.0005< 10

2Loi va100-35065.00010-3010-30

3Loi ln350-1000200.00030-5030-50

4Loi rt ln> 1000> 20.000> 50> 50

Quy m ca bi chn lp c quy nh theo tiu chun TCVN 261: 2001

Bng 1.4 La chn quy m bi chn lpLoi th, khu cng nghipDn s (1000 ngi)Khi lng cht thi (1000 tn/nm)Thi gian s ng (nm)Quy m bi.

th cp 4,5, cm CN nhDi 10Di 20Di 5Nh

th cp 3, 4, khu CN, cm CN va100-50020-65t 5-10Va

th cp 1, 2, 3, khu CN, khu ch xut500-100065-200T 10-15Ln

th cp 1, 2, khu CN ln, khu ch xutTrn 1000Trn 200T 15-30Rt ln

Bng 1.5 Khong cch ti thiu t hng ro bi chn lp ti cc cng trnh:Cng trnhKhong cch ti thiu (m)

Khu trung tm th3.000

Sn bay, hi cng3.000

Khu cng nghip3.000

ng giao thng quc l500

Cc cng trnh khai thc nc ngm

Cng sut ln hn 10.000 m3/ng> 500

Cng sut nh hn 10.000 m3/ng> 100

Cng sut nh hn 100 m3/ng> 50

Cc cm dn c min ni5.000

Bng 1.6:Khong cch thch hp khi la chn bi chn lpi tng cn cch lic im v quy m cc cng trnhKhong cch ti bi chn lp (m)

Bi chn lp nh vvaBi chn lp lnBi chn lp rt ln

- thCc thnh ph, th x>3000>5000>15000

-Sn bay, cc khu cng

nghip, hi cngQuy m nh n ln>1000>2000>3000

-Thi trn, th t, cm dn c > 15 h

ng bng v trung duCui hng gi chnh>1000

Cc hng khc>3000

-Cm dn c min ni>15 h, cng khe ni (c

dng chy xung)>3000'>5000>5000

-Cng trinh khai thccs< 1000 m3/ng>50 1>100>500

nc ngmcs 100-10000 m3/ng>100]>500>1000

cs> 10000 m3/ng>500 \>1000>5000

Khong cch t ng giao thng ti bi chn lpQuc l, tnh l>100>300>500

Bng 1.7:Cc hng mc cng trnh trong bi chn lp Loi bi chn lp Hng mcRt lnLnVaNh

Khu chn lp

chn lpXXXX

H thng thu gom nc r rcXXXX

H thng thu gom v x l kh rcXXXX

H thng thot v ngn nc mt *

XXXX

H thng quan trc nc ngmXXXX

ng ni bXXXX

Hng ro v cy xanhXXXX

Bi hoc kho ch cht ph b mtXXX

Bi phn loi cht thiXXXX*

Khu x l nc rc Trm bm nc rcx*x*x*X

Cng trnh x l nc rcXXXX

cha bnXXX

Khu ph tr Nh iu hnhXXX

Nh ngh cho nhn vinXXX

Trm phn tchXXXX

Trm cnXXX

Nh xe XXXX

Trm ra xeXXXX

Trm sa cha, bo dng in, myXXXX

Kho ng c v cha ph liuXXXX

H thng h tng k thutXXX

X- hng mc cng trnh bt buc phi c;X* - Trm bom nc rc khng nht thit phi c nu a hnh cho php nc rc t h thng thu gom t chy vo cc cng trnh x l nc rc.

