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155© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016T. Cruz-del Rosario, J.M. Dorsey, Comparative Political Transitions between Southeast Asia and the Middle East and North Africa, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-54089-8

INDEX

A Abdo, Genevieve , 99 accountable political structures , 75 Aceh

culture , 115 movement , 90, 112–14 parliament , 115 peace agreement , 90, 112, 115, 128 separatist movement , 17, 90, 112 traditions and institutions , 115

Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM) , 116

activism , 4, 25, 28, 35, 36, 39, 41–6 student , 25, 28

actors, social movement , 24, 129 adaptable autocrats , 86n52 affi rmative action policies , 16, 90, 96,

110 Alawis , 100 Algeria , 37, 45, 54n75, 55, 59, 62, 67 aliran movement , 29, 127 alirans , 27–9, 127 All Burma Young Monks Union

(ABYMU) , 25

Alternative ASEAN Network on Burma (ALTSEAN-Burma) , 130

American-Vietnam War , 92 Anti-Nuclear Movements , 50n25 Appropriation and containment of civil

society , 37 Arab Armies , 79, 80 Arab Arms Procurement , 87n73 Arab autocracies , 71 Arab exceptionalism , 55 Arabiyyah Li-Hisab al-Muqawamah ,

87n72 Arab militaries , 58, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68,

74, 77–80, 83n9, 84n15 Arab monarchies , 67 Arab nations , 55, 78

post-revolt , 76 Arab Politics , 84n19 Arab Security Sector , 87n69 Arab socialist Baath Party , 55 Arab Spring , 3, 4, 14, 18n4, 22, 24,

40, 45, 46, 52n53, 54n75, 99, 103

Arab Uprisings , 83n9, 85n47

156 INDEX

Arab World , 2, 18n2, 18n4, 37, 55, 61, 63, 66, 83n2, 125, 127

ASEAN Civil Society Conference (ACSC) , 130

ASEAN People’s Assembly (APA) , 130 Asia , 7, 55, 59–61, 66, 71 Asia Foundation , 117n4 Asian Barometer , 50n32 Asian democracy , 135 Asian Development Bank , 138n16 Asian fi nancial crisis , 126, 129 Asian Partnership , 129 Asian Partnership for the Development

of Human Resources in Rural Asia (AsiaDHRRA) , 129

Asia Pacifi c , 129 Asia-Pacifi c Refugee Rights Network ,

129 Aspinall, Edward , 28, 41, 49n21,

52n58, 137n6 Assaf David , 87n69, 87n75 associational forms , 30 associational life , 9, 14, 26, 28, 127 Association Law , 37 Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN) , 6, 18n6, 91, 93, 106, 116, 129, 130, 135, 138n13

Authoritarian Asia , 3, 10, 15, 31, 40, 41, 67, 74, 124, 125

authoritarianism competitive , 44 developmental , 43 populist , 14, 40 soft , 43

authoritarian regimes , 2, 15, 27, 67, 74, 99, 123

authoritarian states , 10, 14, 22, 40, 41, 84n15

authoritarian upgrading , 36, 38, 51n44

autocracy , 2, 43, 57, 62, 71, 74 autocrats , 11, 16, 56–8, 62, 67–9, 71,

72, 81, 126, 134

Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) , 116, 117

B Bahrain , 11, 22, 32, 40, 57, 62, 67,

70, 99, 103, 104 Bahraini Hizballah , 103 Bahrain uprising , 104 Barak, Oren , 87n69, 87n75 Basic Bangsamoro Law (BBL) , 117 Basra , 11, 12 Bayat, Asef , 14, 20n26, 32–4, 46, 50n34 Bellamy, Alex , 9, 10, 20n17 Berger, Peter , 97, 119n17 Berins-Collier, Ruth , 18n1 Bersih , 9, 30, 50n27 Biography and Creativity in Social

