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2016Instructional Material of Alkali,

Alkaline Eart, and Halogen


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

Instructional Material of

Alkali, Alkaline Earth, and Halogen

By :

Fitria Dwi Utami

4301413005

CHEMISTRY E!CATI"#

$AC!%TY "$ MATHEMATICS A# SCIE#CE E!CATI"#

SEMARA#& STATE !#I'ERSITY

()*+

* Idetity


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

Educational !nit : Senior High School

&rade-Se.ester : XII!"en

Su/0ect : #hemistr$

Ti.e Allocation : % & 45 min'tes

Meeting : 1(%

( %earning "/0ecti1es1) A*ter rea+ this learning material, the st'+ents -e a-le to i+enti*$ the a-'n+ance o* the al.ali,

al.aline earth, an+ the halogen elements in the nat're correctl$ /Science))

) A*ter rea+ this learning material, the st'+ents -e a-le to i+enti*$ the h$sical an+ the chemical

roerties o* the al.ali, al.aline earth, an+ the halogen elements correctl$ /Science2)

3) A*ter rea+ this learning material, the st'+ents -e a-le to i+enti*$ the *orme+ como'n+ o* the

al.ali, al.aline earth, an+ the halogen elements correctl$ (Science2)

4) A*ter rea+ this learning material, the st'+ents -e a-le to e&lain the man'*act're o* the al.ali,

al.aline earth, an+ the halogen elements correctl$ /Technology))

5) A*ter rea+ this learning material, the st'+ents -e a-le to e&lain the -ene*its an+ the imacts

o* the al.ali, al.aline earth, an+ the halogen elements in the +ail$ li*e /Social and

Environment))

2 The Instructional !se of Instructional Material

he instr'ctional 'se o* this instr'ctional material are as *ollows :

1. Each student should read this instructional material carefully.


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

) Use this instr'ctional material to *in+ the in*ormation a-o't the material an+ the

or+er o* the material)

3) his instr'ctional material nee+ to -e e'ie+ with the interacti"e learning me+ia to

s'ort this learning material)

4) his instr'ctional material nee+ to -e e'ie+ with the KS /St'+ent 6or.sheet25. After the student have read and understand this instructional

material, do the exercises that exist in it.+ After doing the exercises, every student collected the asnwer

sheets.

BAB I

3RE%IMI#ARY


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

** Ele.ental Che.istry

6e o*ten +o not reali7e that o'r li"es can not -e searate+ *rom a s'-stance calle+

elements) Imagine, e"en a material is slight an+ 'n.nowingl$ we cons'me +ail$ is a

mineral) Minerals are comose+ o* a mi&t're o* elements that are non(stoichiometric

amo'nts) A-o't 80 .in+s o* elements *o'n+ in nat're, the rest are arti*icial elements) Most

o* these elements are as *ree element, -'t more in the *orm o* como'n+s) he art o*

chemistr$ st'+$ a-o't element calle+ elemental chemistr$) o *acilitate the st'+$ o*

elemental chemistr$, the elements are gro'e+ accor+ing to similarities in character) he

elements which has same characteristics are gro'e+ in one class)

In this learning material will -e e&laine+ a-o't the a-'n+ance, the ten+enc$ o*

h$sical roerties an+ chemical roerties, the man'*act'ring rocess, the -ene*its an+

imact o* the al.ali metals, al.aline earth metals an+ halogen) Al.ali metal is the IA gro'

metal consisting o* metal lithi'm /i2, So+i'm /9a2, otassi'm /K2, ;'-i+i'm /;-2,

cesi'm /#s2, an+ Franci'm /Fr2) 6hile the al.aline earth metal calle+ IIA gro' metal

consisting o* -er$lli'm /


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

(* The A/undance of Alkali Metals

(( The 3hysical 3ro6erties of Alkali .etals

(2 The Che.ical 3ro6erties of Alkali .etals

(7 The $or.ed Co.6ound of Alkali Metals

(8 The Manufacture of Alkali Metals

(+ The Benefits and I.6acts of Alkali Metals >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

(* The A/udance of Alkali Metals

he A-'n+ance o* the element is the e&istence o* elements that e&ist in the earth

s'r*ace that can -e either metallic an+ nonmetallic elements an+ can -e *o'n+ in soil,

water, an+ air) he main so'rce o* al.ali metal is seawater) he sea water is saline(al.ali

an+ al.aline earth salts with 9a#l as main sol'te) I* the sea water e"aorate+, +issol"e+

salts will *orm cr$stals) Al.ali metals mineral *ormation thro'gh a length$ rocess) Al.ali

