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Back to the Future SOL World History II: 1500 to the Present Flashcards in reverse chronological order

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Built by Gamal Abdul Nasser in Egypt Built on Nile River Created Hydroelectricity for the country of Egypt in the 1960s Flooded Nubian relics/artifacts

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Aswan High Dam

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Female Prime Minister of Israel A close ally of the United States Fought 6 Day War, as well as Operation Wrath of God following Munich Olympics of 1972

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Golda Meir

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Partitioned from the country of Palestine following WWII by the newly formed United Nations Caused a great deal of animosity between Jews and Muslims Close ally of the United States

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Israel

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Fought against South African apartheid system Imprisoned for 27 Years Became the first Black African President of South Africa in 1993 There is no easy walk for freedom anywhere

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Nelson Mandela

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Means apartness Government program in South Africa to separate the races with the white minority (Afrikaner) population holding the majority of the land and power Ended in 1989

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Apartheid

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First president of an independent Kenya, following independence from Great Britain Supported the Mau Mau rebellion against the British

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Jomo Kenyatta

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Former colony of France in Northern Africa White Settler Colony with 2 million French citizens colons who lived there Violent fight for independence from France in the 1960sultimately won

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Algeria

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Formerly named the Gold Coast, when it was a colony of Great Britain Gained its independence from Great Britain Relied on cacao as its main cash crop Led by Kwame Nkrumah Named after a famous African civilization

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Ghana

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Created by the United Nations in 1947 Promise that the members of the United Nations would never led another genocide, like the Holocaust, happen again Also guaranteed self-determination

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UN Declaration of Human Rights

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1 st Prime Minister of independent India Close friend of Mohandas Gandhi Worked to modernize India Father of Indira Gandhi

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Jawaharlal Nehru

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1947: This country was divided into two separate countries with a Muslim population in the north, and a Hindu population in the south. Great deal of fighting as 10 million people were on the move on the subcontinent Still considered the most dangerous border

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Partition of India (and Pakistan)

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Known as the great soul of India Led movement for passive resistance Salt March, Hunger Strikes Greatly saddened by the partition of India Was assassinated by a Hindu extremist who felt he gave away too much to the Muslims

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Mohandas Gandhi

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Formed in India in the late 1800s Mostly made up of elites (doctors, professionals, etc.) who wanted to work diplomatically for the independence of India from Great Britain

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Indian National Congress

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Leader of Communist Peoples Republic of China during the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989 Allowed limited capitalism into China

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Deng Xiaoping

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Last leader of the Soviet Union Implemented glasnost and perestroika Only VIP from World History who is still alive

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Mikhail Gorbachev

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Part of Mikhail Gorbachevs campaign Means economic restructuring, allowing for some limited capitalism Contributed to the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991

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Perestroika

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Prime Minister of Britain in the 1980s Known as the Iron Lady Close ally with Ronald Reagan

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Margaret Thatcher

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Daughter of Nehru Prime Minister of India Oversaw the creation of the atomic bomb for India (Operation Smiling Buddha) Assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984 after she ordered an attack on the Sikh Golden Temple

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Indira Gandhi

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Communist leader of Vietnam Led resistance against the French and then the United States Leader of the Vietcong and the successful Tet Offensive

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Ho Chi Minh

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Nationalist leader of China Supported by the United States Took over island of Taiwan and ruled it as Nationalist China

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Chiang Kai-shek

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Idea that if the United States launched their nuclear arsenal at the USSR, the USSR would launch their nuclear arsenal at the USA Total end of the world

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Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

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Idea that if one place fell to Communism, then the other would follow Justified the idea of Containment, as well as frequent US involvement in Asia and Latin America during the Cold War

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Domino Theory

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Conflict between the USSR and the USA Followed the failed Bay of Pigs invasion Stand-off between President Kennedy (USA) and Premier Khruschev (USSR) As a result, US promised to never invade Cuba again and remove missiles from Turkey and USSR removed their missiles from Cuba

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Cuban Missile Crisis

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Line of Division between North and South Korea, drawn by the United Nations North of this line = communist, South of the this line= non-communist North Korean invaded South Korea, UN helped South Korea push back North Koreans, who were then aided by China After war- border returned to same line Ceasefire (not Peace) Still an area of conflict today