Movements , 48n8 British Policy , 118n10 Brunei , 5, 18n6, 92 Buddhist militants , 27, 42 Buddhist monks , 25, 49n13, 105 Bumiputeras

employment , 110, 111 managers , 110 wealth ownership , 110

C caliphate , 98 Cambodia , 2, 8, 9, 18n6, 21, 92, 93,

106, 117n2, 118n6, 138n16 genocidal history , 106

Central Security Forces (CSF) , 73 Central Vietnam , 95 Chinese

business community , 109 dialect groups , 108 ethnicity in new Southeast Asian

Nations, 118n9 populations , 105, 106, 108 race in Singapore , 120n43

INDEX 157

Christians , 4, 26, 92, 94, 96, 100, 101, 104, 116

minority communities , 104 citizenship , 8, 24 civilian control , 56, 58, 60, 62, 76 civilian governments , 56, 58, 73 civil-military relations , 15, 16, 57, 60,

62, 63, 84n16, 85n34 civil society

activists , 9, 26 conservatism , 8 formation , 14, 24–35, 129 independent , 28, 37, 41, 47

classifi ed militaries , 66 Collier, David , 18n1 Colonial Policy , 93, 118n7 confl icts

current , 100 decades-old , 17, 90 interethnic , 116 internal , 91, 93 intra-regional , 91 political , 32, 101 in Southeast Asia , 90, 134, 135 violent , 102

confl icts binary , 101 constitutional bodies , 18 corruption

protest against , 11 systemic , 11

coup , 2, 7, 10, 11, 15, 31, 55–8, 60, 62, 63, 66, 67, 71, 73, 74, 77, 109

coup-proofi ng , 71n 86n54 cross-border sectarian war , 16, 89

D Daguzan, Jean-François , 67, 74,

83n8 Damascus , 70, 98, 99 Dawasir tribes , 103

democracies illiberal , 2, 43, 62, 67 liberal , 2, 22, 35, 43, 62, 67, 124 oligarchical , 41 open , 7 parliamentary , 14, 26

democratic transitions , 8, 11, 16, 18n4, 22, 27, 29, 30, 32, 39, 44, 46, 50n29, 99, 116, 123, 126, 128

democratization global , 36 strong-state , 44 third wave of , 6, 21

demonstrations , 12, 13, 42, 103, 126, 127

developmental states , 44 Development of Human Resources in

Rural Asia (DHRRA) . See Asian Partnership for the Development of Human Resources in Rural Asia (AsiaDHRRA)

Doha , 119n16 doi moi , 95, 118n13 donor partners , 129 donor policies , 81, 134

E East Asia , 20n17 economic development policies , 18 economic subregional program , 9, 130 economic transformation , 5 Egypt , 3, 11, 12, 16, 22, 32, 33, 35,

37, 38, 45, 46, 56, 57, 59, 66–72, 74–7, 103, 135

Egyptian Arab Army , 79 Egyptian armed forces , 68 Egyptian coup , 62 Egyptian militaries , 12, 57, 69, 71,

73, 76, 77 Egyptian monarchy , 55

158 INDEX

Egyptian supreme military commander , 62

Egypt’s Republican Guard , 70 Egypt’s Supreme Council , 77 elections , 2, 10, 15, 21, 27, 31, 38,

39, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 50n27, 56, 59, 92, 102, 108, 109, 114, 115, 123, 126, 127, 131

Electoral Commission of Thailand (ECT) , 31

elites , 7, 8, 15, 30–2, 36, 37, 41–3, 64, 71–4, 95, 99, 100, 132

Erik Paul , 6, 19n7 Estrada, Joseph Ejercito , 5, 42, 53n64 ethnic groups

confl icts in newly-independent states , 93

groups , 4, 6, 8, 16, 17, 39, 41, 89–91, 94–7, 101, 108, 109, 111, 112, 120n43

ethnicity , 97, 102, 112, 118n11 ethnic populations , 92, 93, 107 ethnonational Identities 118n11 ethno-religious groupings , 100 European social democracy , 29