b. K thut vn hnh bi chn lpTrong vn hnh bi chn lp, vic cht tha l khu quan trng. Phng php cht thi ty thuc vo c tnh ca bi nh thng tin v lng t ph bi c sn, a hnh, a l v thy vn ca khu vc. C 3 phng php ch yu nh sau: Phng php b mt- Bn cht ca phng php ny l tri nhng lp dy 40 80 cm ln mt phng, m nn n v tip tc tri nhng t khc ln trn. Cui ngy hoc khi lp rc dy 2 -2,2m th ph lp t dy t 10 60 cm ln trn ri li m nn. Mt lp hon chnh nh vy gi l rc. Thng thng mt con p bng t c lm rc xung t vo v d dng m nn rc sau .- Phng php b mt thng c s dng nhng ni c a hnh bng phng v t nguy him n ngun nc ngm. Phng php ny l phng php kinh t nht ch yu cu o c lng t ph. Phng php b mt thng c s dng b p nhn to rc t vo. Vi phng php ny, s di chuyn ca xe thu gom v thit b bi d dng v an ton. Cc g rc ca phng php ny thng c cao 15m, d dng cho vic thot tn kh metan qua b mt nn c th khng cn thit b thu gom kh ga. Phng php mng rnh- Rc vo nhng mng o. Vt liu ph ly t t o mng ln. Phng php ny c vn hnh n khi t c cao mong mun mng phi di sao cho xe c th i li v rc c th d dng v hp c th rc y mng vo cui ngy.- Nu cc mng c o thnh cc hng vung gc vi hng gi th s lm gim ng k lng rc bay ba bi bi gi. t o c th lm mt b thm tm thi trn b mng nh hng dng nc chy b mt. t c st khng thm nc v mch nc ngm thp l thch hp i vi phng php mng rnh. su ca mng ty thuc vo cc iu kin a cht ca t v mch nc ngm. Thng thng su ca mng khong 4 5 m.- Qu trnh vn hnh ca phng php mng rnh t hn nhiu so vi phng php b mt do chi ph cho vic o mng v s dng thit b chuyn dng. Mt chi ph khc na l vic vn chuyn t tha c o ln.* Phng php h cha- y l phng php s dng nhng h ch nhn to hay t nhin cho hot ng chn lp rc. Phng php h cha thng s dng b mt t nhin. Vic rc bt u t u cao ca h v kt thc u thp trnh ng nc v to mt p t nhin cho ng rc t vo bt u m nn. H rc thng thp hn so vi a hnh xung quanh nn gp rt nhiu kh khn cho vic kim sot nc b mt. Cc h khai thc thng thiu vt liu ph nn s sn c vt liu ph l mi quan tm chnh khi chn bi chn lp ph thi theo phng php ny.* Nguyn tc vn hnh Vic vn hnh bi chn lp tun th theo cc nguyn tc sau: Ton b rc chn lp c thnh tng lp ring r. dy ca mi lp khng qu 60 cm; Khi cc lp c m nn xong v g rc t c cao thch hp th ph mt lp t hoc mt vt liu tng t khc dy khong 10 -15 cm; Rc cn c ph t sau 24h vn hnh trong trng hp bi vn hnh lin tc; Tin hnh nhng bin php phng nga thch ng trnh ha hon; Tin hnh nhng bin php phng nga m bo su b khng th sng trong bi rc; Nn ph mt lp t hoc vt liu tng t dy 20 30 cm nhng rc dng chn lp rc hu c d thi ra; Cn o to v trang b y cho nhn vin lm vic ti bi. m bo s lng cng nhn duy tr bi theo s ch dn; Mi g rc phi kt thc trc khi bt u g tip theo. cao g rc ph hp nht l khong 2 2,5 m.* Phng php vn hnhThc t vic rc, m nn v ph bi c th c tin hnh theo mt vi cc. S quyt nh p dng phng php vn hnh bi ph thuc vo phng php chn lp, ph thuc vo kh nng tip cn vng ca phng tin rc v thit b ang c s dng ti bi. nhng bi p dng phng php mng rnh, xe t c th i trn nhng rc c m nn v rc xung b mt lm vic mi. Tuy nhin k thut ny khng c s dng khi thit b m nn ca bi l my m thpVic pht trin h thng rc phi theo thit k ban u v sau thc hin tng bc sao cho ton b k hoch c thc hin y . H thng chn lp rc li ph thuc vo phng tin chn lp.Khi cng vic trong ngy kt thc, b mt m nn s c m nn v ph mt lp t dy 20cm v sau li c m nn li. Ngy hm sau, rc to thnh t ngy hm trc c th ng vai tr nh mt bc tng cho b mt lm vic mi.Khu vc rc trong mt bi thi, bt k theo phng php chn lp no cng phi chia ra thnh nhng khu nh hn x l tng loi rc ring v mi khu vc nh li c chia ra thnh nhng nh hn : gim s pht sinh rc thi, chi ph u t ng thi gian, m bo s vn hnh ca bi c kim sot v hn ch trong khu vc nh, trnh ph bi vi din tch ln, gim n mc ti a chiu di ng phi duy tr.1.7 Nhng tc ng ca bi chn lp n mi trng1.7.1 Giai on chun b mt bng xy dng bi chn lpTrong giai on chun b, cng tc ch yu l n b, di di, gii ta v ti nh c cc h dn ang sinh sng ti khu vc tin hnh xy dng BCL.V xy dng c s h tng trong nhng nm qua cho thy, y l cng tc kh khn nht trong vic thc hin d n, gn nh 100% cc d n b chm tr l do cng tc n b v di di khng ng thi hn v nhng l do sau y:- Chi ph n b khng tha ng;- Cc c quan c trch nhim n b khng chi tin n b cho dn;- Din tch di di ln hn din tch d n v cn b qun l chim phn t ny vi gi r;- Mt s h dn thng ra yu sch khng hp l, i tin bi thng qu cao, c bit i vi cc d n u t nc ngoi.Cc vn ny sinh trong giai on ny cha to ra nhng p lc r rng ln mi trng. Tuy nhin, nhng nh hng ny i lc rt bt li cho d n v d lun ca cng ng x hi, v nhiu khi gy ra tranh chp, ng gia ngi dn vi cn b hoc cng nhn thc hin d n.Hot ng ca giai on ny nh hng n cuc sng ngi dn do:- Mt phng tin sn xut nh mt t rung, t trng hoa mu; khng tm c vic lm ph hp khi phi di n ni mi- Anh hng n thu nhp ca ngi dn do phi chuyn giao phn t ai v ang khai thc nh hoa mu, cy n tri, cy lu nm,- Mt nh ca v cc ti sn c nh khc- Phi thay i mi trng sng t nhin cng nh cc iu kin v c s h tng (ng giao thng, h thng cp thot nc, h thng cp in, h thng thng tin i chng,), cc im vn ha khi di n ni khc.1.7.2 Giai on xy dng bi chn lpCc ngun gy nhim trong giai on xy dng c tm tt di y:1. Kh thi- Bi t cc hot ng o p v vn chuyn t ;- Kh thi (SOx, NOx, CO, CO2,) t cc xe vn chuyn v thit b thi cng;- Cc loi kh thi t BCL c;- Ting n v rung do hot ng ca cc thit b thi cng v vn chuyn.2. Cht Thi Rn - t , x bn ca BCL c, t nguyn thy v bn ao h;- Rc t cy ci, c di, trong khu vc thi cng;- Cht thi rn sinh hot ca cng nhn xy dng.3. Nc Thi- Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn xy dng;- Nc thi t qu trnh ra xe vn chuyn t;- Nc ng t qu trnh thi cng v nc ma phi bm ra ngoi.4. Cc Tc ng Khc - nh hng n hot ng giao thng;- An ton lao ng cho cng nhn xy dng;- nh hng n h sinh thi trong khu vc o p v xy dng BCL;- Thay i cnh quan khu vc;- Sinh hot ca cng nhn xy dng nh hng n tnh hnh kinh t, x hi, trt t, an ninh khu vc.1.7.3 Giai on vn hnh BCLCc ngun nhim chnh trong giai on vn hnh c tm tt di y:1. Nc thi- Nc r rc t BCL;- Nc r rc trong khu vc b rc tm thi;- Nc r rc trong cc xe ch rc;- Nc ra xe vn chuyn trc khi ra khi BCL;- Nc thi sinh hot ca cn b, cng nhn xy dng, cng nhn vn hnh BCL v nhng ngi nht rc b rc tm;- Nc r rc x l;- Nc ma t cc h chn lp ang xy dng.2. Kh Thi- Kh BCL t qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c (principal gas) v cc cht hu c c hi khc (trace gas);- Kh thi t trm pht in (BCL G Ct);- Kh thi t b rc tm thi;- Kh thi v ting n do xe ch rc v cc loi xe my vn hnh;- Bi v cht thi rn b cun theo gi;- Bi t cc hot ng o p v vn chuyn t ;- Kh thi t cc xe vn chuyn vt liu xy dng v t ;- Ting n v rung do hot ng ca cc thit b thi cng v xe vn chuyn.3. Cht Thi Rn - t , x bn ca BCL c, t nguyn thy v bn ao h;- Rc t cy ci, c di, trong khu vc thi cng; - Cht thi rn sinh hot ca cn b v cng nhn vn hnh;- Rc t chnh BCL phn tn vo mi trng do gi. 4. Cc tc ng khc - Nguy c chy n khu vc BCL;- Cc vn lin quan n v sinh v an ton lao ng cho cng nhn vn hnh v nhng ngi nht rc;- Cc vn x hi i vi ngi nht rc khng c vo BCL;- nh hng n khu vc dn c xung quanh do tng mt giao thng, gy bi, n v nguy c gy tai nn;- nh hng n sc khe cng ng do to mi trng sinh trng rui nhng v nhng sinh vt gy bnh;- T nn x hi do tp trung ng c lc lng nht rc trong khu vc BCL v nhng ngi li xe v ph li.1.7.4 Giai on ng ca BCLCc ngun gy nhim chnh trong giai on ng ca BCL c tm tt nh sau:1. Nc thi Tt c cc ngun gy nhim tng t giai on vn hnh BCL nu khng thit k, lp t v vn hnh hp l lp che ph cui cng, h thng thot nc b mt, h thng thu gom v x l nc r r.2. Kh Thi- Tt c ngun gy nhim tng t giai on vn hnh BCL nu khng thit k, lp t v vn hnh hp l h thng thu v x l kh BCL;- Kh thi t trm pht in.3. Cc Tc ng Khc - S st ln BCL;- Nguy c pht chy v phn tn kh c hi t BCL ng ca;- nh hng n kh nng sinh trng ca cy trng trn vng t chn lp rc;- Dn c ln chim bt hp php vng BCL hon thnh.1.7.5 u im, nhc im ca bi chn lp u im: C th x l mt lng ln cht thi rn; Chi ph iu hnh cc hot ng ca BCL khng qu co; Do b nn cht v ph t ln trn nn cc loi cn trng, chut b, rui mui kh c th sinh si ny n; Bi chn lp hp v sinh rt linh hot khi s dng. V khi lng rc gia tng c th tng cng thm cng nhn v thit b c gii, trong khi i vi cc phng php khc phi m rng nh my tng cng sut; Cc hin tng chy ngm hay chy bng kh c th xy ra, ngoi ra cn gim thiu c mi hi thi gy nhim mi trng khng kh; Lm gim nn nhim mi trng nc ngm v nc mt; Cc BCL khi b ph y, chng ta c th s dng chng thnh cc cng vin, lm ni sinh sng hoc cc hot ng khc; Ngoi ra trong qu trnh hot ng bi chn lp chng ta c th thu hi kh ga phc v pht in hoc cc hot ng khc; BCL l phng php x l cht thi rn r tin nht i vi nhng ni c th s dng t; u t ban u thp so vi nhng phng php khc; BCL l mt phng php x l cht thi rn trit khng i hi cc qu trnh x l khc nh x l cn, x l cc cht khng th s dng, loi b m (trong cc phng php thiu rc, phn hy sinh hc...). Nhc im: Cc BCL i hi din tch t ai ln, mt thnh ph ng dn c s lng rc thi cng nhiu th din tch bi thi cng ln; Cn phi c t ph lp ln cht thi rn c nn cht sau mi ngy; Cc lp t ph cc BCL thng hay b gi thi mn v pht tn i xa; t trong BCL y c th b ln v vy cn c bo dng nh k.Cc BCL thng to ra kh methane hoc hydrogen sunfite c hi c kh nng gy n hay gy ngt. Tuy nhin ngi ta c th thu hi kh methane c th t v cung cp nhit.