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38 th Parallel

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Built in 1961 Divided former capital of Germany Torn down in 1989 Guards were ordered to shoot to kill

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Berlin Wall

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Organization formed following WWII Replaced League of Nations Has its own Peace-Keeping Force

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United Nations

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Phrase coined by Churchill Figurative divide in Europe between capitalism and communism Between Eastern and Western Europe

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Iron Curtain

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US joined alliance following WWII North Atlantic Treaty Organization

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NATO

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Idea that nuclear arsenal will intimidate other countries and keep us safe from attack

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Deterrence

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Trumans Policy against communism Dont let it spread any further Justification for US involvement in Korea and Vietnam

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Containment

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Court for former Nazi leaders Sentenced to death- hanged and then bodies were cremated in ovens at Dachau

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Nuremberg Trials

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2 main superpowers following WWII

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USA vs. USSR

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2 ethnic groups fighting in Rwanda Genocide in April 1994 cut down the tall trees

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Hutus and Tutsis

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Leader of Khmer Rouge in Cambodia Killing Fields Closed borders and outlawed money Died of a heart attack before he could be tried for War Crimes

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Pol Pot

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Genocide during WWI Deportation of Christians by Turks 2 million died

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Armenians

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Hitlers Master Race Blond Haired/ Blue- Eyed

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Aryans

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Systematic and purposeful destruction of a group of people Ex: Holocaust

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Genocide

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Leader of Japan Forced to renounce his divinity as part of terms of unconditional surrender at end of WWII

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Emperor Hirohito

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Leader of the Nazi Party Took over Germany Anti-Semitism Orchestrated the Holocaust, which he called the final solution

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Hitler

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Prime Minister of England during WWII Inspired British during the Battle of Britain Coined the phrase Iron Curtain

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Winston Churchill

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US extended money and credit to recovering countries in Europe to try and make them capitalistic and encourage democracies

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Marshall Plan

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US President during much of WWII Orchestrated the New Deal to try and bring the United States out of the Great Depression

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President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

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August 6 th, 1945 1 st Atomic bomb dropped by the United States on this Japanese City

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Hiroshima

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December 7 th, 1941 Japanese attack on Hawaiian naval base FDR called it a date which will live in infamy

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Pearl Harbor

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Hitler violated his treaty with Stalin and invaded Russia The Nazis were ultimately defeated at this conflict

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Battle of Stalingrad

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German aerial attack on London and other cities 1940 Keep Calm and Carry On

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Battle of Britain

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German invasion of this country officially began WWII The secret Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact, agreed to divide up this country between Germany and USSR

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Poland

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Meeting between Hitler and Chamberlain Hitler would maintain control of Sudetenland Example of appeasement (giving into an aggressor to maintain peace) Chamberlain returned to Britain and proclaimed there would be Peace in our Time

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Munich Conference

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To give into an aggressor to maintain peace Example: Munich Conference

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Appeasement

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Japanese General In charge of attack on Pearl Harbor Executed following WWII

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Hideki Tojo

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Mussolini invaded Ethiopia to try and restore the glory of _____________ Capital of Italy Last area to join in the unification of Italy (Papal States)

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Rome

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Extreme Nationalism Implemented in Italy by Mussolini

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Fascism

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Stalins plan for silencing anybody he perceived to be a threat Millions in the USSR were sent to Siberian labor camps or killed

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Great Purge

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Term for discrimination against Jews Hitler applied this in Germany

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Anti-Semitism

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Stalins plan to consolidate former land- holdings into huge areas, run by 10-20 families

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Collectivization of Farms

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Stalins quota system for increased production

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5 Year Plans

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October 29 th, 1929 Black Tuesday In the United States, but had global ramifications Beginning of the Great Depression

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Stock Market Crash

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Tax on foreign goods Attempt to make Americas buy American Foreign governments then taxed American goods, decreasing US exports

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Tariffs

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Set up following WWI to rule former territories of Ottoman Empire in Middle East Middle East was outraged and felt this was just neo-colonialism on the part of Europe

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Mandates

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Mandates of Great Britain following WWI Organized by the League of Nations

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Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Iraq

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Mandates of France following WWI Set up by the League of Nations

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Lebanon and Syria

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Leader of USSR following Lenin 5 Year Plans The Great Purge Man of Steel