Metals +eri"e+ *rom e"aorate+ sea water an+ +issol"e+ salts reciitate as minerals)

hen, slowl$ mineral Al.ali Metals are -'rie+ -$ +'st an+ soil that are *o'n+ not *ar *rom

the -each) #aesi'm o-taine+ *rom oll'sit "er$ rare, #sAl /Si?32 )H?) Franci'm is

ra+ioacti"e so har+ to *in+ in the *orm o* mineral s.in o* the earth as a res'lt o* the +eca$

o* ra+ioacti"e materials @Ac with a time o* 1 min'tes)

Ta/le (* The Main Mineral of Alkali Metals

Ele.ent Main Sources

%ithiu. So+'men, iAl/Si?2

Un+erstan+ing the characteristics o*

Al.ali elements, -ene*its an+

imacts, an+ resence in nat're)

i+enti*$ the a-'n+ance o* the Al.ali

metals elements in nat're an+ ro+'cts

containing these elementsB

+escri-e the ten+enc$ o* the h$sical

an+ chemical roerties o* the main

elements /oint -oiling, melting oint,

har+ness, color, sol'-ilit$, reacti"it$ an+

secial roerties other2B

e&lain the -ene*its, imact an+ rocess

o* ma.ing elements an+ como'n+s in

e"er +a li*e)

IA gro' elements also calle+ the al.ali

metals) he elements o* al.ali metal is

highl$ reacti"e) he reacti"it$ o* al.ali

elements +'e to the ease o* release o*

"alence electrons in the s.in ns1 *orming

como'n+s with o&i+ation n'm-er C1)

here*ore, elements o* al.ali metal is not

*o'n+ as a *ree metal in nat're, -'t as a

como'n+s)


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

Sodiu. Halit /9a#l2, 9atron /9a#03)10H02, #r$olite /9a3AlF2, #hile salteter

/9a9?32, Al-it /9a)Al?3)3Si?2 an+


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

mK

;'-i+i'

m

;-

3@ GKr 5s1 0,44 0,14% 40 50 3%50 0,% (,8 1,53 38

#aesi'

m#s

55 GXe s1 0, 0,18 3@ 40 3300 0,@ (,8 1,80 8

Franci'Fr

%@ G;n @s1 0,@0 0,1@ 3%1 0,@ /@2

Melting 3oint 55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

his ma$ -e ta.en as a mes're o* the strengthE o* the metallic -on+ing in the

cr$stal lattice) In simle terms, cations are hel+ together -$ the attraction o* mo-ile

"alenc$ electrons) Accor+ing to the +ata *rom ta-le ), we can see that the melting oint

ten+s to *all on assing +own in gro') he -in+ing owerE o* the "alenc$ electrons

+ecreases as the cations -ecome larrger, i)e) as their charge +ensit$ *alls)

Electronegati1ity 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

;emem-er that this meas'res the attraction o* the atom *or the electrons in a

co"alent -on+) Since it is the n'cle's o* the atom which attracts electrons,

electronegati"it$ sho'l+ decrease as -oth atomic ra+i's an+ the n'm-er o* inner

screeningE electrons increase) As e&ecte+, ta-le ) re"eals that the electronegati"it$

falls on +escen+ing the erio+ic a-le)

Ionisation Energies 55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

hese meas're the ease with which electrons are rogressi"el$ strie+ *rom the

gaseo's atoms) Again, atomic si7e is "er$ imortant) Decrease in atomic ra+i's will mean

rogressi"el$ stronger n'clear attraction an+ ionisation energies will increase) ?n assing

+own gro' ionisation energies will falls, owing to the increase in -oth atomic ra+i's an+

the n'm-er o* inner screeningE electrons)

It is interesting to comare the relati"e "al'es o* the *irst three ionisation energies

o* the elements in gro' I) he secon+ ionisation o* gro' I iss ta.en *rom an inner

energ$ le"el which is closer to the n'cle's) he thir+ ionisation energ$ o* all the elements

is high, the elecron is remo"e+ *rom an inner energ$ le"el) The large ‘jump’ in ionisation

energy on breaking into an inner energy level has important consequence for the

chemistry of the alkali and alkaline earth metals


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

Standard Electrode 3otential 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

his roert$ re*ers to the ten+enc$ o* an elements to *orm in a'eo's sol'tion :