F factions , 4, 42, 56–8

rival , 62 family-based political dynasties , 42 Fanar Haddad , 100, 119n28 fans , 12, 34 Fifth Malaysia Five-Year Plan , 111 fl awed democracy , 59 formal democratic institutions , 43 FORUM-ASIA , 129 Framework Agreement , 90 France , 65, 92 Free Aceh Movement , 114, 133 French Mandate Syria , 119n26 frontier areas , 94, 96

G Gaza , 78 General Fabian . See Ver , 60 General Suharto , 55 Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) ,

113–115, 122n62 globalization , 36 governance

democratic , 38, 46–8, 131 regional , 130

government autocratic , 57, 69, 78, 127 cooperation program , 130 democratically-elected , 56, 57,

129 Grassroots Organizations (GROs) ,

108 Greater Mekong Subregion , 9,

20n19, 130, 138n16 of Indonesia , 114–16, 122n66 initiatives , 129, 130 institutions , 72, 130 military-backed , 56, 80 military-guided , 73 representatives , 108 revolutionary , 55 services , 133

government-organized NGOs (GONGOs) , 37

Group Representation Constituency (GRC) , 108

groups ethno-linguistic , 59, 118n5 interest , 124 jihadist , 62, 63, 65, 81, 82, 134,

136 militant , 82, 136 opposition , 1, 3, 61 political , 1, 13, 123 religious , 100, 102, 128 vigilante , 77

growth rates , 40, 111, 112

INDEX 159

Gulf countries , 5, 14, 40, 46, 80, 103 and Lebanese militaries , 68 states , 40, 46, 57, 65, 101, 103

Gulf-backed military coup , 11

H Habermas, Jurgen , 22, 23, 48n3 Habibie , 127, 131

caretaker government , 127 hegemons, regional , 5, 89–122 Heydemann, Steven , 36, 51n44,

52n54 Hinnebusch, Raymond , 70, 71, 85n47 Housing Development Board (HDB) ,

107 Housing Ownership Scheme (HOS) ,

109 housing policy , 107 Houthis , 80 human rights organizations , 37 hybridized political systems , 132 hybrid regimes , 30, 43, 45

I illiberal democracies , 2, 43, 62, 67 India , 27, 93, 105 Indonesia , 2–5, 8, 10, 14–17, 18n6,

22, 27–30, 32, 41–3, 55–60, 63, 72, 75–7, 89–92, 99, 104–6, 113–17, 120n38, 125, 128, 129, 131–3, 135, 137n5

Indonesia-Aceh Peace Process , 122n63 Indonesian democracy , 41 Indonesian government , 113 institutions

ineffective political , 67 non-military government , 72 professional , 60

insurgency , 13, 42, 57, 58, 62, 71, 77, 92, 115, 117

Integrated National Police , 61 International Monetary Fund (IMF) ,

73 International Review of Peace

Initiatives , 122n63 International Rivers Network (IRN) interventionist state , 43 intra-civil society contests , 44 Iran , 3, 5, 15, 16, 33, 38, 47, 60, 64,

68, 78, 89, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 134

Iran and Saudi Arabia , 104, 134 Iranian allies , 101 Iranian interference , 104 Iranian revolution , 104 Iran intellectuals , 15, 47 Iraq

invasion , 102 oil report , 102

Iraq Civil Society Solidarity Initiative (ICSSI) , 127, 128

Iraqi Civil Society , 137n8 Iraqi Kurdistan , 101, 102 Iraqi military , 65, 79, 101

and Shia militias , 101 Iraqi sectarian confl icts , 101 Islam , 34, 35, 55, 56, 59, 98, 99, 105 Islamic Associations , 35, 38 Islamic movements , 35 Islamic sects , 98 Islamic State (IS) , 3, 11, 13, 62, 65,

79, 81, 82, 101, 134–6 Israel , 35, 37, 67, 77, 78, 89, 99, 101,

120n30 Israel’s occupation , 99

J Japan External Trade Organization

(JETRO), 50n31 jet-setting militants , 36 jihadi insurgents , 80 Johnson, John , 85n40, 85n41