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Joseph Stalin

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Leader of Bolsheviks Inspired by Marxism Snuck back into Russia by Germans in a sealed boxcar After Bolshevik Revolution, led Russia

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V.I. Lenin

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October 1918 Overthrow of the Provisional Government by Lenin and Trotsky and the Red Guard Signed separate peace treaty with Germany to get Russia out of WWI

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Bolshevik Revolution

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Strange Monk Infiltrated Russian High Society Close advisor to Alexandra and her hemophiliac son, Alexei Assassinated

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Rasputin

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Last Romanov leader of Russia Led Russia during WWI Forced to abdicate the throne, later executed (along with entire family) by the Bolsheviks

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Tsar Nicholas II

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1905 Conflict over control of a Peninsula in East Asia Russia lost, great embarrassment of Russia, Nicholas II lost support

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Russo-Japanese War

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Wilsons 14 th Point Organization to mediate conflict to try and avoid war United States was NOT a member (US senate didnt ratify the Treaty of Versailles)

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League of Nations

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Germany was forced to accept blame for WWI One of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles Caused a lot of resentment in Germany, because Germans felt they were just helping their ally Austria-Hungary, and didnt start WWI themselves

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War Guilt Clause

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Ended WWI Punished Germany Set up Mandates in the former Ottoman Empire In many ways, led to WWII

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Treaty of Versailles

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Telegram sent from Germany to Mexico Asked Mexico to invade US and regain Texas and American Southwest Provoked US to enter WWI

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Zimmerman Note

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Passenger Cruise Ship sunk by German U- boats 128 Americans died Pushed US towards entering WWI

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Lusitania

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Dominant method of fighting on Western Front during WWI Stalemate Fought over no mans land

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Trench Warfare

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Assassinate with wife Sophia by Gavrillo Princip Spark that began WWI Killed in Sarajevo, Bosnia

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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4 MAIN causes of WWI

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Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

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society of Harmonious Fists Rid China of foreign devils (Christians) Also against Qing Dynasty 1898-1900

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Boxer Rebellion

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Commodore of US Navy Forced Japan to open its borders to trade with United States

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Matthew Perry

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Built in Egypt to connect the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea Controlled by Great Britain until nationalized by Nasser in the 1960s

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Suez Canal

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Held 1884-1885 Carved up the Continent of Africa 2 Rules: -cant claim land already controlled by another European country -control the natives

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Berlin Conference

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Area where a country HAS to trade with another country Formerly called enclaves Example: China

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Sphere of Influence

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Countrys government directly controlled by its mother country For economic benefit of the Mother Country

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Colonies

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Industrialized countries quest for cheap raw materials and markets for their goods Occurred in Africa and Asia

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Imperialism

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Prime Minister of Prussia Instrumental in the unification of Germany Realpolitik Blood and Iron

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Otto von Bismarck

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Army of Giuseppe Garibaldi Helped liberate Southern Italy Helped in Unification of Italy

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Red Shirts

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Co-author of Communist Manifesto (with Frederich Engels) Believed capitalism resulted in unequal distribution of wealth Workers revolt to socialism to communism

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Karl Marx

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Economic system in the United States Free Market Economy Limited government involvement

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Capitalism

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Key tool of unions Negotiate on behalf of its members for wages/working conditions, etc.

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Collective Bargaining

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The right to vote Movement for the right to vote for women- most countries granted after WWI US 19 th Amendment (1920)

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Suffrage

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Organizations for workers Represented the workers in negotiations with companies Most potent weapon= strikes

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Unions

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Favorite group to be employed by many factories Paid of womans wages Eventually led to compulsory elementary education

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Child Labor

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Unregulated factories Disposal of bi-products of industries Damaging to environment

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Pollution

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The movement to live in cities Greatly increased during the Industrial Revolution Overcrowding

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Urbanization

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Invented the steam engine Unit of measurement named after him Steam engine originally pumped water out of mines

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James Watt

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Created to make a stronger steel process Steel used to build during 2 nd Industrial Revolution

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Bessemer Process

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Discovered germs and bacteria Process to heat liquids (like milk) to kill off bacteria

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Pasteur

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Created by Edward Jenner Injection of less potent strain to build immunity in body

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Smallpox Vaccination

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Invented by Eli Whitney Removed seeds Led to an increased reliance on slavery in the American South