CHNG II: TNH TON THIT K2.1 La chn cng ngh cho vic tnh ton bi chn lp2.1.1 La chn phng php d boLng cht thi rn pht sinh trn a bn thnh ph Ph L ph thuc vo cc yu t: dn s, mc sng, tc pht trin kinh t - x hi, GDP bnh qun u ngi v mc vn minh thng nghip. Ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo c cu ngnh ngh ca cc khu vc trong tng lai cng nh l s pht trin ca cc ngnh ngh truyn thng v phong tc tp qun sinh hot ca cng ng ti a phng.Theo quy lut pht trin, s lng v thnh phn cht thi rn cng s c s thay i theo thi gian. Xu hng thay i l: gim t l cc cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc, tng t l kim loi, giy v cc cht kh phn hy khc nh; bao b nha PVC, PP, PEa. D bo theo mc tng tng GDP, Lng cht thi rn pht sinh c lin quan n tc tng trng kinh t v phn nh qua thu nhp u ngi v dn s. T l tng cht thi rn bng tc tng trng GDP nhn vi h s cho tng giai on v iu kin thc tin ti khu vc. Phng php ny c th d bo lng cht thi rn chung nhng khng lm r c t l, thnh phn ca cc loi cht thi rn khc nhau.b. D bo cht thi rn trn c s c cu ngnh ngh, Lng cht thi rn c d bo trn c s quy hoch pht trin cc ngnh ngh trong tng lai. Mi ngnh c cht thi rn khc nhau v lng pht sinh khc nhau. Phng php ny cho kt qu c tin cy cao, khi c cc s liu chi tit v quy hoch pht trin kinh t x hi. Thng c p dng cho vic d bo v thnh phn cc cht thi cng nghip, bnh vin v cc loi hnh dch v trong cc khong thi gian ngn (n 5 nm) cho cc khu cng nghip, dch v tp trung Vic p dng cho cc khu vc th trn, nng thn thng cho kt qu c tin cy thp do thiu c s d liu phc v tnh ton.c. D bo theo quy m dn s, S dng s liu thng k dn s v mc tng dn s t nhin lng cht thi rn ca tng giai on pht trin d bo cht thi rn trong tng lai trn c s d bo dn s. Phng php ny cho kt qu d bo lng cht thi rn sinh hot c tin cy cao, nhng kh chnh xc cho cc loi cht thi khc. Trong iu kin thc t ca thnh ph Ph L, cc s thng k v GDP, dn s, lng cht thi, c cu ngnh ngh cha thc s y trong nhiu nm cho nn vic p dng phng php ( a v b) cho kt qu c tin cy thp v vi yu cu thit lp quy hoch cho cc loi cht thi sinh hot t cc h dn c, nn phng php d bo phc v tnh ton quy hoch qun l cht thi rn trn a bn thnh ph c la chn l phng php (c).2.1.2 S liu d boLng cht thi to thnh hay cn gi l tiu chun to rc c nh ngha l lng rc thi pht sinh t hot ng ca mi ngi trong mt ngy m. K hiu K ( kg/ngi.ngy m )Bng 2.1 Lng CTR sinh hot pht sinh cc th Vit Nam nm 2007STTLoi thCh s CTR sinh hot bnh qun ( kg/ngi.ngy m )

1c bit0,96

2Loi I0,84

3Loi II0,72

4Loi III0,73

5Loi IV0,65

( Ngun: kt qu kho st nm 2006-2007 v bo co ca cc s TN&MT)2.1.3 D bo v dn s v khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh t nm 2015 n 2030 ca thnh ph Ph LThnh ph Ph L thuc th loi III c dn s 136654 nhn khu. T l tng dn s t nhin l: 0.8%+ Cch tnh dn s nm tip theo vi t l gia tng dn s 0.8% khng i.Ta c cng thc sau:N1 = N0 + N0x0.8% (nhn khu)N0 s dn hin ti ( nhn khu )m - Lng rc pht sinh trong mt ngy ( kg/ngy )M - Lng rc pht sinh trong mt nm ( tn/nm )+ Vi h s pht thi K = 0.73 kg/ngi.ngy ta c khi lng rc pht sinh trong mt ngy l:m0 = N0 x 0.73 ( kg/ngy )+ Khi lng rc pht sinh trong mt nm l:M0 = m0 x 365/1000 ( tn/nm )

Bng 2.2 T cc s liu v c s tnh ton ta c bng d bo sau:STTNmS dn ( nhn khu )Lng rc pht sinh trong mt ngy ( kg/ngy )Lng rc pht sinh trong mt nm ( tn/nm )Lng cht thi thu gom t 90% ( tn/nm )

12015137,747100,555.4836,702.7533,032.47

22016138,849101,359.9236,996.3733,296.73

32017139,960102,170.8037,292.3433,563.11

42018141,080102,988.1737,590.6833,831.61

52019142,208103,812.0737,891.4134,102.27

62020143,346104,642.5738,194.5434,375.08

72021144,493105,479.7138,500.0934,650.09

82022145,649106,323.5538,808.1034,927.29

92023146,814107,174.1439,118.5635,206.70

102024147,988108,031.5339,431.5135,488.36

112025149,172108,895.7839,746.9635,772.26

122026150,366109,766.9540,064.9436,058.44

132027151,569110,645.0840,385.4636,346.91

142028152,781111,530.2540,708.5436,637.69

152029154,003112,422.4941,034.2136,930.79

162030155,235113,321.8741,362.4837,226.23

Tng660,240.39594,216.35

Ghi ch: C 90% lng thu gom s c em i chn lp, 10% dnh cho vic ti ch hay lm phn vi sinh.Nh vy, tng lng rc thu gom theo d kin l 594216.35 tn (trong vng 16 nm). Vy ta c lng rc em chn lp l:M chn rc = CTR thu gom x 90% = 594216.35 x 0.9 = 534794.72 (tn)2.2. La chn quy m bi v phng php chn lp thch hp cho Thnh ph Ph L2.2.1 La chn quy m bi cho thnh ph Ph L Quy m BCL CTR th ph thuc vo quy m ca th nh dn s. Lng CTR pht sinh, c im CTR,... Theo Thng t lin tch s 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD: hng dn cc quy nh v bo v mi trng i vi vic la chn a im, xy dng v vn hnh BCL CTR: Quy m ca BCL c th c phn ra thnh cc loi nh, va, ln v rt ln theo bng sau: Bng 2.3 Phn loi quy m BCL rc thiSTTLoi biDn s th hin tiLng rc(tn/nm)Din tch bi (ha)

1Nh 100.00020.000 10

2Va100.000 - 300.00065.00010 30

3Ln300.000 - 1.000.000200.00030 50

4Rt ln 1.000.000> 200.000 50

(Ngun: Nguyn Vn Phc, 2004, gio trnh x li cht thi rn, Vin Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng)Thi gian hot ng ca BCL ti thiu t 5 nm tr ln, hiu qu nht l 25 nm.D on vi t l l tng trng dn s trung bnh hng nm l 1% th n nm 2030 dn s Thnh ph Ph L l 155,235 ngi. Theo s liu tnh ton v d bo cho thy tng lng CTR ca c khu vc Thnh ph Ph L vo nm 2015 khong 36,702.75 tn/nm. n nm 2030 vo khong 41,362.48 tn/nm.Theo TCXDVN 261:2001 th quy m bi chn lp cn tnh ton l loi va.Din tch ca bi c th t 10 30 ha.2.2.2 La chn phng php chn lp thch hpCn c vo tnh hnh thc t ca a phng cng ngh x l rc c la chn l bi chn lp hp v sinh. Ty thuc vo iu kin a hnh, a cht, thy vn tng khu vc m ngi ta thng p dng kiu chn lp ni, chm hoc na ni na chm. Chn lp ni so vi mt t hin hu, tc l h chn xy dng cao hn mt t, bin php ny i hi chi ph u t cao nn ch p dng ti nhng ni c a hnh trng thp hn mc nc mt. Chn lp chm tc l h chn xy dng thp hn mt t, bin php ny p dng ph hp cho nhng hoang mc, ni c mc nc mt thp, mc nc ngm su, lng ma nh. Chn lp na ni na chm tc l h chn c b tr mt na di t mt na ni trn mt, kiu chn lp ny ph hp vi iu kin kh hu a hnh Vit Nam.Phng php chn lp c la chn cho d n l phng php chn lp rnh, na ni na chm. Phng php ny c nhng u im sau: Ph hp vi quy m x l va v nh; Ph hp vi iu kin a hnh ca khu vc; Kim sot c nc bi rc vo ma ma; D dng trong cc hot ng kim sot v vn hnh bi chn lp.2.3 Tnh ton thit k BCL2.3.1 Tnh ton din tch cn thit cho bi chn lp Bi c chia thnh 3 , mi vn hnh trong 5 nm.Vi chiu su ton th ca h chn rc l 10 m (H). Chiu cao lp ph b mt l 1,5 m (hp), chiu cao lp y bi l 1,5 m(h) cc lp rc sau khi m nn dy 1,2 m (dr) v lp t ph xen k 20 cm (dd).S lp rc chn lp (L) cn cho mt h chn rc c tnh:L = (H-hp-h)/(dr+ dd) = (1000-150-150)/(120 + 20) = 5( lp) cao hu dng cha rc: h1 = dr x L = 1.2 x 5 = 6 (m) Chiu cao ca cc lp t phh2 = dd x L + 1.5 = 0.2 x 5 + 1.5 = 2.5 (m)Th tch rc sau khi m nn Trong : V: th tch rc sau khi m nn, m3; G: lng cht thi rn em chn lp, tn;: t trng cht thi rn , chn = 0.85 tn/m3 (chn thit b m nn bnh thp c t trng rc sau khi m nn t 710 950 kg/m3).Theo tnh ton ta tnh c tng lng rc c chn lp ca bi l 534794.72 tn.Lng rc ny s c chn lp trong 3 , v vy lng rc c chn lp trong 1 l:534794.72 3 = 178264.91(tn/)Th tch rc sau m nn ca 1 l:17826491 : 0.85 = 209723.42 (m3/)Vi chiu cao hu dng chn lp rc l 6 m. Vy din tch ca 1 chn lp l:209723.42 : 6 = 34953.90 (m2)Chn chiu di ca chn lp l 180 m. Khi , chiu rng ca chn lp l:34953.90 : 200 = 174.77(m) 175 (m)Kch thc ch lp l: 20017510 (m)Bng 2.4. Cc thng s la chn xy dng BCL CTR Cc thng s di (m)