160 INDEX

Jordan , 16, 37, 60, 64, 90 Jordanian militaries , 60, 78 Justice and Spirituality Group , 35

K Kadir, Suzaina Bte , 43, 44, 53n71 Kamrava, Mehran , 15, 18n4, 47,

54n79 Karenni Development Research Group

(KDRG) , 26 Kefaya Movement , 35 Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) ,

102 Kurdish state-in-waiting, independent ,

101 Kurdistan , 101, 102 Kurds , 89, 101, 102, 120n30

L Latin America , 18n4, 29, 55, 66, 71 leader

autocratic , 57 military-turned-political , 69 neo-patrimonial , 71

Lebanon , 11–13, 16, 36, 64, 67, 78, 79, 90, 99, 103, 133

Lebanon’s Hezbollah , 13, 67, 78 Lee Kuan Yew , 17, 136 Lee, Terence , 60, 83n7 Legitimacy , 10, 38–40, 59, 62, 65, 78,

79, 118n11, 123, 126 liberal democratic orientation , 35 Libya , 3, 11, 12, 22, 32, 38, 56, 57,

59, 64, 66–70, 79, 101, 131, 135

Lifeworld , 22, 23 Linz, Juan J. , 66, 71, 84n31 Lower Burma , 94

M Malayan Federation , 2, 90 Malay middle class , 90, 111

economically-empowered , 16 Malaysia , 2–5, 9, 16, 18n6, 30, 43,

44, 89–92, 95, 104–6, 109, 111, 112, 116, 117n1, 120n36, 124, 135

Malaysian state , 2, 30 Malaysia’s New Economic Policy , 16,

90 Marcos, Ferdinand , 15, 21, 29, 38,

39, 42, 52n62, 56, 60, 61, 126, 134

Martial Law , 29, 31, 42, 60, 61 Middle East , 3, 5, 10–13, 16, 17, 21,

22, 25, 27, 33–5, 40, 41, 51n44, 52n53, 58, 61–82, 89, 96–9, 101, 102, 104, 119n24, 120n37, 124, 128, 134

Middle East and North Africa (MENA) , 3–6, 11, 13–16, 21–56, 58–64, 66–8, 70, 72–5, 77, 78, 81, 82, 91, 106, 123, 124, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137

Militaries in Southeast Asia , 58 militarization , 74 military

coups , 2, 10, 11, 15, 31, 56, 63, 74 reform , 18 supremacy , 10

mobilizations collective , 9 neighborhood , 4

moral protest , 48n8 Morocco , 35, 37, 51n39, 60, 64, 68,

99 Moro Islamic Liberation Front

(MILF) , 9, 90, 117 Morsi, Mohammed , 3, 56, 57, 61, 69,

72–7

INDEX 161

movements anti-dictatorship , 39 armed ethnic nationality , 27 ideological , 29 latent , 39 left , 29, 132 non-social , 15, 32, 46 pro-democracy , 39, 61 red shirt , 31 revolutionary , 23, 24

Mubarak , 36, 56, 57, 62, 69, 72–8, 80 multiethnic/multireligious states , 104 multi-ethnic society , 27 multiparty politics , 21 multi-sectoral membership , 29 Muslim Brotherhood , 13, 35, 45,

51n40, 61, 75 Muslim-Majority Asia , 18n4 Muslim Mindanao , 92, 128 Muslim Rohingyas , 8, 10, 16, 17, 42,

89, 90, 94, 135 Mutiah Alagappa , 52n58, 52n63, 53n71 Myanmar , 2–4, 8–10, 14, 15, 17,

18n6, 19n15, 21, 22, 25–7, 30, 39, 42, 43, 56, 58, 59, 72, 89–91, 94, 95, 105, 106, 112, 124–6, 128, 132, 133, 135, 138n16