MC/a2 C e( ⇌ M/s2

he more rea+il$ the atom ionises, the more negati"e will -e its stan+ar+ elecro+e

otential, !o) Altho'gh electro+e otential in"ol"es the *ormation o* ions in sol'tions,

whilst ionisation energ$ re*ers to the gase's state, we might e&ect some correson+ence

-etween these roerties, as -oth re'ire the atom to lose electrons) he higher charge

+ensit$ o* their ions means that the$ can attract water molec'les more strongl$, ma.ing

the h$+ration rocess energeticall$ more *a"o'ra-le)

Ion;elati"e charge +ensit$

/ionic chargeionic ra+i's2

JHoh, h$+ration entalh$ o*

gaseo's cation . mol(1

iC 1,@ (518 9aC 10,5 (40

Kr C @,5 (3

;-C ,% (301

#sC 5,8 (@

(2* The ta/le of 3hysical 3ro6erties of the Alkali .etals

#oThe

6ro6erties %i #a 4 R/ Cs $r

1)Atomic

n'm-er 3 11 18 3@ 55 %@

)!lectron

con*ig'rationGHes1 G9e3s1 GAr4s1 GKr5s1 GXes1 G;n@s1

3) Form Soli+ Soli+ Soli+ Soli+ Soli+ Soli+

4)

Melting

oint0# 1%1 8% 4 38 8 @

5)


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

%)Densit$

/.gm32530 8@0 %0 1530 1%%0 (

8) #on+'cti"it$Conductor 9on

con+'ctor

10

)

Metal

roertiesMetal (

11) Magnetism 3ara.agnetic (

(2 The Che.ical 3ro6erties of Alkali Metals and Its Tends

All the Al.ali metals are reacti"e, eseciall$ towar+s electronegati"e non(metals

s'ch as the halogen an+ o&$gen) he al.ali metals shoow an o&i+ation state o* C1, i)e)

the atom lose their o'ter electrons on *orming como'n+s) he reacti"it$ increase in

assing +own o* the gro') he al.ali metals are so reacti"e that the$ are 's'all$ store+

'n+er oil in or+er to re"ent atmosheric attac.)

6e shall tr$ to acco'nt *or these tren+s -$ a closer e&amination o* the reaction o*

the elements with chlorine, o&$gen, an+ water)

ro' )4 some chemical reactions o* elements o* gro' I

;eactionro' I

i 9a K ;- #s

Heat in e&cess

o&$gen

9ormal ero&i+e s'ero&i+e i? 9a? M?

Heat in chlorine chlori+es

M#l

Heat in nitrogen 9itri+e no action i 9

Heat in

h$+rogen

h$+ri+es MH

#ol+ water h$+ro&i+e

M?H


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

Heat in steam?&i+e h$+ro&i+e

i? /"er$ "igoro's reaction2

Dil'te aci+s

MC/a2

!&losi"el$ "igoro's reaction

he reacti"it$ o* metals are showe+ -$ its reactions with some non metal

elements) It can -e reacte+ with h$+rogen *orming h$+ri+e with ionic -on+, in this

case the o&i+ation n'm-er o* h$+rogen is (1 an+ the o&i+ation n'm-er o* Al.ali is C1)

6ith o&$gen *orm o&i+e, an+ some o* them can *orm ero&i+e an+ s'ero&i+e)

ithi'm can -e reacte+ with nitogen gas at room temerat're *orming ithi'm nitri+a

/i3 92) All o*

All o* the Al.ali metal como'n+ are the como'n+ which can -e +issol"e+ in

water easil$, with merc'r$ it *orm "er$ reacti"e amalgam an+ as con+'ctor) Some o*

the Al.ali metals reaction are as *ollows :

a-el) Some ;eaction o* Al.ali Metals

eneral ;eaction !&lanation

4M(s) C ?(g) M?(s)

M(s) C ?(g) M?(s)M(s) C X(g) MX(s)

M(s) C S(g) MS(s)M(s) C

H?(g)M?H(aq) C

H(g)

M(s) C H(g) M9H(s) C

H(g)

