BAGPIPE: AS THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTBy: Vanya V.Valindria

VIBOT 2009

The Great Highland Bagpipe is widely known as Scotland’s national musical instrumentSignificance role in Scotland’s characteristicBut, is it true that the bagpipe was originality ‘born’ in Scotland, its national domain? : view in ‘music and ethnicity’ and its history.

The harp (clarsach): former national instrument by the 15th century Highland bagpipesThere are separations between music of Scottish Highland and Lowland (Johnson, 1972). Some Scottish bagpipe music: Pìobaireachd

Ceòl Mor and Ceòl Beag

The bagsThe chanterThe drones:

to make the harmonies richer (Lenz, 2004).

The first form of Bagpipes Egypt by 2500 B.C : shawm.Pipes were used as the instruments of warBagpipes settled in Highland Scotland about 14001st version :single drone bagpipes2nd version: double drone(16th century) 3rd version: three-drone bagpipes (early 1700s) it became the version of nowadays Great Highland Bagpipes

• Lowland Pipers= town pipers who play in festivals or weddings. In the Reformation era, the Calvinist banned the

musical instruments• Highland PipersThe highland clans maintained the piping tradition

for over the centuries. The professional pipers are owned to the chieftain

of clan. The pipers awakened the clan every morning and

play gathering tunes for clan meeting.

Clan pipers’ title held much esteem and highly respected.MacKays, pipers to the MacKenzieMacAuthurs, pipers to MacDonald of the IslesMacCrimmons, pipers to MacLeod of Dunvegan

Political power and warfare (military service) of the clans’ chief (Collinson, 1975).

By the end of 15th century, a piper was no longer serve a clan chief, but to a town (Baines , 1979).

Stokes (1997) stated that music can construct the ‘place’: relocation of identitiesStyles of music can symbolize the national identities, by the: national composers, national musical instrument or national songs.Music is unusually stable in term of social change

SasandoEthnic: Rote – West Nusa

Tenggara

Balinesse GamelanEtnic: Bali

Javanesse Gamelan

Ethnic: Central Java

ANGKLUNGNational Musical InstrumentEthnic: Sunda

Celtic music in Ireland has adopted the 3-drone bagpipeThe harp had disappeared from Scotland, but Ireland had retained the harp musicPentatonic musical scale used in the a cappella of traditional Celtic music as well as in the Gaelic songs

• Many bagpipes from all around the world have been evolved but not has the same nobility as the Highland Bagpipes(Ipswich, 2008).

Traditional Swedish bagpipes Boha: France Tulum : Turkey Mizwad: Tunisia

• Cheape (2007: 16) describes Donald MacDonald (1819) comments; “The bagpipe was the ‘only national instrument in Europe’”. The Scottish has a perspective that, “Bag-pipe is sacred to Scotland, and speaks a language which Scotsmen only feel. It talks to them of home, and of all the past..”.

There were gaps on the history of bagpipes This fact is caused by the function of Great Highland Bagpipe as military instrument.

In the other hand, Scotland itself had no museum of bagpipe collection

As Bryan (1971, cited in Cheape, 2007: 12-13) stated that because of an absence of material proof of their authenticity, the Great Highland Bagpipe never existed as a historical musical instrumentThus, without a national collection, Scotland has lack of evidences in building potential perspective of bagpipes as the national instruments (Cheape, 2007).

The bagpipes were not ‘born’ in Scotland, but they came and evolved to what is now known as The Great Highland Bagpipes.The nobility of bagpipes are caused by the Highland tradition that maintains the piping culture among the clans.The gaps missing of the bagpipes national collection in Scotland has pursued the museum to make a new policy for bagpipe documentation.Even though it is not born in Scotland, the bagpipe had been in Scotland’s heart for centuries. Thus, it makes the Great Highland Bagpipes are symbol to Scotland, to show this musical instrument as a part of Scottish ethnicity.

• Baines, Anthony 1979 Bagpipes. Revised Edition. Occasional Papers on Technology,

No. 9. Oxford: Oxprint Ltd.• Bryan, J F., 1971 A Note on the ‘Glen 1409’ pipes. Proceeding of the Society of

Antiquaries of Scotland, Vol.103, pp 240-241.• Celtic Instruments 2005 ”History of Great Highland Bagpipe”.

http://www.celtic-instruments.com/pipes/great-highland-bagpipes/history.html accessed 30/10/2009

• Cheape, Hugh 2007 The Bagpipe: Perceptions of National Instruments PhD Research Publication: University of Edinburgh.

• Collinson, Francis 1975 The Bagipe.- The History of a Musical Instrument London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

• Hermansson, Mats 2008 “A Brief Introduction to the History of The Great Highland Bagpipe and Its Music“ http://bagpipe.se/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=49 accessed 28/10/2009

• Ipswich International Tattoo 2008 “The History of Bagpipe” http://www.ipswichthistle.com/index.php?/history-of-bagpipes.html accessed 6/11/2009

• Johnson, David 1972 Music and Society in Lowland Scotland in the Eighteenth Century London: Oxford University Press.

• Kay, Billy 1996 Odyssey: Voice from Scotland’s Recent Past, pp.192-201 Edinburgh: Polygon.• Lenz, Andrew 2004 Bagpipe Journey, Andre Lenz’s Bagpipe Tips, Bagpipes Anatomy

http://www.bagpipejourney.com/articles/bagpipes_anatomy.shtml accessed 5/11/2009• MacDonald, Donald 1974 A Collection of the Ancient music of Caledonia called Piobaireachd

“Preface of the first published collection of Highland bagpipe music” E P Publishing Limited (c.1819).

• Myles, Ian 1996 Dunsmuir Highland Games spectator program, “Bagpipes” http://www.highlandnet.com/info/misc/pipes.html accessed 29/10/2009

• Stokes, Martin 1997 Ethnicity, Identity, and Music: The Musical Construction of Place Oxford: Berg.

• The Robert Burns World Federation 2008 “The 'Jacobite cause' and Scott´s Waverley- Consequences for the Scottish identity?” http://www.worldburnsclub.com/expert/burns%20and%20scott2.htm accessed 31/10/2009

• Wikipedia 2009 “List of Bagpipes” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bagpipes accessed 5/11/2009.

• Wikipedia 2009 “Music of Scotland” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Scotland accessed 2/11/2009.