Myanmar Budhhist Women’s Special Marriage Law , 19n15

Myanmar’s minority Muslims , 105 Myanmar’s transition , 15, 105

N Nahda , 46, 47 Nasser , 55, 72, 77 National Coordination for Change and

Democracy (NCCD) , 45 National Democratic Front (NDF) , 6,

29, 30, 42 Neighborhood Racial Limits (NRL) ,

107

neopatriarchy , 86n51 neo-patrimonialism , 71 networked autocracy , 2, 43, 53n70 New Arab Media , 79 New Economic Policy (NEP) , 110–12 New Order , 27, 28, 55 New Sectarianism , 119n24 New York Times , 85n46, 117n1 non-civil society , 34 non-government organizations

(NGOs) , 8, 15, 23, 28, 35–7, 40, 46, 50n31, 51n48, 113, 127, 129

activism , 36 sector , 28, 36

non-social movements , 15, 32, 46 Non-violent uprisings , 131 North Africa , 58, 81–2, 124 Northern Thailand , 26, 31

O oligarchy , 5, 41

in Post-Suharto Indonesia , 52n61 Onward Singapore , 109 Open Society Foundation , 26 opposition , 1, 3, 4, 25, 29, 35, 37–9,

44, 45, 52n62, 61, 62, 71, 77, 79, 109, 116, 125

opposition parties , 44, 45, 109 organizations

decidedly uncivil , 23 international , 46, 89 international civil society , 26 international donor , 28, 127 voluntary social , 27

Outline Perspective Plan (OPP) , 110

P palace coup , 109 Palestine , 15, 36, 78, 101 parliament , 9, 27, 43, 95, 108, 115, 132

162 INDEX

participation citizen , 39 public , 8, 30, 32, 43

paternalistic state , 40 patrimonial state , 42 peace agreements , 9, 17, 18, 90, 91,

96, 105, 112, 114, 115, 128 people power , 21, 39, 42, 52n51, 61,

125, 131 People’s Action Party (PAP) , 44 People’s Alliance for Democracy

(PAD) , 8, 31 People’s Associations (PA) , 108 Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Bhd , 19 Philippine Constabulary , 61 Philippine democracy , 7, 42 Philippine Left , 29 Philippine Muslim South , 9 Philippines , 2–5, 8, 9, 14–17, 18n6,

19n10, 21, 22, 29, 30, 32, 38, 43, 56–60, 63, 72, 75, 83n7, 90–92, 96, 104, 106, 116, 117, 118n5, 125, 127–9, 131–3

Piombo, Jessica , 137n5 PKI , 27, 28 political contestation , 28, 37, 51n46 political elites , 42, 43

self-appointed , 43 political liberalization , 15, 22, 47 Political Modernization , 85n41 Political Opportunity Structures , 14,

25, 30, 50n25 political order , 41, 60 political parties , 5, 26, 27, 30–32,

39–41, 44, 45, 47, 56, 71, 94, 95, 104, 114, 123

political prisoners , 39, 45, 114, 115 political process , 32, 44, 61, 73, 132 political spaces , 9, 32, 36, 39 Political Studies Review , 52n61 political transitions , 1–3, 6, 15–17,

19n10, 32, 35, 55–87, 89, 90, 106, 131

Politics confrontational , 31 contentious , 30, 50n28 electoral , 39, 132 money , 41

Politics and Public Policy in East Asia , 53n67

Post-Civil War Iraq , 119n28 post-colonial state , 28, 95 Post-Suharto Indonesia , 52n61 post-transition mechanisms , 18 post-transition process , 30 Presidential Security Command (PSC) ,