Chiu cao bi chn lp t y n nh10

Chiu dy ca 1 lp rc c nn1.2

Chiu dy ca 1 lp t ph trung gian0.2

S lp rc5

Vy tng din tch chn lp l:S1 = 3 x 200 x 175 (m2) = 105000(m2) 11 (ha) Din tch bi chn lp S = S1 + S2 bao gm c khu chn lp 11 ha chim 80% din tch v 20% din tch t phc v cho xy dng ng giao thng, b bao, cng trnh x l nc thi, trng cy. (S2).S2 = 11 x 20/80 = 2.75 (ha)Vy tng din tch bi chn lp l:S = S1 + S2 = 11 + 2.75 = 13.75 14 (ha) (ph hp vi quy m va)Do vy din tch thc t ca bi chn lp l: 14 ha2.3.2 H thng chng thm ca chn lpTrong qu trnh x l, vn hnh bi chn lp vn nc r rc l rt ng lo ngi khi chng thm xung tng nc ngm ca khu vc. V vy vic chng thm cho bi chn lp phi l vn quan trng hng u.a, Nguyn tc chng thm nh sau: Kt cu chng thm phi m bo t hiu qu thu nc r r cao, thi gian s dng ln hn 10 nm; Vt liu chng thm phi khng b n mn (hoc n mn chm) do cc cht nhim trong nc thi v cc cht xm thc t t c bn chng n mn ha hc trn 10 nm; Vt liu chng thm phi c bn c hc tt chng li cc lc nn, p, un ln khi vn hnh h chn lp, c bit trong thi gian hot ng chn lp; Kt cu chng thm phi thun li cho vic gia cng v s dng. Cc vt liu chng thm phi r tin, c sn trn th trng hoc d gia cng vi ngun nguyn liu c v khng gy tc ng ph vi mi trng cng nh con ngi.b, Kt cu chng thm y h chn lpH thng lp lt y bi rc v sinh: lp lt y bi c nhim v gi v ngn cn s thm nhp ca nc r r vo trong lp t di y bi rc, do hn ch kh nng gy nhim ngun nc ngm. Kt cu chng thm y h nh sau.Bng 2.5. Kt cu chng thm y h chn lp th t t y h ln trnSTTLpVt liu dyChc nng

1. Lp t hin hu m chtt hin huChu lc, chng ln

2. Lp t st nnt st60 cmH tr chng thm v chng ln

3. Lp polymer chng thm (hay lp mng a cht)HDPE2 mmChng thm, thu gom nc r rc v h thng mng a i x l

4. Lp ct, siCt, si30 cmLc cc cht rn v to iu kin thu gom nc r rc

5. Lp vi lc a cht1.5 mmLc cn bn trong nc rc nhm trnh hin tuogwj tc nghn h thng thu gom nc rc

6. Lp t bo v m chtt60 cmBo v lp thot nc v l lp phn cch

(ngun: tng hp)

Hnh 2.1 Cu to lp lt y bi rc y bi rc, nc r rc u tin i xuyn qua vng lc. Vng ny c lm bng vi lc a cht, khi nc r rc i qua lp vi lc ny cc ht c kch thc ln s b gi li. Lp t bo v trn lp vi lc dy 60 cm bo v lp vi khng b ph hoi do xe ln xung rc. Lp vi a cht ny cng c tc dng gim thiu s ln ln vo nhau ca lp bo v v lp si thot nc pha di. Lp si bn di lp vi a cht hot ng nh l lp vt liu thm v thot nc r rc sinh ra trong bi. Lp mng a cht v lp t st nn bn di lp si l mt ro cn hn hp ngn cn s di chuyn ca nc r rc v kh sinh ra trong bi rc.c, Kt cu chng thm mt vch hV c bn kt cu chng thm vch h chn lp cng bao gm cc lp ging nh kt cu chng thm y h. Tuy nhin, mt vch h t phi chu lc so vi mt y v khng c h thng thu gom cho nn kt cu chng thm mt vch c dy thp hn.Bng 2.6. Kt cu chng thm mt vch hSTTLpVt liu dyChc nng

1. Lp t hu hiu m chtt hin huChu lc, chng ln

2. Lp t st nnt st30 cmH tr chng thm v chng st l

3. Lp polymer chng thmHDPE2 mmKhng cho nc thm qua vch, thu gom nc xung y h

Lp cao su (hay lp polymer chng thm) l lp chng thm c bn ca y v vch h chn, y l loi mng c sn xut d dng vi din tch kh ln, c kh nng chu lc v chu n mn tt, chu ln cc b nh tnh co dn c l v n hi tt, d dng kt ni cc tm vi kn cao bng keo dn chuyn dng.d, H thng bao ph b mt C nhim v ngn chn v hn ch lng nc ma thm nhp vo trong bi rc. Mt khc n cn ngn chn cc loi ng vt gm nhm.Trnh t lp che ph cui cng t di ln nh sau:1. Lp t ph trc tip ln b mt cht thi c chiu dy 60 cm vi hm lng st ln hn 30% m bo tnh m nn chng thm.2. Lp mng a cht loi HDPE dy 2 mm ngn khng cho nc ma xm nhp vo cc chn rc sau khi ng ca bi chn lp.3. Lp ct thot nc dy 30 cm.4. Lp t b mt dy 60 cm.5. Trn cng l lp thc vt to cnh quan.

Hnh 2.2: Mt ct che ph cui cnge, Lp vt liu che ph hng ngyRc sau khi c m, nn n cao 1 m th s c ph 1 lp t dy 10 cm v rc vi bt trnh s pht sinh v khuch tn mi hi vo trong mi trng xung quanh. Lp bao ph cui mi ngy cng hn ch khng cho cc cn trng mang mm bnh nh rui, mui, chut sinh sng do hn ch cc dc bnh c lin quan. Mi ngy khi vic chn lp kt thc m cha d cao quy nh 1m ph t th ta s tm ph ln phn rc chn lp mt lp mng HDPE. Mi ngy khi ta vn hnh bi rc lp ph ny s c cun ln tin hnh chn lp.2.3.3. H thng bao, dc, mi dc taluy o cc chn lpa. dc v mi dc taluy o cc chn lp m bo nc rc c th t chy c ti cc h thu nc rc tp trung th cc chn lp cn phi c dc hp l (nh nht l 1%), c th la chn nh sau: dc ngang y : 1% v dc dc theo y : 1%.

Hnh 2.3. dc y chn lp b. dc baoNgn cch cc l bao bng t st, c kh nng khng thm nc cao v phi c m cht. c p cao tu theo thit k mi chn, dc mi

a:b = 1:1ab4m m = a : b = 1 : 1, mt rng 4 m.

