Background

Native AmericansEarly European ExplorationSpanish, French settlements

Earliest immigrants

• 35,000-25,000 BC– Ice Age

–Hunter / gatherers

–Beringia

The First Americans?

• Hohokam• Anasazi

• Farmers of SW–Pueblos

Early European exploration

• Vikings–Around 1000 AD–Short-lived settlement

Europe before Columbus

• feudalism

• centralized states

• merchant class

Europe before Columbus

• Renaissance–Artistic/intellectual movement–Humanism–Exploration

• New technology–Gunpowder–Astrolabe–Compass

Europeans go exploring

• Portugal–Prince Henry

the Navigator

–Da Gama / Dias

–Sea routes to India

Christopher Columbus

• Sailed in 1492

• Genoa, Italy

• Reach Asia by sailing W

• Nobody in Italy believed him…

Christopher Columbus

…but you’ve been

lied to…

Christopher Columbus

• Ferdinand & Isabella sponsored

• Quick sea route to Asia–Quick route = big profits

• Found Caribbean Islands

Spanish goals• 3 reasons for exploration:

–God

Spanish goals• 3 reasons for exploration:

–God–Gold

Spanish goals• 3 reasons for exploration:

–God–Gold–Glory

Spanish goals

• Find gold• Convert natives to Christianity• Dominance over rest of Europe

Spanish impact on Natives

• Conquistadors encountered:– Aztecs (Mexico)– Maya (Central America)– Inca (South America)

• Advanced: Math, science, astronomy• Not advanced: No steel, guns, horses

Spanish go north

• Juan Ponce de Leon• Explored FL

(beginning 1513)• “Fountain of youth”

• St. Augustine• 1st permanent

settlement - 1565

Spanish go north

• Coronado• Explored what is now SW USA• Called it New Mexico

• Franciscan missionaries• Intermarriage common

–Mestizos

Encomienda system

• Landowners – native workers’ “caretakers”– Protection– Spanish language– Catholicism

• In return – labor from natives– Akin to slavery

Popé’s Rebellion• 1680 – Santa Fé

–Popé – Pueblo leader–Killed 400 Spanish, expelled other 2000

• Spanish reconquered 1692

• Columbian Exchange• Europeans get new foods • People in Americas get new foods

• (and deadly diseases)

Disease• Natives had no immunity

• Measles• Mumps• Chicken pox• Typhus• Smallpox• Disease was worse than any army

Impact on Europe

• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)• Spain and Portugal had been setting

up colonies• Battled over areas of control• Agreed on border to split up Americas

Who do you think won?

Portugese ControlSpanish Control

Extent of Spanish Empire

French settlement

• Fur trading camps:–Modern Canada–Native-friendly–Mostly men – hunters & priests–Intermarriage with natives

• (Hunters, not all that many priests)

French settlement

• Fur trading camps:–Small population

• Only Catholics allowed• No Huguenots

–Few towns – only trading posts

French settlement

• Samuel de Champlain

–Alliance with Huron vs. Iroqouis Confederacy over fur trade control

–Founded Quebec 1608