60 Prime Minister Mahathir , 50n27 processes, gradual , 44, 45 pro-democracy , 4, 8, 28, 39, 61, 127,

132 projects, hydropower , 26 pro-Malay , 16, 90 protest movements , 13, 50n25 protests

mass , 10, 62, 73, 74, 126 sites , 132 street , 76, 103, 132

pseudodemocracy , 43 public housing program , 107 public policy , 53n67

Q Qatar , 5, 46, 80, 101, 103, 119n16

R race riots , 107, 109, 110 rallies , 45 Ramos, Brigadier General Fidel V ,

61 reforms , 2, 4, 17, 18, 38, 39, 42, 44,

45, 47, 51n46, 56, 58, 61, 66, 69, 75–7, 81, 82, 100, 125, 134, 136

INDEX 163

Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) , 56, 61

regime legitimacy , 59 regimes

authoritarian , 2, 15, 27, 67, 74, 86n55, 99, 123

colonial , 14 repressive , 12

regimes change , 1 regime survival , 9 regime type , 70 regional cooperation , 20n19,

137n17 Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of

Aceh , 115 religious affi liation , 16, 90 religious agents/actors , 6 religious authority , 101 Religious Conversion Law , 19n15 religious doctrine , 98 religious nationalism , 105 religious pluralism , 120n138 religious tolerance , 104 religious war , 105 Revised Law of Associations in Egypt ,

37 revolts, popular , 11, 55–7, 61, 63,

69–71, 74, 78 Revolutionary Guards , 64, 70 Rohingya Crisis , 49n19, 105 Rohingyas , 8, 10, 16, 17, 27, 42,

49n19, 89, 90, 94, 95, 105, 117n1, 135

S Sabah , 9, 20n18, 92 Saddam Hussein , 11, 12, 56, 120 Saleh , 62, 69, 77 Saleh, Yasmine , 86n60, 100 Sangha , 14, 25, 48n13, 49, 125

Saudi Arabia , 3, 5, 16, 32, 34, 40, 62, 65, 69, 70, 78, 89, 103, 104, 116, 134

Saudi military intervention in Bahrain and Yemen , 11

Second Malaysia Five-Year Plan , 111 sectarianism , 12, 32, 40, 70, 96–9,

104, 119n15, 120n29, 128 sectarian politics , 11, 96, 97, 99,

119n28 sectarian violence , 3, 16, 22, 89, 105,

120n38 sectoral policies , 26 secularists , 35, 46, 47, 128 secular politics , 25 semidemocracy , 43 Shans , 90, 92 Sh’ia-Sunni Divide , 99, 119n24 Shiites , 11, 20n22 Shi Ming Yu , 120n44, 121n45 Singapore , 2–5, 16, 18, 30, 43, 44,

49n18, 50n30, 53n70, 90–2, 96, 106–9, 111, 118n9, 120n43, 121n48, 124, 128, 135, 136

Sisi, General , 12, 56, 62, 66, 73, 75, 80

snap elections , 38, 39, 126 social contract , 38–41, 125 Social Democratic Front (SDF) , 29, 30 Socialist Republic of Vietnam , 91 social movements , 7, 8, 14, 15, 22–4,

27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39, 46, 50n27, 125, 126, 129

Songkla province , 92 Southeast Asia , 2, 4–10, 14–19,

21–59, 61, 62, 67, 74, 75, 81–2, 89–94, 104–6, 118n9, 123–37

Southeast Asian Committee for Advocacy , 129

Southeast Asian Women’s Caucus on ASEAN , 129

164 INDEX

Southeast Asia’s transition , 9 southern Philippines , 9, 118n5, 128 Southern Philippines Council for

Peace and Development (SPCPD) , 116

spaces autonomous , 37 fragile , 126 newly-opened public , 127 private , 124 public , 34, 37, 44, 46, 77, 80, 103,

124, 125, 127 Springborg, Robert , 66, 83n9 State Law and Order Restoration

Council (SLORC) , 21 Stepan, Alfred , 66, 71, 84n31 Suharto’s

military , 63 regime , 41, 113, 125, 127

sultanistic regime , 42, 52n62 Sunni and Shiite Muslims , 11 Sunni caliphate , 98 Sunni hegemony , 104 Sunni Identity , 119n28 Sunni Islam , 99 Sunni Muslims , 101, 104 Sunni sect , 99 Sunni–Shia rivalry , 91 Sun Sheng , 120n44 superpower rivalry, regional , 16, 89 Supreme Council of the Armed Forces