Hnh 2.4. Kch thc bao bn ngoi chn lpChn cng ngh chn lp na chm na ni. V d, tnh ton chiu cao bao, chiu cao ca b mt so vi mt cho s 1 nh sau:- Ly chiu cao chn rc nm di mt t l 6 m, nh vy chiu cao ca ta luy o l 6 m.- Chn dc lp ph trn cng i = 3%, chiu rng ca l B = 175 m. Do , chiu cao ca b mt so vi mt l : (175/2) 3% = 2.63 m ;Nh vy, chiu cao ca bao l: hd = 10 - 6 2.63 = 1.37 m. 2.3.4 Tnh ton lng kh pht sinh Tnh ton lng kh pht sinhMun xc nh lng kh pht sinh cho BCL ta tnh lng kh sinh ra i vi 1 tn rc v xc nh cc thng s sau:a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca rcGi s, ly mt mu rc c khi lng 1 tn em phn tch thnh phn phn t. Khi lng ca cc thnh phn c trong mu rc c xc nh theo cng thc:

[3]Trong : mk: khi lng kh ca mi thnh phn (tn); mu: khi lng t ca mi thnh phn (tn); %M: m ca mi thnh phn.Ta c:Bng 2.7 Thnh phn CTRSH ti cc h gia nh thnh ph Ph LSTTThnh phnThnh phn phn trm (%)

Khong dao ngTrung bnh

1Thc phm61,0 - 96,679,17

2Giy1,0 - 19,75,18

3Carton0 - 4,60,18

4Nilon0 - 36,66,84

5Nha0 - 10,82,05

6Vi0 - 14,20,98

7G0 - 7,20,66

8Cao su cng0 - 2,80,13

9Thy tinh0 - 25,01,94

10Lon hp0 - 10,21,05

11Kim loi mu0 - 3,31,08

12Snh s0 - 10,50,74

Tng100

(Ngun: Bo co qun l CTRSH th)

Trong lng rc thi thu gom c c 90% em chn lp v 10 % l em i ti ch hay lm phn compost. Vi 90% rc thi em chn c 87% l phn hy sinh hc c cn 3% l khng phn hy sinh hc c. Vy trong lng rc em chn lp rc thi phn hy sinh hc c chim 97% cn lng khng phn hy sinh hc chim 3 %.

Bng 2.8. Thnh phn cc cht hu c phn hy sinh hcThnh phn cc cht hu c phn hy sinh hc (chim 97% ca bi chn lp)

Thnh phnT l %PHSHKhi lng t(kg) m(%)Khi lng kh (kg)Khi lng t (tn)Khi lng kh (tn)

Phn hu c phn hy sinh hc nhanh (PHN)

Thc phm tha v cht thi vn85,91859,1370257,740,860,26

giy v carton5,9459,39655,820,060,06

tng91,85918,52313,560,920,31

Phn hu c phn hy chm (PHC)

nha1,2812,77212,520,010,01

vi3,6636,61032,940,040,03

cao su1,4814,85214,550,010,01

da0,969,55108,60,010,01

g0,777,71206,170,010,01

tng8,1581,4874,770,080,07

Tng1001000388,3310,39

Bng 2.9. Thnh phn nguyn t ca rc thi th Thnh phn nguyn t ca rc thi th

Thnh phn% khi lng kh

CHONSTro

Thc phm tha486,437,62,60,45

Giy43,56440,30,26

Cacton445,944,60,30,25

Cht thi vn47,86383,40,34,5

Nha607,222,8--10

Vi, gi556,631,24,60,152,5

Cao su7810-2-10

Da60811,6100,410

G49,5642,70,20,11,5

Bng 2.10. Khi lng cc thnh phn trong rc thiKhi lng cc thnh phn trong rc thi

Thnh phnKhi lng khKhi lng (kg)

(Kg)CHONSTroTng

Phn hu c phn hy sinh hc nhanh (PHN)

Thc phm tha v cht thi vn257,74123,7216,596,916,71,0312,89257,74

Giy v carton55,8224,283,3524,560,170,113,3555,82

Tng313,5614819,84121,476,871,1416,24313,56

Phn hu c phn hy chm (PHC)

Nha12,527,510,92,85001,2512,52

Vi32,9418,122,1710,281,520,050,8232,95

Cao su14,5511,351,4500,2901,4514,55

Da8,65,160,6910,860,030,868,6

G6,173,050,372,630,010,010,096,17

Tng74,7745,195,5916,762,680,094,4874,77

Do thnh phn lu hunh trong mu rc rt thp so vi cc thnh phn khc nn cng thc phn t ca cht hu c c xc nh trong trng hp khng c lu hunh.Gi CTHH ca rc l CxHyOzNn cng vi khi lng mol phn t ca cc nguyn t ta c t l mol ca cc nguyn t nh sau: (ly N = 1) Cng thc phn t i vi rc phn hy nhanh:

x : y : z : n = : : :

x : y : z : n = 25: 40 : 15 : 1Cng thc phn t ca rc sinh hot c kh nng PHN l: C25H40O15N(594). Cng thc phn t i vi rc phn hy chm:

x : y : z : n = : : :

x : y : z : n = 20: 29 : 5: 1Cng thc phn t ca rc sinh hot c kh nng PHC l: C20H29O5N(363).b. Lng kh sinh ra t cht hu c PHN v PHC

Bng 2.11. Khi lng kh v th tch kh sinh ra trong 1 tn cht thi rn mang chn lpThnh phn khKhi lng ring (kg/m3)CHC phn hy nhanhCHC phn hy chmTng th tch kh (m3)

Khi lng kh (kg)Th tch kh (m3)Khi lng kh (kg)Th tch kh (m3)

CH40,718112,967157,42339,55855,125212,548

CO21,978270,012136,48772,52336,659173,146

NH30,7728,97411,6233,5034,53616,159

Tng th tch kh tng loi CHC305,53396,321401,853

Phng trnh tng qut biu din s phn hy CTR:

CxHyOzNt+H2OCH4+CO2+tNH3Phng trnh tng qut biu din s phn hy CTR:

CxHyOzNt+H2OCH4+CO2+ tNH3i vi cht hu c PHNC25H40O15N + 8,25H2O 13,375CH4 + 11,625CO2 + NH3 594 148,5214 511,5 17 313,56 78,39049 112,9668 270,0117 8,973996Th tch kh:

VCH4 = = = 157,33 (m3/tn)

VCO2 = = = 136,5 (m3/tn)

VNH3 = = = 11.62 (m3/tn) Lng kh gas sinh ra i vi 1 kg cht kh l:

V1kg == 0,974 (m3/kg cht kh)i vi cht hu c PHCC20H29O5N + 11H2O 12CH4 + 8CO2 + NH3363 198 192 352 1774,789 40,79409 39,55791 72,52283 3,502523Th tch kh:

VCH4 = = = 55,08 (m3/tn)

VCO2 = = = 36,66 (m3/tn)

VNH3 = = = 4,54 (m3/tn) Lng kh gas sinh ra i vi 1 kg cht kh l:

V1kg == 1,288 (m3/kg cht kh)Vy: Tng lng kh sinh ra t cc cht hu c PHN: 305,45 (m3/tn cht kh) Tng lng kh sinh ra t cc cht hu c PHC: 96,28 (m3/tn cht kh)

c. Xc nh lng kh bin thin theo thi gianTc phn hy hng nm ca cc cht hu c phn hy nhanh v chm c biu din bng m hnh sn lng kh hnh tam gic, trong gi tr sn lng kh t cc i s t c sau 1 nm i vi cht hu c phn hy nhanh v sau 5 nm i vi cht hu c phn hy chm. V gi s rng kh bt u pht sinh vo cui nm nht, tnh t thi im bt u chn lp cht thi. Trong qu trnh phn hy ch c 75% khi lng cht thi phn hy nhanh, 50% cht thi phn hy sinh hc chm. Sn lng kh sinh ra mi nm i vi 1 tn cht thi rn PHN v 1 tn cht thi rn PHC: i vi cht hu c PHNp dng cng thc:

S dng m hnh tam gic ta c:

h3/4h2/4h1/4h0123445 Thi gian (nm)(m3/nm) Tc pht sinh kh Hnh 2.5 th tam gic biu din tc pht sinh kh t rc PHN.Theo tnh ton trn VPHN = 305,45(m3/ tn cht kh) Tc pht sinh kh cc i (cui nm 1):h = 2*305,45/5 = 122,18 (m3/tn.nm)Tng lng kh sinh ra trong nm th 1: V1 = 1/2 *1*122,18 = 61,09 (m3) Tc pht sinh kh cui nm th 2: h1 = 3/4*h = 3/4 *122,18 = 91,635 (m3/tn.nm)Tng lng kh sinh ra trong nm th 2:V2= 1/2*(h +h1)*1 = 106,91 (m3) Tc pht sinh cui nm th 3h2 =1/2*h = 61,09 (m3/tn.nm)Tng lng kh sinh ra trong nm th 3:V3= 1/2*( h2 + h1)*1 = 76,36 (m3) Tc pht sinh kh cui nm th 4:h3 = 1/4*h = 30,545 (m3/tn.nm)Tng lng kh sinh ra trong nm th 4:V4= 1/2*(h3 + h2)*1 = 45,82 (m3) Tc pht sinh kh cui nm th 5: h4 = 0,0 (m3/tn.nm)Tng lng kh sinh ra trong nm th 5:V5= 1/2*( h4 + h3) *1= 15,27 (m3)

Bng 2.12 Tc pht sinh kh v tng lng kh sinh ra ca 1 tn cht hu c PHN trong tng nmTc pht sinh v lng kh sinh ra do 1tn cht kh PHN trong 1 nm (=305,45 m3)

Cui nmTc pht sinh kh cui nmTng lng kh sinh ra trong nm

(m3/tn.nm)(m3/tn)

1h(max)122,1861,09

2h191,635106,91

3h261,0976,36

4h330,54545,82

5h4015,27

Tng305,45

i vi cht hu c PHCp dng cng thc:

S dng m hnh tam gic:

Hnh 2.6 th tam gic biu din tc pht sinh kh t rc thi PHC.Ta c : VPHC = 96,28 (m3/ tn cht kh) Tc pht sinh kh cc i (vo cui nm th 5)h = 2*96.28 /15 = 12,84 (m3/tn.nm) tc pht sinh v tng lng kh sinh ra trong nm th 1i vi 1tn cht thi PHCh1 = h/5 = 2,57 (m3/tn.nm)V1 = h1/2 = 1,285 ( m3/tn) tc pht sinh v tng lng kh sinh ra trong nm th 2:h2 = 2h/5 = 5,14 (m3/tn.nm)V2 =1/2*(h1 + h2) = 3,855 (m3/tn) tc pht sinh v tng lng kh sinh ra trong nm th 3: h3 = 3h/5 = 7,7 (m3/tn.nm)V3 = 1/2*(h2 + h3) = 6,42 ( m3/tn)tnh ton tng t cho cc nm cn li ta c bng kt qu:Bng 2.13 Tc pht sinh kh v tng lng kh sinh ra ca 1 tn cht hu c PHC trong tng nmTc pht sinh v lng kh sinh ra do 1 tn cht kh PHC trong 1 nm ( = 96,28 m3)

Cui nmTc pht sinh kh (m3/tn.nm)Tng lng kh sinh ra (m3/tn)

1h1h/52,57V11,28

2h22 h/55,14V23,85

3h33h/57,7V36,42

4h44h/510,27V48,99

5h5h12,84V511,56

6h69h/1011,556V612,198

7h78h/1010,27V710,91

8h87h/108,988V89,63

9h96h/107,7V98,34

10h105h/106,42V107,06

11h114h/105,136V115,778

12h123h/103,852V124,49

13h132h/102,57V133,21

14h14h/101,284V141,93

15h1500V150,64

Tng96,28

d. Tc pht sinh v lng kh sinh ra mi nm i vi 1 tn CTR trong BCL (bao gm c cht PHN v PHC)Xc nh lng kh sinh ra t cht hu c PHN v PHC cho 1 n v khi lng CTR trong BCL: Theo khi lng kh, cht hu c phn hy sinh hc nhanh chim 31, 3% v cht hu c phn hy sinh hc chm chim 7,5% tng CTR ti bi chn lp. Trong cht hu c PHN, ch c 75% l c kh nng phn hy sinh hc (v c nhng cht hu c cha trong ti nha hoc qu kh nn khng phn hy sinh hc). Trong cht hu c PHC, 50% l c kh nng phn hy sinh hc (v c nhng cht hu c cha trong ti nha hoc qu kh nn khng phn hy sinh hc).Vy: Tng th tch kh sinh ra do thnh phn hu c PHN c trong 1 tn CTR t BCL:0,313 x 0,75 x 0,97 x 305,45 = 69,55 (m3/tn CTR) Tng th tch kh sinh ra do thnh phn hu c PHC c trong 1 tn CTR t BCL:0,075 x 0,50 x 0,97 x 96.28= 3,5 (m3/tn CTR)

Bng 2.14. Tc pht sinh v lng kh sinh ra do PHN 1 tn CTR trong mi nmTc pht sinh v lng kh sinh ra do PHN 1tn CTR trong mi nm ( = 69,55 m3)

Cui nmTc pht sinh kh cui nmTng lng kh sinh ra trong nm

(m3/tn.nm)(m3/tn)

1h(max)27.8213.91

2h120.86524.34

3h213.9117.39

4h36.95510.43

5h403.48

Tng69.55

Bng 2.15. Tc pht sinh v lng kh sinh ra do PHC 1 tn CTR trong mi nmTc pht sinh v lng kh sinh ra do PHC 1 tn CTR trong mi nm (=3,5 m3)

Cui nmTc pht sinh kh (m3/tn.nm)Tng lng kh sinh ra (m3/tn)

1h1h/50.093V10.047

2h22 h/50.187V20.14

3h33h/50.28V30.233

4h44h/50.373V40.326

5h5h0.467V50.42

6h69h/100.42V60.443

7h78h/100.373V70.397

8h87h/100.326V80.350

9h96h/100.28V90.303

10h105h/100.233V100.257

11h114h/100.187V110.210

12h123h/100.140V120.163

13h132h/100.093V130.117

14h14h/100.047V140.070

15h1500V150.023

Tng3.5

Xc nh tc pht sinh kh v lng kh pht sinh mi nm do s phn hy 1 tn CTR t BCL:

Bng 2.16. Tc pht sinh kh v lng kh pht sinh mi nm do s phn hy 1 tn CTRTc pht sinh v lng kh sinh ra do 1 tn CTR trong mi nm(m3/tn)

Cui nmCht hu c PHNCht hu c PHCCht hu c (PHN+PHC)

hVhVHV

127.8213.910.0930.04727.91313.957

220.96524.340.1870.1421.15224.48

313.9117.390.280.23314.1917.623

46.95510.430.3730.3267.32810.756

503.480.4670.420.4673.947

60.420.4430.420.443

70.3730.3970.3730.397

80.3260.3500.3260.350

90.280.3030.280.303

100.2330.2570.2330.257

110.1870.2100.1870.210

120.1400.1630.1400.163

130.0930.1170.0930.117

140.0470.0700.0470.070

1500.02300.023

Tng69,553,573,05

Theo tnh ton trn lng rc thu gom c a i chn lp l 534794.72 tn. Khi lng rc trung bnh ca 1 lp chn lp l: 534794.72 : (3 x 5) = 35652.98 (tn)

Bng 2.17 Tc pht sinh kh v lng kh pht sinh mi nm ca 1 lp chn lpTc pht sinh v lng kh sinh ra do lp CTR chn lp trong mi nm (m3)

Cui nmCht hu c (ca 1 tn CTR) (PHN PHC)Cht hu c (ca 1 lp CTR) (PHN+PHC)

hVhV

127.91313.957995181.63497608.64

221.15224.48754131.83872784.95

314.1917.623505915.79628312.47

47.32810.756261265.04383483.45

50.4673.94716649.94140722.31

60.420.44314974.2515794.27

70.3730.39713298.5614154.23

80.3260.35011622.8712478.54

90.280.3039982.8310802.85

100.2330.2578307.149162.82

110.1870.2106667.117487.13

120.1400.1634991.425811.44

130.0930.1173315.734171.40

140.0470.0701675.692495.71

1500.0230.00820.02

Tng73,052607979.832606090.23

Gi thit mi nm 1 lp rc th khi 1 chn lp s sinh kh trong vng 19 nm. Vy 3 chn lp s l 29 nm.Ta c lng kh ca tng lp trong chn lp qua tng nm c tng hp theo bng sau:

Bng 2.18 Tc pht sinh kh ca chn lp qua tng nm (m3/nm)

Bng 2.19 Tng lng kh pht sinh ca chn lp qua tng nm (m3)

Da vo bng trn ta thy tc pht sinh kh h ln nht vo nm th 14, 15 ca chn lp vi h = 2607979.83 m3/nm. h= 0.083 m3/sQu trnh thu hi kh gas trong bi chn lp din ra c l do s chnh lch v p sut trong chn lp v mi trng bn ngoi v c th s dng cc my bm ht kh.Gi s tc kh ra khi chn lp l v = 5m/s. Khi tit din ca ng thu kh c tnh bng:S = h : v = 0.08 : 5 = 0.0166 (m2)Khi ng knh ca ng thu kh l:

Chn ng knh ng thu kh l 150mm.Xung quanh ming ging thu kh gas c ln k bng t st v xi mng.ng c chn ngp trong lp rc v c chn trc khi rc.on ng 1/3 chiu cao cui ng ngp trong rc s c c l c ng knh khong 20mm, khong cch gia hai l khoan l 80 mm. ng thu kh c gi c nh nh ng lng c cu to bng thp khng r, vi ng knh ngoi 600 mm, xung quanh phn c l c bc bi 1 s lp si c ng knh ln hn ng knh l, phn cn li ca ng c nng cao nhiu ln cho n khi t chiu cao chn lp ca bi rc. Phn ng a ln khi mt bi rc sau khi hon chnh c lp che ph cui cng l 1.5m trnh nhng s c lm bt ng. Ti cc ging thu kh c gn ng h o p v c kha van an ton, cc kha van an ton c kh nng iu chnh p sut ht kh v c s lng kh gas c ly ra.Cu to ca ging thot kh thng ng c minh ha nh hnh v:

Hnh 2.7 Cu to ging thot kh thng ng Tnh ton bn knh thu hi kh trn cc h chnKhong cch gia cc ging c xc nh da vo bn knh thu hi kh. Khng ging nh ging nc, bn knh thu hi ca cc ging ng c dng hnh cu. V l do ny, cc ng thu hi kh nn t cn thn trnh s chng ln nhau ca bn knh thu hi kh trong h thng. T l thu hi kh qu d c th lm cho khng kh xm nhp vo khi CTR t lp t bn cnh. ngn cn x xm nhp ca khng kh, tc thu hi kh ca ging phi c kim sot mt cch cn thn, do cc ging thu hi kh c gn vi cc l thng hi v van kim sot dng kh. Khong cch gia cc ging thu kh gas theo quy nh ca thng t lin tch s 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD l t 70-100m. Hn na trong thc t, nu chiu cao ca khi cht thi H = 12m th ngi ta thng ly bn knh thu hi kh l 30-50 m. V vy mi chn lp ca bi chn lp s c t 4 ging thu kh. 2.3.5 Tnh ton thit k h thng thu gom v x l nc r rc Tnh ton lng nc r rc sinh ra t h chn lpTrn c s ca phuong trnh cn bng nc, cc s liu v lng ma, bc hi, h s gi nc ca rc sau khi nn trong bi rc, lng nc r rc c th c tnh ton theo m hnh vn chuyn mt chiu ca nc r rc xuyn qua lp nn v t bao ph nh sau:Q = M (W1 - W2) + [P(1 - R) - E] x ATrong : Q: nc r rc sinh ra t bi rc, (m3/ngy); M: khi lng rc trung bnh ngy (cui gai on thit k 2030) l 113 tn/ngy; W1 : m rc sau khi nn, 25 % (thng t 20-35%); W2 : m rc trc khi nn, 60% (thng t 60-70%); P: lng ma/ngy trong thng ln nht 11 mm/ngy; R: h s thot nc b mt 0.2; E: lng nc bi hi 4 mm/ngy; A: din tch chn lp mi ngy vi chiu cao lp rc l 1m ly giai on thit k A=113/(0,851,0)=133(m2/ngy).=47,37 (m3/ngy m)Vy chn cng sut trm x l nc r rc l 48m3/ngyBng 2.20. H s thot nc b mt i vi cc loi t c c bao phLoi t trn b mtH s thot nc b mt

t pha ct, dc 0-2%0,05 - 0,10

t pha ct, dc 2-7%0,10 - 0,15

t ph ct, dc >7%0,15 - 0,20

t cht, dc 0-2%0,13 - 0,17

t cht, dc 2-7%0,18 - 0,22

t cht, sc >7%0,25 - 0,35

(Ngun: Trn Hiu Nhu - ng Quc Dng Nguyn Th Kim Thi, 2001, qun l CTR, NXB xy dng) H thng ng thu gom nc rc.(theo TCXDVN 261:2001) ng thu gom nc rc trong chn lp c t trn lp HDPE, di lp dm khng cho rc tip xc trc tip vi ng ng. Cc ng ng phi c lm thng, chiu di theo TCXDVN 261: 2001 v c dc khng nh hn 1%. Nc rc c thu gom v h thu nc rc tp trung v chy v h x l nc thi. Ti y nc rc c x l t tiu chun v thi ra ngoi mi trng. ng knh ti thiu ca ng thu nc rc l 150 mm. Nc rc t cc tuyn nhnh v tuyn chnh, dc ca tuyn chnh bng vi dc ngang ca chn lp . T tuyn chnh nc c dn v tp trung u . Thit k h thng ng thu gom nc rc Tuyn chnh+ ng knh ng tp trung: d = 200 mm.+ dc t ng: i = 1%. Tuyn nhnh+ ng knh ng nhnh: d = 150 mm.+ dc t ng: i = 1%. Khu vc gn ng chnh (cch 01m) c dc 3% + ng c c l vi ng knh 20 mm trn sut chiu di ng vi t l l chim 15 % (quy phm t 10 - 15%), din tch b mt ng. Cu to ng thu nc rc xem bn v chi tit.Cc ng thu nc rc c chn l ng nha, c bn ho hc v c hc m bo trong sut thi gian vn hnh bi. nhng v tr giao nhau gia ng chnh v ng nhnh, gia ng chnh vi ng ng dn nc rc v h cha, ta xy dng cc h ga phng trnh s tc nghn ng. H ga c xy bng b tng, kch thc : 800mm 800mm 800mm.

1000mm1000mm1%1%3%3%Tuyn chnhTuyn nhnhTuyn nhnh1%1%

Hnh 2.9. S b tr ng thu gom nc

Tuyn chnhTuyn nhnhH ga30 40 m 30 40 m 30 40 m H gan h thu nc rc

Hnh 2.10 S b tr h ga v h thu nc rcDy chuyn cng ngh x l nc r rc

Nc r rc BCLH k khH ty tinH hiu khH n nhNgun tip nhn

Bng 2.21 Cc s liu tiu biu v thnh phn v tnh cht nc rc t cc bi chn lp mi v lu nmThnh phnBi mi (di 2 nm)Bi lu nm(> 10 nm)

KhongTrung bnh

Nhu cu oxy ha sinh ha (BOD5),mg/lTng lng cacbon hu c (TOC),mg/lNhu cu oxy ha ha hc (COD), mg/lTng cht rn l lng (TSS), mg/lNit hu c, mg/lAmoniac, mg/lNitrat, mg/lTng lng photpho, mg/lOthophotpho, mg/l kim theo CaCO3pHCanxi, mg/lClorua, mg/lTng lng st, mg/lSunphat, mg/l2,000 30,0001,500 20,0003,000 60,000200 2,00010 80010 8005 405 1004 801,000 10,0004,5 7,550 1,500200 3,00050 1,20050 1,00010,0006,00018,0005002002002530203,0006,025050060300100 20080 160100 500100 40080 12020 405 105 104 8200 1,0006,6 7,550 200100 40020 20020 - 50

(Ngun: Trn Hiu Nhu (2001), Qun l cht thi rn: tp 1, NXBXD)