M(s) C 9(g) M3 9(s)

he n'm-er o* o&$gen are limite+, heate+

in atmoshere with e&cess o&$gen)

otassi'm can -e *orm s'ero&i+e /K?2)

X are F, #l,


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

Kelar'tan garam al.ali +alam air sangat -esar sehingga sangat -erman*aat

se-gai erea.si +alam la-oratori'm) 9am'n +emi.ian .elar'tan ini sangat -er"ariasi

se-agaimana +it'nN'..an oleh seri natri'm hali+e) Kelar'tan s'at' sen$awa

-ergant'ng a+a -esaran(-esaran entali $ait' energi .isi, entali hi+rasi .ation +an

anion -ersama(sama +engan er'-ahan entroi $ang -ersang.'tanam-ahan 'la ter+aat h'-'ngan $ang -erma.na antara .elar'tan garam al.ali

+engan Nari(Nari .ation 'nt'. anion $ang sama, nam'n h'-'ngan ini +aat

menghasil.an .'r"a .ontin' +engan .emiringan /sloe2 ositi* ma''n negati*)

Sen$awa i#l memili.i .e.'atan i.atan ion le-ih lemah +i-an+ing 9a#l, aalagi K#l

$ang i.atan ionn$a le-ih .'at) ?leh .arena it' +i.ata.an si*at ion i#l lemah) Hal ini

+ise-a-.an leta. asangan ele.tron i.atan /!I2 a+a i#l se+i.it le-ih menNa'hi #l

+i-an+ing a+a 9a#l) Unt'. K#l !In$a le-ih raat .e arah #l) er'-ahan si*at

antara .o"alen +an ioni. seerti er'-ahan si*at logam +an non logam, N'ga seerti

haln$a si*at asam -asa hi+ro.si+a +alam s'at' erio+a) ?leh .arena it' a+a sen$awa

$ang si*at ionn$a melemah +an si*at .o"alenn$a meng'at)

(7 Senyaaan yang di/entuk dari !nsur &olongan Alkali

Selain Nenis(Nenis sen$awa $ang +ihasil.an +ari rea.si(rea.si logam al.ali,a+a

-e-eraa sen$awa logam al.ali enting lainn$a antara lain :

( 9a#?3/9atri'm Kar-onat 2

S'm-er ata' em-'atann$a :

Awaln$a 9a#?3 +ieroleh +ari a-' em-a.aran r'm't la't) Karena N'mlahn$a ter-atas

9a#?3 m'lai +isintesis +engan cara merea.si.a #a#o3 +engan 9a#l mengg'na.an !roses Solvay);ea.si .esel'r'hann$a a+alah :

#a#o3/s2 C 9a#l/s2 O 9a#?3 C #a#l/a2 9a#?3 N'ga +aat +ieroleh +ari mineral trona,9a5/#?32)/H#?32)H?) Mineral ini

+ihanc'r.an, lal' +ianas.an agar ter'rai menNa+i 9a#?39a5/#?32 ) /H#?32)H?)O 59a#?3 C 5H? C #?

9a#?3 $ang +ihasil.an har's +im'rni.an le-ih lanN't,+engan cara melar't.ann$a .e

+alam air, men$aring +an memanas.ann$a

( K #?3 /Kali'm .ar-onat 2

S'm-er ata' em-'atnn$a :

K #?3 +ieroleh +ari a-' em-a.aran .a$' +an tanaman) anaman t'm-'h -ai. +enganmen$era 'ns'r K) Ke-'t'han tanaman a+a lahan ertanian +aat +ieroleh +ari ''.

$ang mengan+'ng K)

( 9aS?4 /9atri'm S'l*at2 +an 9aHS?4/natri'm hi+rogen s'l*at 2

9aS?4 +an 9aHS?4 a+alah hasil saming em-'atan H#l mengg'na.an rea.si antara

HS?4 +an 9a#l)

HS?4 C 9a#lO9ahS?4 C H#l

HS?4 C 9a#lO9aS?4 C H#l

( 9aH#?3 /9atri'm -i.ar-onat 2


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

S'm-er +an em-'atann$a :

Sen$awa ini +i-'at +ari rea.si :

#?/g2 C 9a?H /a2O9aH#?3/a2i.a 9aH#?3 +ianas.an a.an +ieroleh 9a#?39aH#?3/a2O9a#?3/s2 C H?/g2 C #?/g2

(8 3roses 3e./uatan !nsur &olongan Alkali

ogam al.ali -ersi*at sangat rea.ti* sehingga han$a +aat +ie.stra.si +ari

sen$awan$a mengg'na.an .etode elektrolisis ata' .etode reduksi) ogam i +an 9a

+ie.stra.si +engan meto+e ele.trolisis)Se+ang.an logam K,;-)#s +engan meto+e

terse-'t .arena logam(logam terse-'t cen+er'ng lar't +alam lar'tan garamn$a)

; %i


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

( 4aliu.