(SCAF) , 77 Syria , 3, 11, 16, 22, 37, 38, 55–7, 59,

62, 64–70, 79, 82, 89, 99–102, 104, 119n25, 120n29, 135, 136

Syrian president Bashar al-Assad , 57, 62 Syria’s military , 70

T Tarek al-Tayeb Mohamed Bouazizi , 12 Thai-Cambodia temple dispute , 118n6

Thailand , 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 14–17, 18n6, 19n10, 21, 26, 27, 31, 32, 42, 43, 50n29, 56, 58–60, 89, 91–3, 105, 106, 111, 124, 129, 138n16

Thailand’s military rulers , 42, 59 Thailand’s New Constitution , 53n68 Thailand’s resurgence of

authoritarianism , 7 Thai Muslims , 105 Thai Style Democracy , 50n30 Timor Leste , 18n6, 92, 135 transition countries , 17, 74 transition periods , 3, 10, 15–17, 27,

39, 90, 93, 126, 135 transition processes , 2, 4, 5, 30, 91,

123–7, 133 transitology paradigm , 123, 124 Transnational Advocacy Networks ,

48n5 trans-regional confl agration , 4 tsunami , 105, 113, 114 Tunisia , 3, 4, 12, 15, 22, 37, 46,

56–8, 67, 68, 70–2, 75, 81, 103, 125, 128, 129, 134

Tunisian Human Rights League , 37 Tunisian militaries , 57, 58 Tunisia’s Zine El Abedine , 62 Turkey , 58, 60, 63, 67, 68, 75, 76, 89,

98, 101, 102, 120n37 Turkish military , 59, 76

U UAE-led intervention , 80 UN-Cambodia tribunal , 19n14 uncivil society , 15 UNESCO , 121n49 unions , 45, 47, 127

state-accredited labor , 38 United Arab Emirates (UAE) , 64, 70,

103

INDEX 165

United Malays National Organization (UMNO) , 44, 109

United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) , 52n52

United Nations Transitional Administration in Timor Leste (UNTAET) , 135

United States (US) military aid , 78 military doctrine , 78 policy , 63, 78

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) , 63, 84n16

Unity for Democracy against Dictatorship (UDD) , 31

Upgrading Authoritarianism , 51n44

uprisings dominated , 104 secular-inspired , 104

V Valter , 83n8 Vietnam , 5, 18n6, 80, 91, 92, 95, 96,

106, 118n13, 135 northern provinces , 95, 96

Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia , 92

violence communal, in Indonesia , 10 militarized state , 86n65 political , 62, 80, 81, 134 sectarian , 3, 16, 22, 89, 105,

120n38 volunteer groups , 126

W Wang Gangwu , 93, 118n9 wars

anti-colonial , 55 civil , 2, 10, 11, 14, 25, 56, 57, 62,

92, 101, 102, 119n28, 128, 136 guerrilla , 80

Washington DC , 53n69, 87n75, 99, 120n38, 137n5

welfare activities , 32 welfare policies , 128 welfare provision , 128 welfare states , 44 well-sequenced reforms , 58 Western nations , 82, 136 Western policy shift , 82, 136 Western support, undermined , 81, 134 women drivers , 34 women’s clubs , 27 women’s empowerment , 37 World Bank , 111 world community , 118n13 World Cup , 46, 54n76 World War II , 58, 81, 91, 133, 134

Y Yellow Shirt movement , 31 Yemen , 3, 11, 12, 22, 32, 37, 56, 57,

59, 62, 64, 66–70, 77, 79, 80, 82, 87n78, 103, 136

Yemen battle , 87n79 Yemeni military , 69 Yemeni President Abd Rabbuh Mansur

al-Hadi , 77 Young Turks , 109 youth, depoliticized , 45 Youth Progressive Organization , 26