Tnh ton cc cng trnh x l H k khChn thi gian nc lu li trong h : t = 10 ngy, t = (1-20 ngy)Chn chiu cao ca h : h = 4m ( h = 2 5m)Th tch h k kh: W = Q x t =48 x 10 = 480 m3Trong : Q : lu lng nc rc, Q = 480m3/ngt: thi gian nc lu trong h (ngy)chn s h l 2 hDin tch h : F = W/h = 480/(2x4) = 60 m2Kch thc h: F = 6m x 10m.Hiu sut x l h k kh :- EBOD = 50 80%, chn E = 65%, vy hm lng BOD ra khi h k kh l 0,35 x 10000 = 3500mg/l ( cha t tiu chun)- ECOD = 55 65%, chn E = 60%, vy hm lng COD ra khi h k kh l 0,40 x 18000 = 7200mg/l ( cha t tiu chun)- ESS = 50 70%, chn E = 65%, vy hm lng SS ra khi h k kh cn li 0,35 x 2000 = 700mg/l ( cha t tiu chun) H ty tinChn thi gian nc lu trong h l 10 ngy (t = 7 50 ngy)Chn chiu su y h h = 2m, (h = 1,5 4m), chiu cao bo b: 0,5mTh tch ca h : W = 48x10 = 480m3 Chn s h l 2 hDin tch ca h : F = 480/(2x2) = 120 m2Kch thc h : L x B = 12m x 10m.Hiu xut x l h ty tin:- EBOD = 80 90%, chn E = 85%, vy hm lng BOD ra khi h ty tin l0,15x3500 = 525mg/l (cha t tiu chun)- ECOD = 90%, vy hm lng COD sau khi ra khi h ty tin l0,1x7200 = 720mg/l ( cha t tiu chun)- ESS = 60%, hm lng SS ra khi h l 0,4 x 700 = 280mg/l (cha t tiu chun). H hiu khChn thi gian lu trong h t = 10 ngy ( t = 3 10 ngy)Chn chiu su ca h h = 1mTh tch h hiu kh : W = Q x t = 48 x 10 = 480m3Chn s h l 2 hDin tch h : F = 480/2 = 240m2Kch thc h: L x B = 20m x 12mHiu xut x l ca h hiu kh:- EBOD = 80%, hm lng BOD ra khi h hiu kh:0,2x525 = 105mg/l ( cha t tiu chun).- ECOD = 80%, hm lng COD ra khi h:0,2x720 = 144 mg/l (t tiu chun)- ESS = 40%, hm lng SS ra khi h:0,6x280 = 168mg/l ( cha t tiu chun). H n nhChn thi gian nc lu trong h t = 20 ngyChn chiu su h: h = 2mTh tch h n nh: W = Q x t = 48 x 20 = 960m3Chn s h l 2 hDin tch h : F = Q/h = 960/(2x2) = 240m2Kch thc h : F = 20m x 12m.Hiu sut x l :- EBOD = 40%, hm lng BOD ra khi h n nh0,6x105 = 63mg/l (t tiu chun).- ECOD = 40%, hm lng COD ra khi h 0,6 x 144 = 86.4 mg/l (t tiu chun).- ESS = 35%, hm lng SS ra khi h n nh0,65 x 168 = 109.2mg/l (t tiu chun).2.3.6 Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh ph trDa theo TCVN 13-1991Tng din tch BCL Thnh ph Ph L l 14 ha. Bi chn lp gm cc cng trnh ph tr sau: Bi chn lp nm vng ng bng nn cn c h thng (khng thm) bao quanh BCL, ngn BCL vi xung quanh v ngn nc thm vo trong ma ma. bao quanh c cao 1,3 m, mt rng 4 m, c h thng mng thot nc ma ring v ra cc knh thot nc khu vc.Hng ro v vnh ai cy xanh: Xy tng 2 m bao quanh bi chn lp.i vi vnh ai cy xung quanh bi chn lp, chn cy c cao bng chiu cao ca bi trng t tng bao quanh vo bi khong 5 m. Ngoi ra cn trng nhng khu t cha s dng v nhng khu t cn trng gia cc cng trnh ph tr, v trn cc tuyn ng giao thng xe chy.H thng giao thng trong BCL: ng trong bi chn lp mt ng rng 10m m bo cho cc loi xe trong bi hot ng thun tin. C cc bin bo v ch dn trn ng i v mi khu vc hng dn xe chy ng tuyn quy nh.H thng bo v: H thng n chiu sang quanh bi v nh bo v c din tch 16m2 (4*4).Trm cn c din tch 175 m2: Tt c cc phng tin ch cht thi tp kt ti khu x l phi qua trm cn in t (30 tn) trc khi rc vo BCL. Cc phng tin sau 1 ngy hot ng u c ty ra trc khi ra khi BCL.Khu nh hnh chnh (1500m2): c xy 2 tng (mi tng cao 3,5m) bao gm c ni lm vic, ngh ngi v nh n cho cn b cng nhn vin. Trong khu nh hnh chnh c b tr mt phng th nghim phn tch mu kh, nc sau khi quan trc nh k hin trng mi trng BCL.Trm xe 800m2: Ni cc phng tin lm vic v tp kt xe. Ngoi ra cn cha nhin liu phc v cho my mc, thit b hot ng trn bi v cho cc phng tin vn chuyn, cc trang thit b, dng c thay th khi my mc hot ng b hng hc. ng thi duy tu, bo dng v sa cha cc trang thit b b hng trong qu trnh hot ng ti BCL.Kho cha (1500m2 ): cha ha cht v vt liu ph ,vt liu thu hi ti ch.Nh iu hnh (1500m2): Ni iu khin cc thit b bao gm phng ngh v lm vic cho nhn vin iu khin.Trm x l nc, v kh bi rc bao gm cc cng trnh x l nc rc, sn phi bn, cc cng trnh x l kh bi rc, trm thu kh.H thng quan trc: bao gm h thng quan trc nc ngm, nc b mt, kh rc v h thng pht hin s r r ca nc rc. m bo cht lng mi trng ti BCL v khu vc xung quanh khng b nhim.

TI LIU THAM KHO1. Bi ging qun l cht thi rn, cht thi nguy hi v bi chn lp2. Theo quy nh ca TCVN 6696-2000 - CTR - BCL hp v sinh3. Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam 261:2001-Bi chn lp cht thi rn tiu chun thit k4. Tiu chun Vit Nam 13:19915. Bi ging thit k cht thi rn sinh hot hp v sinh6. Cc phng php x l cht thi rn nguy hi-Nguyn Ngc Chu7. Bi ging tnh ton, thit k bi chn lp hp v sinh cho thnh ph H Ch Minh8. Bi ging tng quan ca bi chn lp hp v sinh9. Bo co mi trng quc gia 201110. Bi chn lp cht thi rn nguy hi-tiu chun xy dng 320:2004

Kt lun v kin nghiBi chn lp hp v sinh ngy nay c p dng rt rng ri cc nc ang pht trin nh nc ta hin nay. Vi cng ngh x l n gin, thit k mi trng k kh phn hy ht cc cht phn hy chm mt cc trit , hon ton, t nh hng ti mi trng xung quanh, mi trng t nhin nht c th.Qua thi gian nghin cu v bi chn lp chng em nm c cn bn thit k bi chn lp hp v sinh; tnh ton, thit k cc cng trnh nh h thng nc r rc, h thng thu kh, h lng, cng trnh ph tr... Khi ng bi chn lp mt bng ca bi s c tn dng lm ni trng cy, cng vin gii tr... Qu ta thy c bi chn lp chng minh c cng dng, ng dng, rt tt v tin li cho vic x l rc thi, cht thi.Tuy nhin, cng trnh tnh ton thit k trn cha c hon ho v mt bng xy dng cn c u t thi gian, tr lc nhiu hn c th p dng c cng trnh trn vo cuc sng, cng vic x l cht thi mt cch hiu qu v n gin nht.Mc d rt c gng trong thi gian nghin cu v thc hin n do s hiu bit ca chng em cn hn ch, ch dng li mc trn l thuyt cha c th p dng vo thc tin bi vic ny cn thm nhiu kin thc, trnh chuyn mn hn.Trong thi gian thc hin tnh ton, thit k khng trnh khi thiu xt, nhm ln rt mong c s phn hi ng gp kin ca thy c.

Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

GVHD: Ths. L Thnh HuySVTH: Hong Minh Vng Trang 59