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Cotton Gin

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Invention of James Hargreaves Could produce thread 6x faster Named after his daughter

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Spinning Jenny

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M&Ms 2 Major Goals of Imperialism

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Markets and Materials

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Early form of capitalism Division of labor to produce goods Product travelled from house to house

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Cottage Industry

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Fencing off of lad by wealthy landholders Poor farmers displaced to urban centers Allowed for scientific farming and experimentation

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Enclosure Movement

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Began in England in 1750 Began with textiles Using machines and factories to make cheap manufactured goods

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Industrial Revolution

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1823 by US President US in charge of Western Hemisphere Any attempt of European countries to reclaim Americas= personal attack on USA

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Monroe Doctrine

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Born on Iberian Peninsula Had highest positions in New World Ex: Viceroys Resented by Creoles

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Peninsulaires

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Part of Castas Mixed European and African descent Born in the Americas

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Mulattos

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Part of Castas Mixed European and Indian ancestry Born in the Americas

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Mestizos

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Part of castas system European descent, born in the Americas Inspired by Enlightenment Led Revolutions in Latin America

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Creoles

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Spanish plantations Replaced the encomiendas Utilized slave labor In Latin America

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Hacienda

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Liberal movements against conservative governments in Hungary, Czech Republic Violently put down Song of Angry Men

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Revolutions of 1848

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1815 Series of meetings held in Austria Led by Klemens von Metternich Restructure Europe following Napoleon

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Congress of Vienna

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Goal of Klemens von Metternich Each European country was equal Overturned with the Unification of Germany in 1870

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Balance of Power

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System of Laws Organized Roman Law in France

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Napoleonic Code

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French general Took control of France with a coup detat in 1799 Extended French territory through Europe Defeated at Waterloo 1815

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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Grant of land and indigenous laborers from King of Spain Extremely harsh De las Casas helped to end them Replaced by African slavery

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Encomienda

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The Liberator Creole who led independence movements in Latin America against Spain Presided over Gran Columbia

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Simon Bolivar

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Former slave Led independence of Haiti (St. Domingue) Died in a French prison

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Toussaint LOuverture

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Novel written by Cervantes Delusional old man who fought windmills Man of La Mancha To dream the impossible dream

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Don Quixote

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Composer of Classical Music Eccentric Music for fun and entertainment

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Mozart

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Composer of Baroque Music Felt music glorified God Songs for the pipe organ

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Bach

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King of France during the French Revolution Married to Marie Antoinette Executed by guillotine

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Louis XVI

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Took control of France as head of the Committee of Public Safety Outlawed Christianity Calendar changed to 3 10 weeks (so people would forget when Sundays were)

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Maximilien Robespierre

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Time of fear and mass executions in France Under Robespierre 40,000 French citizens killed

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Reign of Terror

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French execution device Great Equalizer National Razor Reign of Terror

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Guillotine

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July 14 th, 1789 Symbolic beginning of the French Revolution Parisians obtaining gunpowder

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Storming of the Bastille

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1776 Penned by Thomas Jefferson Inspired by the Enlightenment men are endowed by their creator, with certain inalienable rights, amongst these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

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Declaration of Independence

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Accept peoples different beliefs

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Religious Tolerance

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Title of Rousseaus Book Agreement between government and the people

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Social Contract

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Montesquieus idea Power was a check to power United States= 3 branches of government

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Separation of Powers

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Natural Rights of John Locke Inspired Thomas Jefferson

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Life, Liberty, Property

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Sea Monster Title of Thomas Hobbes book Government needs to be strong, like a sea monster

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Leviathan

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Applied reason to society and politics Inspired revolutions

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Enlightenment

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Agreed to by William and Mary in 1689 Extended protection to Englishmen

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English Bill of Rights

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1 st Constitutional Monarchs of England Took over after James II Bill of Rights Virginia College

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William and Mary

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Transition of power between James II and William and Mary Also known as bloodless

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Glorious Revolution

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When Charles II took over as King of England king that brought back partying

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Restoration

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Puritan Leader of England Outlawed singing, dancing, theatre as sinful

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Oliver Cromwell

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Main goal of Peter the Great Make Russia more like Europe

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Westernization

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The Sun King of France Letat, cest moi I am the state Built Versailles as a symbol of his royal power Absolute Monarch

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Louis XIV