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

) i +ig'na.an +alam a+'an logam Mg +an Al)a+'an ini -ersi*at sangat ringan

tetai .'at sehingga +iman*aat.an 'nt'. .omonen esawat ter-ang

; #atriu.

1) Ua 9a +ig'na.an a+a lam' Nalanan 'nt'. mem-eri.an warna .'ning

) elehan 9a se-agai en+ingin a+a rea.tor n'.lir tie MF


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

(> 4eli.6ahan unsur golongan alklai tanah

ogam al.ali tanah memilii si*at $ang rea.ti* sehingga +i alam han$a +item'.an +alam

-ent'. sen$awan$a)


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

/S.ala

Mohs2

@)6arna

9$ala'tih 'tih

ingga(

MerahMerah HiNa'

%);aatan

/gcm321,%3 1,@4 1,54 , 3,51

8)

Da$a

Hantar

istri.

Kon+'.tor

/nam'n

lelehann$a

enghantar $ang

-'r'.2

4onduktor

10

)

6arna

ogam 'tih .eera.an era. 'tih era. era.

11)Si*at

.elogaman%oga.

1

)

Kemagneta

n3ara.agnetik

e.erasan logam al.ali tanah -er.'rang +ari atas .e -awah a.i-at .e.'atan i.atan antaratom

men'r'n) Hal ini +ise-a-.an Nara. antaratom a+a logam al.ali tanah -ertam-ah anNang)


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

(*) Senyaaan an 4egunaan %oga. Alkali Tanah

(** 3e./uatan an Isolasi %oga. Alkali Tanah

a Ekstraksi Beriliu.


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

men+aat.an


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

#a#?3 C H#l #a#l C H? C #?

Setelah men+aat.an #a#l, .ita +aat mengele.trolisisn$a agar men+aat.an .alsi'm

/#a2) ;ea.si $ang terNa+i :

Kato+a B #aC C e( #a

Ano+a B #l( #l C e(

• Meto+e ;e+'.si

ogam .alsi'm /#a2 N'ga +aat +ihasil.an +engan mere+'.si #a? oleh Al ata'

+engan mere+'.si #a#l oleh 9a) ;e+'.si #a? oleh Al

#a? C Al 3 #a C #a3Al?;e+'.si #a#l oleh 9a

#a#l C 9a #a C 9a#l

d Ekstraksi Strontiu.


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KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

RANGKUMAN1) Kelimahan 'ns'r mer'a.an .e-era+aan 'ns'r('ns'r $ang a+a +i.'lit -'mi $ang

+aat -er'a 'ns'r logam +an non logam +an +aat +item'.an +alam tanah, air, +an

'+ara) S'm-er logam al.ali + alam +i antaran$a liti'm +alam So+'men, iAl/Si?2,

natri'm +alam 9a#l, .ali'm +alam ei+olit, ;-/F?H2Al/Si?323, r'-i+i'm +alamei+olit, ;-/F?H2Al/Si?323, cesi'm +alam oll'sit, #s4Al4Si8?)H?, +an

*ransi'm secara alami +aat +item'.an +i mineral(mineral 'rani'm)

( Si*at *isi. s'at' 'ns'r a+alah si*at $ang +aat +iamati tana meng'-ah si*at 7at(7at

en$'s'n materi terse-'t $ang meli'ti w'N'+, warna, massa Nenis, .emagnetan, titi.

+i+ih, titi. leleh,warna n$ala, .e.erasan, .elar'tan, .emagnetan, .e.entalan, +a$a

hantar listri.,+an si*at .elogaman

! Si*at .imia s'at' 'ns'r a+alah ciri(ciri $ang -erh'-'ngan +engan ter-ent'.n$a 7at

Nenis -ar' $ang +aat +aat -er'a .erea.ti*an, si*at asam -asa, +a$a ere+'.si +an

engo.si+asi

4) iti'm / i 2 menghasil.an warna n$ala ai merah, natri'm / 9a 2 menghasil.an

warna n$ala ai .'ning ata' oran$e, .ali'm / K 2 menghasil.an warna n$ala ai 'ng',

r'-i+i'm / ;- 2 menghasil.an warna n$ala ai -ir' .emerahan +an cesi'm / #s 2

menghasil.an warna n$ala ai -ir'

5) ogam al.ali +aat -erea.si +engan '+ara o.sigen, hi+rogen, air, halogen, +an

amonia.)

) iti'm, 9atri'm, +an Kali'm +aat +i-'at +engan cara ele.trolisis, se+ang.an

;'-i+i'm +an cesi'm +engan re+'.si, +an *ransi'm +ihasil.an +ari 'ns'r a.tin'm

+engan emancaran sinar alha /2) ogam *ransi'm N'ga -isa +i-'at secara -'atan

+engan mem-om-ar+ir thori'm +engan roton(roton)

7. Unsur-unsur golongan A terdiri dari enam unsur, yaitu !erilium

"#e$, magnesium "%g$, &alsium "'a$, stronsium "(r$, !arium "#a$,

dan radium ")a$. (emua unsur golongan A meru*a&an unsur logam

al&ali tanah. (ifat-sifat +si& ,se*erti titi& cair, ra*atan, dan &e&erasan

, logam al&ali tanah le!ih !esar i&a di!anding&an dengan logam

al&ali, dalam suatu *eriode. ogam al&ali tanah da*at !erea&si

langsung dengan halogen dan !elerang. arena mudah mele*as&an

ele&tron, logam golongan A !ersifat redu&tor &uat. (emua unsur


22/24

KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

al&ali tanah adalah *enyum!ang ele&tron dengan !erillium yang

*aling sedi&it a&tif dan !arium yang *aling &uat./. #erillium di!uat dengan mengele&trolisis #e'l cair yang

ditam!ah&an 0a'l se!agai *enghantar arus listri& &arena !eri&atan

&ovalen. ari logam-logam al&ali tanah, magnesium yang *aling

!anya& di*rodu&si. 2roses *engolahan magnesium dari air laut

dise!ut *roses ow. alsium di!uat hanya dalam s&ala &ecil melalui

redu&si halida dengan 0a. (trontium ditemu&an *ada !iih

strontianit "(r'34$ dan selestit "(r3$. (trontium da*at di!uat

dengan meredu&si o&sidanya dengan logam *engo&sida. #arium

da*at di!uat dengan meredu&si o&sidanya se*erti strontium.6. )ea&si-rea&si *enting yang teradi *ada logam al&ali tanah di

antaranya adalah se!agai !eri&ut rea&si logam al&ali tanah dengan

air, rea&si dengan udara atau o&sigen, rea&si logam al&ali tanah

dengan halogen, rea&si logam al&ali tanah dengan nitrogen, danrea&si dengan asam dan !asa.

18. #erilium diguna&an untu& memadu&an logam agar le!ih &uat,

a&an teta*i !ermasa le!ih ringan.%agnesium miri* dengan #erilium

yang mem!uat cam*uran logam sema&in &uat dan ringan sehingga

!iasa diguna&an *ada alat alat rumah tangga. alsium !anya&

terda*at *ada susu dan i&an teri yang !erfungsi se!agai *em!entu&

tulang dan gigi. (tronsium se!agai senyawa &ar!onat !iasa

diguna&an dalam *em!uatan &aca televisi !erwarna dan &om*uter.


23/24

KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

E"A#UA$I

1! Se-'t.an -e-eraa mineral $ang mengan+'ng logam al.ali tanahV

?


24/24

KIMIA SMA Kelas XII

$UM&ER RU'UKAN

#hang, ;a$mon+) 004) Kimi Dasar Konse Konse Inti) a.arta : !rlangga

#otton, F) Al-ert) 18%8) imia norganik *asar ) a.arta : Uni"ersitas

In+onesia

etr'cci ;al H) 188) imia *asar !rinsip dan terapan $odern +ilid ,)

a.arta:!rlangga

'r-a, Michael) 001) imia elas -.. S$ +ilid /) a.arta : !rlangga

S$'.ri, S) 1888) imia *asar ,)

bahan ajar kimia unsur

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